Expansion of Evergreen Conifers to the Larch-Dominated Zone and Climatic Trends

The expansion of so-called evergreen conifers (EGCs), including Siberian stone pine, spruce, and fir, along the transect oriented from the boundary of the larch-dominated zone (LDZ; mixed forests of the Yenisei Ridge) to its center has been studied. The normalized dispersal coefficient calculated as K _i = (n _i – N _i )/(n _i + N _i ), where n _i and N _i are the relative numbers of the ith species in the undergrowth and the upper layer, respectively, serves as an indicator of the expansion. It has been found that the K _i values for EGCs (and birch) are higher than the K _i of larch even in the zone absolutely dominated by larch, where the relative numbers of EGCs in the upper layer is less than 1%. The EGC undergrowth has mainly been formed during the past 20–30 years, which is correlated with the trend of summer temperatures The spread of EGCs in the LDZ depends on the frequency of forest fires. The decrease in the time intervals between fires in the 20th century to 65 years (versus 100 years in the 19th century) may have prevented the expansion of competing species in the LDZ. The results obtained indicate that EGCs and birch penetrate into the zone traditionally dominated by larch, which is related to climatic changes during the past three decades. At the same time, tree stand density is increasing in the forest-tundra ecotone, and larch is spreading further into the tundra zone.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 186–193.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kharuk, Dvinskaya, Ranson, Im.     

Intraseasonal Climatic Signal in Tree Rings of Conifers in the Permafrost Zone of Siberia

Russian Journal of Ecology - Northern and tundra forest ecosystems are especially vulnerable to climate impact because of their high sensitivity to changes in temperature. An important issue is how...     

长沙地区典型树木蒸腾对环境因子的响应及模拟

以长沙地区的桂花树、樟树、马尾松和枫香等典型树木为研究对象,基于2013～2015年监测的树木茎水势、树干液流、土壤水分和各气象因素,探究树木蒸腾对环境因子的响应;利用MJS、BTA和MBTA蒸腾模型模拟4种典型树木的蒸腾,选出适合当地气候条件的最优模型.结果表明:在非干旱期间,树木蒸腾对降水和土壤水分的敏感性较弱,太阳辐射对桂花树和马尾松蒸腾的影响最大,敏感系数＞0.75,而樟树与枫香的蒸腾对太阳辐射和水汽压亏缺的敏感性均强.在2013年夏季干旱期间,土壤含水量是树木蒸腾的主导因子,敏感系数＞0.71,气温和水汽压亏缺对树木蒸腾均有抑制作用.3个模型中,MBTA模型对树木蒸腾的模拟效果最好,相对误差低于5％;BTA模型未能模拟出2013年夏季干旱时树木日蒸腾量的下降过程,且明显高估2014～2015年生长季马尾松的蒸腾水平;MJS模型对树木蒸腾的模拟效果一般.3个模型对2013年生长季树木蒸腾的模拟效果均较2014～2015年生长季的模拟效果差,这表明当环境胁迫超出树木的适应范围时,树木生理结构会发生改变,并导致基于环境因子构建的蒸腾模型模拟精度降低.     

Variation in Population Parameters: Adaptation to Toxic Environmental Factors

Some mechanisms of adaptation of natural populations to toxic environmental factors are discussed. The dandelion and hole-nesting birds are used as examples for demonstrating that an increase in the variation of reproductive parameters upon chemical environmental pollution favors the survival of those individuals in the populations that are better adapted to changes in the climate and other environmental conditions. The increased variation in reproductive parameters may promote the elimination of less fit individuals from populations. The ensuing energy loss is the cost of maintaining the population size in the chemically degraded environment.     

东北地区开发规模扩张的资源环境响应演变及影响因素

提出"区域开发规模扩张的资源环境响应"的概念,并构建了区域开发规模扩张的资源环境响应指数、响应度模型及评价指标体系,通过定量分析1995-2008年东北地区开发规模扩张的资源环境响应变化及影响因素,得出以下结论:1995年以来东北地区开发规模不断扩大,而资源环境水平总体呈现出"先升后降"的波动变化态势。资源环境对东北地区开发规模扩张具有由"正响应"向"负响应"转变的特征,与此相对应,区域开发规模扩张对资源环境的影响程度也呈现出由"弱促进"向"强胁迫"变化的态势,这说明近年来在东北地区开发规模加速扩展的同时,其对区域资源环境造成的压力也日益增大。1995-2008年由经济快速增长导致的资源环境压力增长是引致东北地区开发规模扩张对资源环境影响由"正向促进"向"负向胁迫"转化的重要内部因素,而区域投资的不断增长以及工业的快速发展是东北地区开发规模扩张对资源环境影响由"弱促进"向"强胁迫"变化的主要因素。     

企业环境信息披露的外部影响因素实证研究

本文以111家重污染行业的A股上市公司为样本,对企业环境信息披露的外部影响因素进行研究,对政府环保投入、公众环保意识、区域经济水平和社会监督水平等因素与企业环境信息披露水平之间的关系进行了理论分析和实证检验.研究结果显示:从整体上来说外部因素与企业环境信息披露水平呈负相关关系,说明现阶段企业环保工作所处的外部环境不容乐观;其中,区域经济发展水平与企业环境信息披露水平显著负相关;政府环保投入与企业环境信息披露水平显著正相关,但其影响程度随着经济发展水平的提高而减小;公众环保意识和社会监督水平对企业环境信息披露水平无显著影响.最后,提出了转变经济发展方式、加强政府宏观调控和完善企韭环境信息披露制度等政策建议.     

遗产区域:一种大尺度文化景观保护的新方法

遗产区域是美国国内针对大尺度文化景观保护的一种较新的方法。该方法重视人与土地之间的互动关系。强调通过对地方历史文化、自然和游憩资源的综合保护与利用。实现遗产保护、经济发展、重建区域身份、提供游憩机会等多重目标。从美国历史保护运动的发展背景出发。回顾了遗产区域的发展历程，从定义、特征与分类三个方面评述了其概念内涵，并对遗产区域保护中的几个关键问题进行了讨论。最后针对遗产区域保护方法在中国的发展与应用提出了相关建议。     

国外环境行为影响因素研究述评

基于心理性因素与内外因素相结合的视角对国外环境行为影响因素研究加以梳理,发现大多数研究认为环境行为是在自我约束和自我控制下做出的契合自身实际的选择,其对改善环境状况与提升环境质量有着积极正向作用,并将环境态度/环境关心视为关键变量,以揭示实施环境行为复杂的内在过程与心理机制;大多数研究采取问卷调查的方式收集某一时点的数据,借助结构方程模型等高级统计方法着重探究自我报告的一般意义或某类具体环境行为.其相对忽视了社会经济发展、文化变迁、制度政策变化、阶层分化、地区差异、信息分割等外在结构性因素对环境心理的可能塑造及其对环境行为的动态影响,进而提出在准确厘定环境行为内涵的基础上,针对社会群体成员或社区居民采用问卷调查、实验法、实地观察、深度访谈等多元研究方式长期追踪收集纵向数据或资料,以及将心理性因素与结构性因素结合起来探讨不同类别的环境行为,有助于突破既有研究的心理学局限与行为决定论桎梏,且切实反映环境行为的历时性变化与动态性影响.     

论企业环境管理自组织发展的新视角

企业环境保护机制要真正内生于企业,需要依靠企业环境管理自组织的创建.企业环境管理自组织的创建需要内外因素的强力驱动,外部驱动因素除了政府管制外,还有诸如外部市场风险管理,各类投资者、消费者和积极环境主义者,保有和吸引优秀雇员等外在驱动因素;而内部驱动因素则主要包括以可持续发展理念为内涵的企业文化、互动有序的企业组织结构和管理制度,以及技术进步与创新的企业创新机制等.目前,发达国家一些高绩效企业已实施了一系列自组织环境管理的实践,取得了经济与环境效益的双赢.要积极培育企业环境管理自组织的创建及发展,有必要实施一系列策略,以充分发挥内外驱动因素的强大驱动作用.该策略具体包括有:一是要积极创新管制制度及工具,特别是要重视信息工具的利用;二是要积极塑造企业可持续发展的理念,并构建实施可持续发展的策略;三是要进一步健全和完善环境管理制度(EMSs),广泛应用国际环境管理标准体系(ISO14000);四是要加大企业技术创新的研究与开发力度,增强企业技术进步与创新对自组织环境管理创建的驱动作用.     

Response of the Avifauna to Technogenic Environmental Pollution in the Southern Taiga Zone of the Middle Urals

The results of original studies and published data are used for evaluating the main responses of the avifauna of boreal forests to the combined effect of sulfur dioxide and heavy metals. It is shown that environmental pollution results in the reduction of species richness, biomass, and stability of the nesting bird fauna. In degraded areas, the structure of the bird community changes: (1) typical forest species are replaced by the species of open habitats, and (2) the proportion of species nesting in the upper tree layer decreases, whereas that of ground-nesting species increases.     

成本效益分析与代际公平:新代际折现思路

成本效益分析在评价涉及长期资源环境影响的项目和政策时因损害代际公平面颇受批评,因此如何修正成本效益分析使其能够用于这类项目和政策的评价是研究的焦点.本文从可持续发展理论出发,首先比较分析经验代际折现率、零社会折现率、单一环境折现率和双重社会折现率四种当前具有代表性的代际折现率的提出背景、计算方法和运用范围,然后构建基于多重社会折现率的新代际折现思路,最后以水土保持项目为例,利用数字模拟方法验证了新代际折现思路的具体运用.结果表明:其一,与四种当翦代表性的代际折现率相比,多重社会折现率在评价具有复杂环境影响的项目和政策上更其优势;其二,基于多重社会折现率的新代际折现思路能够为涉及长期资源环境影响的项目和政策评价提供系统的拆现率选择指导;其三,多重社会折现率下的环境折现率遵循随着时间推移递减,随着人造资本与资源环境间替代难度的增大而递减的原则.最后文章从构建多领域专家参与平台和编制折现率查询表两个方面提供政策建议.     

公众对古树名木认养意愿的影响因素分析——以北京市为例

基于计划行为理论,以在北京市的实地调研数据为依据,采用排序logit模型论证了公众认养古树名木意愿的影响因素.研究表明:公众对于古树名木保护的态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制以及年龄、职业、职业与资源保护的相关性、住所附近是否有古树名木等人口学特征,对公众出资认养古树名木意愿和出劳认养古树名木意愿产生显著影响.为提高公众认养古树名木意愿,提出应首要考虑增强公众参与保护的愉快性,同时加强身边人的支持、克服公众认养过程中遇到的困难、加强对认养能获得的益处的宣传、增加古树名木认养等信息的宣传渠道、针对特定人群开展宣传等对策.     

环境技术创新对产业生态管理的影响

产业生态管理呼唤致力于改进资源效率和提高生态效用的环境技术创新.环境技术创新在产业生态管理中的作用日益受到学术界和实践领域的关注,但这种作用到底有多大尚缺乏定量研究.本文构建了由产业生态管理的产出和投入构成的计量经济模型,将产业生态效率作为产出变量,将环境技术创新、环境政策、环保投资和环保人员作为投入变量,考察了环境技术创新对产业生态管理的实际影响.结果表明,当前我国主要省份的环境技术创新对产业生态管理的作用不明显,中西部地区的情况更为明显,而如果将工业创新力全部用于产业生态管理,则可大大削减环保投资、环境政策和环保人员的投入.由此得到结论:如何充分发挥环境技术创新的作用是当前我国生态工业发展的关键问题.     

滨海旅游环境承载力评价与量化测度研究——以山东半岛蓝色经济区为例

旅游环境承载力是区域旅游可持续发展的重要评判依据,目前国内外旅游环境承载力研究方法和技术手段仍显不足,多以静态评价分析为主,缺乏动态预测研究,旅游环境承载力定量研究的技术与方法尚需深入探索。本文结合滨海旅游的自身特点,构建由资源、生态、经济、社会四个承载子系统构成的滨海旅游环境承载力评价体系,按照评价体系的层次结构构造判断矩阵,采用层次分析法确定评价指标权重,运用物元评价模型和灰色预测模型,对山东半岛蓝色经济区滨海旅游环境承载力水平进行量化测度与系统分析。结果表明,半岛蓝色经济区滨海旅游环境各个承载子系统存在一定的承载差异,滨海旅游资源和生态环境承载能力较强,滨海旅游经济和社会环境子系统还有较大的承载空间;从时序变化上看,滨海旅游环境综合承载能力不断提高,并呈现可持续的运行态势;从空间差异上看,青岛、烟台、潍坊和威海四个城市滨海旅游环境承载状态处于"良好"等级,而东营、日照和滨州三个城市滨海旅游环境承载状态处于"一般"等级。因此,提高区域整体承载潜力,平衡地区承载差异,对于促进半岛蓝色经济区滨海旅游资源有序开发和滨海旅游产业合理布局具有重要的现实意义。     

转型管理:环境治理的新模式

伴随着社会和经济的快速发展,环境问题已经成为全球共同面对的重大挑战。自上个世纪90年代末以来,关于转型管理的理论研究逐渐在欧洲发达国家兴起,并日益成为环境治理领域的研究热点之一。本文通过对国外关于转型管理研究文献的调研,运用综合分析的方法,力图对这一理论的基本思想、观点、方法及其应用进行较为深入的分析和探讨。以此为脉络,首先讨论了转型、转型管理、多层次框架等基本概念;其次,探讨了转型管理理论研究中的一些重大问题和重要进展,深入研析周期性的转型管理模型;再次,通过对荷兰低碳能源案例的介绍,分析了转型管理理论的实际应用。最后,作者认为中国正处于剧烈变革之中,其环境系统已发生了前所未有的变化,环境治理变得异常复杂和困难,因此,作为一种环境治理的新模式,基于多层次视角下的转型管理理论是切实符合中国的现实挑战和需求的,并有助于中国的环境治理问题的研究和解决。     

A New Analytical Approach to the Study of the Spatial Structure of the Amur Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) Population

Based on data from camera traps installed throughout the model territory in southwest Primorye, information was received during an annual cycle on the presence of individually identified Amur leopards in the area of study. Analysis of the data using a combination of different techniques has determined the mutual spatial arrangement and sizes of approximated home ranges for both male and female leopards. The dataset of individually identified animals proves sufficient in describing the social organization of the studied group of Amur leopard using the spatial overlapping of individual home ranges as a characteristic of social relationships. Each individual home range overlaps with several home ranges belonging to both individuals of the opposite and same sex, with the overlapped portion larger in males than in females.

     

Strategic Environmental Assessment： A New Tool for Ecological Urbanization of Coastal Cities in China

Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act （EIA Act） was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment （SEA）, thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA.     

The Impact of Perceptual and Situational Factors on Environmental Communication: A Study of Citizen Engagement in China

This study applied a situational approach to understanding an environmental problem: PM2.5 (its resulted haze and smog air pollution) in China. Based on a national sample of 374 citizens living in China, it tested a situational model of problem solving and extended it by adding citizens’ environmental engagement behaviour as an immediate consequence of their communicative action. Results of a structural equation modelling analysis supported all the causal links in the conceptual model. Moreover, communicative action significantly mediated the relationship between referent criterion and environmental engagement. Problem recognition, constraint recognition, and involvement recognition did not influence environmental engagement directly, but exerted their significant indirect impact via two key mediators in the model: situational motivation in problem solving and communicative action in problem solving. Theoretical and practical implications of the present study were discussed.     

企业环境行为:环境政策研究的微观视角

企业环境行为是是企业面对来自政府、公众、市场等方面的压力．而采取的宏观战略和制度变革、内部具体生产的调整等措施和手段．是环境政策效果的具体体现。政府、公众和市场压力在不同阶段发挥着不同的作用。在工业绿色化的初级阶段以政府压力为主。随着公众和企业更多地参与到环保行动中来．来自市场及社区的压力逐渐成为企业环境行为的主导驱动力量。我国正处于工业化加速阶段．环境问题突出．必须积极开展对企业环境行为的研究，探求环境压力与企业环境行为转变的内在关系．找到促进企业改善环境行为和表现的最优方式，为我国环境政策的制定提供决策支持。     

Ethological Structure of Freshwater Benthic and Nektobenthic Communities and Its Changes under the Influence of Abiotic and Anthropogenic Factors

Classification of the mode of life and behavior of zoobenthic, nektobenthic, and neustonic organisms was used as a basis for elucidating the formation of ethological structure of their communities in small lakes and streams of northeastern Fennoscandia. It is shown that the general response of these communities to anthropogenic impact is manifested in the reduction of the number of ethological groups. The specific response to eutrophication and heat pollution involves a decrease in the relative biomass of clingers and burrowers and an increase in the biomass of sprawling–walking and wormy animals; the response to toxic pollution and acidification is manifested in the prevalence of sprawlers–walkers.