四川呷村多金属矿床地球化学特征及成因

呷村矿床是一个特大型的含金、稀土富银多金属矿床.成矿地质特征与日本黑矿相似.矿床形成于中低温、较低压的环境.成矿溶液为中等盐度、低密度水热体系.铅等成矿元素主要来自岛弧火山岩,硫和锶来自深部岩浆和海水,成矿水介质以大气降水为主,为典型海底火山热液—喷气沉积成因的块状硫化物矿床.     

无组织排放源对周围环境影响预测

提出了预测无组织排放源对其周围附近大气环境质量影响的方法，并计算了某新建项目炼胶厂硫化车间无组织排放的恶臭污染物硫化氢气体，在拟选厂址周围１ｋｍ２范围内的地面平均浓度，预测和评价了该污染物的环境影响．同时分析了影响地面平均浓度的因素     

Groundwater pollution due to discharge of tannery effluents in Upper Palar basin, Tamilnadu, India: an assessment through mass transport modeling

The groundwater regime in Upper Palar basin, Tamilnadu has been highly contaminated in several locations due to discharge of effluents from a large number of tanneries. At some places total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in groundwater was found as high as 8000 mg/l. Transmissivity and storativity of the regional aquifer were estimated at a few locations. The porosity and dispersivity values were not determined in the field. These parameters were assumed based on data available for similar geological formations elsewhere. The aquifer conceptualization thus arrived at formed the basis of a numerical groundwater flow model which was constructed using the finite difference method. The flow model was calibrated for steady state and then for transient condition for the period of 1984-92. The computed heads and calibrated parameters of the flow model were used to compute groundwater velocities. The migration of contaminants for a 20 year period was computed using the hydraulic heads and effective porosity value in a pathline model using FLOWPATH software. Mass transport model was constructed using Method of Characteristics (MOC) computer code in a separate model. The seepage rate of effluent is assumed at a rate of 30% of that discharged on the surface. The mass concentration of solute in the effluent reaching the water table was assumed as 40%, the same as in the surface effluent. The mass transport model was calibrated for a 20 year period. Prediction of contaminant migration from different clusters in the basin was analyzed. The prediction results indicated elevated TDS concentration of more than 4000 mg/l from most clusters. Also the area of the contaminated zone is likely to double in 20 years from contaminated zone of 1992.     

Direct numerical simulation of the motion of circular pollutant particles in Newtonian fluid

An improved implementation of distributed multiplier/fictitious domain method is presented for the direct numerical simulation of particulate flow. The key improvement is to replace a finite-element triangulation for the velocity and a “twice-coarser“ triangulation for the pressure with a rectangular discretization for the velocity and pressure. For code validation, the sedimentation of a single particle in a twodimensional channel was simulated. The results showed that the simulation is independent of the mesh size as well as the time step. The comparison between experimental data and this simulation showed that our code can give a more accurate simulation on the motion of particlesthan previous DLM code. The code was then applied to simulate the sedimentation of 600 particles in a rectangular box. The falling course ispresented and discussed. At the same time, this simulation also demonstrates that the method presented in this paper can be used for solving the initial problems involving a lager number of particles exaclly with computing durations kept at acceptable levels.     

生命周期清单分析的数据质量评价

生命周期清单分析(LCI)数据质量的分析方法可概括为两类:采用诸如地理代表性、数据年代或数据获取方式等一系列指标来表示;根据不确定性来综合反映LCI质量.笔者在分析了这两类方法各自所存在缺陷的基础上,提出了将这两者相结合的评价方法:采用5个独立的反映数据质量的指标,根据系统各单元各数据属性对各指标从1～5进行打分,形成数据的质量指标向量元素.根据数据质量向量元素的算术平均在总指标范围中所占的百分数将质量指标向量转化为对应的综合数据质量指标(DQI),继而根据DQI可得出每个数据的随机分布,以便进行清单结果的不确定性随机模拟.最后将方法应用于钢铁生产生命周期清单数据中.      

阿尔泰诺尔特地区晚古生代的沉积环境和古地理分析

诺尔特地区位于新疆阿尔泰东北部，地理位置属富蕴县，该地区主体构造为北东向，出露地层为前震旦系富蕴群，震旦系哈巴河群，泥盆系忙代恰组和石炭系红山嘴组，其中后两者占主导地位，泥盆系为一套类复理石建造，主要岩性有粉砂岩，细砂岩，钙质粉砂岩和少量火山岩；石炭系红山嘴组可以分为三个段，一段为粉砂岩，粉砂质泥岩，细砂岩与粉砂岩交替的韵律沉积岩，岩屑砂岩等，二段为粉砂质泥岩，粉砂岩，钙质粉砂岩和生物屑灰岩，三段火山物质大量出现，下部为火山碎屑 和陆源碎屑的混合沉积，上部以凝灰岩为主，顶部出现火山砾岩，根据岩性特征和沉积构造分析，泥盆系的沉积环境为浅海－半深海，以大陆斜坡为主，石炭系的沉积环境为浅海陆棚，滨岸和开阔台地，其中又包括一些小环境，通过沉积环境的分析，可以得出三种沉积相模式。     

Split notochord syndrome variant: prenatal findings and neonatal management

Spilt notochord syndrome is an extremely rare form of spinal dysraphism characterized by a complete cleft of the spine and a persistent communication between endoderm and ectoderm. A variant of split notochord syndrome was diagnosed in a 25-week-old fetus showing a prolapsed congenital colostomy and a spinal cystic lesion. The final diagnosis included protruding colon segment, imperforate anus with a rectourethral fistula and lipomyelomeningocele. The ultrasound features of the condition and the post-natal management are discussed. The neonate was successfully treated with a posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, while the lipomyelomeningocele was resected at a later stage. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

序批式活性污泥法工艺MATLAB仿真模型的初步建立

序批式活性污泥法工艺（SBR）是目前应用很广的一种污水处理工艺，本文在国际水协会（IWA）的ASM1模型的基础上，建立了SBR工艺反应模型，通过模型检验可发现，该模型能较好地模拟SBR工艺反应中的微生物处理过程，具有很大的发展前景。     

城市化对长三角地区极端气温影响的时空分异研究

论文利用长三角地区65个气象站1960—2014年日最高、最低气温资料,分析并比较了大城市站、一般城市站和乡村站极端气温指数变化趋势以及城市化对大城市站和一般城市站各极端气温指数趋势变化的影响。结果表明：极端气温暖指日数明显增加,冷指日数明显减少,极值指数呈微弱上升趋势。暖指数城市站比乡村站增加趋势明显,冷指数城市站比乡村站减少趋势明显。除月最低气温极小值外,其他极值指数变化趋势在城市、乡村间差异较小。大城市站冰冻日数、霜冻日数、冷（暖）昼日数和月最低气温极小（大）值城市化影响显著,一般城市站冰冻日数、霜冻日数和月最低气温极小值城市化影响显著,城市化对极端气温影响明显的是长三角北部、江苏南部和浙东南的部分城市站点。冷昼日数城市化效应在冬季较明显,暖昼（夜）日数城市化效应在夏季较明显,春季、夏季、冬季城市化对极值指数的影响显著。     

A GPS-based system for recording the flight paths of birds

 The GPS recorder consists of a GPS receiver board, a logging facility, an antenna, a power supply, a DC-DC converter and a casing. Currently, it has a weight of 33 g. The recorder works reliably with a sampling rate of 1/s and with an operation time of about 3 h, providing time-indexed data on geographic positions and ground speed. The data are downloaded when the animal is recaptured. Prototypes were tested on homing pigeons. The records of complete flight paths with surprising details illustrate the potential of this new method that can be used on a variety of medium-sized and large vertebrates. Received: 2 February 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 17 April 2000     

基于二维湖泊藻类模型的洪泽湖藻类空间动态模拟

将洪泽湖分为北、东、西3区,基于二维湖泊藻类模型构建洪泽湖藻类空间动态模型.利用水文、气象、水质数据初始化模型、设定边界条件,并用2012年逐月叶绿素a实测浓度校正模型参数,模拟出洪泽湖2012年叶绿素a浓度连续变化过程.从时间维度看,叶绿素a浓度变化多呈“双峰型”趋势,分别在4月和8月左右出现峰值;湖心和出湖口站点呈单峰型或无明显峰值;颜圩站点出现多个浓度峰值.从空间维度看,西区叶绿素a平均浓度最低且空间差异不明显;北区因湖水流动性差,浓度分布均匀,且靠近湖岸地区浓度较高;东区叶绿素a浓度受过水通道影响较大,空间差异显著.虽然受大型浅水湖泊模拟不确定性等因素影响,个别点位模拟误差偏高,但不会影响整体分析结果,模拟结果具有较高可信度.     

EcoDesign and The Ten Golden Rules: generic advice for merging environmental aspects into product development

The most important moment in product development is when demands and specifications are decided for the product that is being planned. The specification defines the goal for the product development process. It is a very important steering opportunity for the continuing work and for environmentally driven demands that are to be addressed in the product development phase. The designers are said to have the key to sustainable product development through EcoDesign. Many tools have been developed in order to help them to achieve this objective. However, most tools are seldom used primarily because of a lack of sustainability oriented requirements in specifications for products. If there is no demand for improved environmental performance, then there is no need for EcoDesign tools. The lack of market demand for environmentally improved products is therefore, a crucial factor. In other words: It makes no sense to grab a screwdriver from your toolbox if you have a nail in your hand. On the other hand if you have a hammer in your hand you tend to see everything as nails! The hypothesis of this paper is that there is a strong need for a tool to facilitate the integration of reasonable environmental demands into the product development process. The presented tool, “The Ten Golden Rules,” can be helpful in this effort. A helpful tool must be well adapted to the task and therefore it is important that the individual product developer/designer can develop personal versions from the generic guidelines. The Ten Golden Rules provide such a possibility. They provide a common foundation, for all in the team, which can be used as a base and guidelines for development of situation specific product-design challenges.     

上海市青浦城厢地区可吸入颗粒物污染状况分析

为了研究青浦城厢地区可吸入颗粒物污染状况,分析了2005年至2010年空气质量资料,结果表明:青浦城厢地区首要污染物为PM10,其质量浓度呈逐年下降趋势。PM10浓度的月度变化幅度比较大,全年PM10浓度及超标率呈现"高一低一高"的变化趋势。春、冬季比较高,夏、秋季比较低。PM10质量浓度的日变化非常明显,呈现出"双峰"状分布。PM2.5和PM10的平均比值为0.531,表明该地区可吸人颗粒物中细颗粒物的比例较高,细颗粒物对人群的健康影响更为严重。PM10和PM2.5各月日均值之间和各月均值之间均呈高度相关,线性关系非常显著,二者之间回归直线关系存在,可用回归方程y=ax+b进行计算。     

Minimising environmental impact by sequencing cultured dairy products: two case studies

The increased production of cultured milk products has environmental consequences. To counteract the environmental impact from the dairy industry, it is important to process the products in a sequence designed to minimise waste. In a previous study a model was constructed to minimise the waste caused by a sequence for a given set of products and to calculate the environmental impact of a waste minimised sequence. This study applies successfully the model in case studies at two dairies. The number of products to be sequenced varied: Dairy A had 34 products and Dairy B had 16. The sequenced products were yoghurt, sour cream, cold sauce and crème fraiche, all with multiple flavours. The difference in number of products to be sequenced offered the opportunity to use both of the two model sequencing solutions: the heuristic and the optimised. The role of frequency of each product to be sequenced was investigated. Scenarios with differing frequencies were used in the case studies. The result showed clearly that the waste caused by a sequence decreased when product frequency was reduced. From a life cycle perspective, the environmental impact of processing cultured milk products can be greatly reduced by adopting sequences with fewer changes of product.     

染料在厌氧塘内净化的可行性与转移规律的研究

采用静态模拟厌氧生物塘，应用高效液相色谱分析技术，研究了三种偶氮染料在厌氧塘中的去除净化效率，迁移转化过程及环境因素的影响，研究结果表明，偶氮类染料去除率为７３％－９８％，其净化顺序为甲基橙＞对氨基偶氮苯＞对硝基苯胺，并得出了去除率与停留时间，温度，ｐＨ和营养条件等的相关性方程式，根据物料衡算，提出了偶氮类染料在厌氧塘内的转移平衡规律，分析了转移过程与机理。     

Investigation of the self-cleaning ability of Lake Koumoundourou near Athens from oil pollution

The highly permeable sand and gravel of the Little Miami River Valley Aquifer System near Milford, Ohio provide the community with a high-yielding source of drinking water. While this hydrogeologic setting is ideal from a water quantity standpoint, it is greatly vulnerable to contamination. The future viability of the wellfield came into question when it was discovered that the wellfield was contaminated with volatile organic contaminants, leaving the City with the costly cleanup. Milford's perseverance is also challenged by having to deal with a deteriorating treatment plant. Furthermore, larger water suppliers in the area have threatened the community's independence. The question facing this community, and many other smaller communities, was whether to surrender its independence or invest in their future. The city has decided to keep their wellfield and to conduct a groundwater study. The objectives of the study were to: (a) collect and evaluate hydrogeological data; (b) develop a conceptual model of the groundwater system; (c) construct groundwater flow and geochemical models; (d) delineate wellhead protection area; and (e) develop a comprehensive management program. Collected hydrogeologic data served as a basis for the conceptual model. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) three-dimensional groundwater flow model MODFLOW was used in conjunction with MODPATH, a particle-tracking program, to identify travel times and paths of contaminants. This approach ultimately lead to the delineation of the wellhead protection area (WHPA). Geochemical mixing models were constructed using the USGS PHREEQC to verify the flow model results. The use of both flow and geochemical models to delineate the WHPA and to manage groundwater resources is a unique approach. The modeling results provide the City of Milford a management tool in making difficult policy decisions regarding future land use, siting for new monitoring and production wells, and identification of potential pollution sources.     

淡水湖泊营养状态监测新方法——叶绿素比值模型

选取铜绿微囊藻、鱼腥藻、蛋白核小球藻、汉氏菱形藻、薄甲藻和小定鞭金藻作为湖泊水体从富营养状态到贫营养状态的代表藻种,用热乙醇-反复冻融-分光光度法测定其叶绿素a、b、c的浓度,通过分析叶绿素(chl)的比值、藻类种群组成和水体营养水平之间的响应关系,建立了叶绿素比值模型作为评价水体营养状态的一种新方法.在计算单种藻类chlb/chla、chlc/chla比值的基础上,结合目前我国湖泊水体不同营养水平藻类种群组成的统计数据,得到不同营养状态下多种藻类同时存在时水体chlb/chla和chlc/chla比值的变化曲线.结果表明,在中营养和贫营养水体中,chlc/chla值随营养水平的降低呈明显单调上升的趋势;在富营养化水体中,chlb/chla值随营养水平的降低而呈明显单调上升的趋势.根据这个规律,提出了判断水体营养水平的新标准,即:当chlc/chla0.30时,水体为贫营养;当0.18chlc/chla0.30时,水体为中营养;当chlc/chla0.18时,水体为富营养,此时,需要借助chlb/chla的值进行进一步的判断:当chlb/chla0.14时,水体为轻度富营养化;当0.08chlb/chla0.14时,水体为中度富营养化;当chlb/chla0.08时,水体为重度富营养化.以白洋淀为研究案例,分析结果表明,叶绿素比值模型判断和综合营养状态指数法判断结果相符.因此,叶绿素比值模型可以作为简单、快捷、准确的评价我国淡水湖泊营养状态的方法.     

燃煤发电厂烟塔合一环境影响之一——烟气抬升高度的对比计算

介绍了德国导则规范的计算冷却塔排放烟气抬升高度的S/P模式.利用S/P模式做不同大气稳定度条件下不同环境风速的烟气抬升对比计算;确定了同等条件下不同烟气排放速度对烟气抬升高度的影响.作为对比,计算了同样烟气排放量情况下通过烟囱排放烟气的抬升高度.计算结果表明,在弱风状况下从冷却塔排放的烟气由于热力作用其抬升高度比从烟囱排放显著提高.个例计算结果表明,在极不稳定状况下,当风速大于4.5m/s时,冷却塔排放烟气抬升高度低于烟囱排放烟气.      

三峡水库成库初期营养盐与浮游植物分布特征

根据2003-09-08～2003-09-15航行11个点位测试数据,分析了三峡水库成库后营养元素及浮游生物量的分布特征,初步探讨了营养盐分布与Chla的关系.结果表明,调查区域营养盐浓度较高,其中TN各测点均超过国家地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水标准,含量范围为1.01～1.35 mg·L^-1.TP含量范围为0.028～0.054 mg·L^-1;K含量范围为2.80～3.44 mg·L^-1;TOC含量范围为1.92～2.59 mg·L^-1,Chla含量范围为1.58～7.35mg·m^-3,平均浓度为4.69 mg·m^-3.利用相关分析方法,分析了Chla与营养盐之间的关系,表明Chla与NO₃^--N成显著正相关(r=0.728 7);与浊度成显著负相关(r=-0.920 7).利用系统聚类方法分析三峡水库水体指标,随长江流向明显分为3类,即上游区(长寿、涪陵、丰都、忠县)、中游区(万州、云阳、奉节)和下游区(巫山).硅藻在4个测点均为优势种群,占总量的86%,平均为129 844个/L,浮游植物量沿水流方向有增高趋势.     

废水综合治理技术开发与应用

以 40 0t/d的再生造纸和 80 0t/d的印染混合废水综合治理技术的开发应用实例分析 :1 .混合后 pH呈中性 ,利于后序废水处理工艺 ;2 .再生造纸废水所含余氯对印染废水脱色作用显著 ,余氯本身也被降解 ;3.与建设同规模分处理厂比较 ,基建投资节约 30 %。