Effect of chromium on growth attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Heavy metal soil pollution takes place when the metal concentration of soil exceeds natural background level and causes ecological destruction and deterioration of the environment.In the present study,a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium-contaminated soil in sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)growth attributes.Three different levels of chromium(Cr)i.e.,20, 40,and 60 mg/kg were applied to three varieties of sunflower(G-3,G-9,and G-59).The results of morphological,chemical,and yield p...     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

Uptake and accumulation of copper by roots and shoots of maize(Zea may L.)

The effects of different concentrations of copper sulfate on rootand shoot growth of maize(Zea mays L.) and the uptake and accumulation of Cu2+ by its roots and shoots were investigated in the present study. The concentrations of opper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O) used were in the range of 10-5-10-3mol/L. Root growth decreased progressively with increasing concentration of Cu2+ in solution. The seedlings exposed to 10-3 mol/L Cu exhibited substantial growth reduction, yielding only 68% of the root length of the control. The shoot growth of the seedlings grown at 10-5-10-4 mol/L Cu2+ were more or less than the same as the control seedlings. The leaves treated with 10-3 mol/L Cu2+ were obviously inhibited in shoot growth. The fresh and dry weights both in roots and shots decreased progressively with increasing Cu2+ concentration.This fits well with the above mentioned effects of copper sulfate on root growth. Zea mays has considerable ability to remove Cu from solutions and accumulate it. The Cu content in roots of Z. Mays increased with increasing solution concentration of Cu2+. The amount of Cu in roots of plants treated with 10-3, 10-4 and 10-5 mol/L Cu2+ were 10, 8 and 1.5 fold, respectively, greater than that of roots of control plant. However, the plants transported and concentrated only a small amount of Cu in their shoots.     

Uptake and accumulation of copper by roots and shoots of maize (Zea mays L.)

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆＣｕｉｎｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｓｕｓｕａｌｌｙ20ｔｏ30ｐｐｍｉｎｎｏｎｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｅｄｓｏｉｌ(Ｎｒｉａｇｕ,1979;Ｓａｌｏｍｏｎｓ,1984),ｂｕｔｉｓｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ2000ｐｐｍｉｎｍｉｎｉｎｇａｒｅａｓａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｖｉｃｉｎｉｔｙｏｆｓｍｅｌｔｅｒｓ(Ｆｒｅｅｄｍａｎ,1980;Ｈｕｍｐｈｒｅｙｓ,1984).ＩｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｔｈａｔｃｏｐｐｅｒｓｏｌｕｂｉｌｉｔｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎｐＨｉｎｓｏｉｌｓ,ａｎｄｉｔｉｓｏｂ…     

Effects of insoluble Zn, Cd, and EDTA on the growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes and uptake of Zn and Cd in Vetiveria zizanioides

A root-bag experiment was conducted to study the effects of insoluble Zn, Cd and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the plant growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline, glutathione (GSH), water-soluble proteins and malondialdehyde (MDA) of Vetiveria zizanioides, and its uptake capacity of Zn and Cd.The results showed that plant growth of V.zizanioides was inhibited by Zn and Cd.The shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) decrease by 0.3%, 8.0%, 9.4% and 10.4%, 15.1%, 24.2% compared to the control without EDTA addition, respectively.After adding EDTA, shoot and root dry weight decreased over 10% and 15% compared to results in the absence of EDTA, respectively.The toxicity from insoluble Zn and Cd in soil on SDW and RDW of V.zizanioides was in order: Zn+Cd > Cd > Zn.The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and contents of MDA and proline significantly increased, while the contents of GSH and water-soluble proteins markedly decreased with increasing Zn and Cd toxicity.With EDTA, shoot and root Zn concentrations increased in the Zn treatment by 7.3% and 37.4% compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA.Shoot and root Cd concentrations in the combined Zn and Cd treatment with EDTA increased by 18.6% and 391.9% compared to the treatment without EDTA.However, Zn and Cd concentrations in shoot and roots decreased in the Cd treatment compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA, with exception of root Cd concentration in the presence of EDTA).     

施用沼渣和接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘草生长及矿质营养的影响

沼渣是厌氧发酵的残余物,可作为肥料施用,但因其含有一定量的重金属等有害物质可能导致环境污染风险.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌作为植物共生真菌,可以促进植物对矿质养分的吸收,同时能够通过不同途径减轻重金属对植物的毒害.本文采用甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)为供试植物开展盆栽试验,考察施用沼渣结合接种AM真菌对甘草生长和矿质营养的影响.试验结果表明,施用沼渣显著促进了植物生长,提高了植物生物量、磷含量和叶片叶绿素含量,与此同时提高了土壤有机质和磷、铬、铜、铅含量,并导致植物重金属含量显著升高.另一方面,AM真菌能够和甘草根系形成良好共生关系,但施用沼渣对菌根侵染表现出显著抑制作用.接种AM真菌促进了甘草生长、提高了根系磷含量及叶片叶绿素含量,同时显著降低了植株重金属含量至安全阈值以内.本试验表明,施用沼渣同时接种AM真菌可在促进甘草生长的同时阻控重金属污染风险,因而可作为沼渣安全利用的一种可行技术途径.     

辣椒果实高中低镉积型对镉的富集、转运特性及在亚细胞分布特点比较

基于前期试验对91 个辣椒品种资源筛选并开展了 26 个辣椒品种全生育期土培试验基础上,挑选出1 个辣椒果实高积Cd品种(X15)、1个果实中积Cd品种(X39)和2个果实低积Cd品种(X45和X55),采用盆栽试验结合室内分析研究了在0、5 和10 mg·kg-1 Cd胁迫下辣椒果实不同积Cd 型对Cd 的富集、转运...     

厌氧环境下美人蕉根表铁膜对重金属积累转运的影响

根表铁膜作为污染物进入植物体内的门户,对植物修复重金属污染底泥起着重要作用.有机物降解消耗DO导致的底泥厌氧环境会显著影响根表铁膜的形成,并改变重金属的生物地球化学特征,从而影响重金属污染底泥的植物修复效果.为了探讨底泥厌氧环境中植物根表铁膜对重金属积累和转运的影响,采用向底泥中投加蔗糖模拟底泥厌氧条件的方法,测定不同底泥厌氧水平下挺水植物美人蕉（Canna indica）的生物量、根表铁膜和植物组织内重金属的含量.结果表明:①底泥厌氧环境不利于美人蕉对Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的吸收,随着厌氧程度的增加,美人蕉对重金属的吸收量逐渐减少.②底泥厌氧环境能促进根表铁膜的形成及其对Cr和Ni的富集,重度厌氧环境中根表铁膜的含量为（10.40±0.30）g/kg（以根干质量计）,但厌氧环境抑制了铁膜对Cd、Pb和Zn的富集.③底泥厌氧环境不利于Ni从根表铁膜转运至植物组织,但轻度厌氧环境能促进Cr和Zn从根表铁膜转运至根系,且底泥厌氧环境对Cd、Pb和Cu的迁移转运无显著影响.研究显示,底泥厌氧环境促进了植物根表铁膜的形成,根表铁膜对重金属积累和转运的影响因底泥厌氧水平和重金属元素种类不同而不同.      

Toxic effects of chlortetracycline on maize growth, reactive oxygen species generation and the antioxidant response

The toxicity of chlortetracycline (CTC) on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was studied. The root and shoot lengths and fresh weights of maize seedlings were inhibited by CTC treatment (p < 0.05). Root length was more sensitive than other parameters with the EC₁₀ value of 0.064 mg/L. The spin trapping technique followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis was used to quantify the ROS production. The ROS generated in maize roots after exposure to CTC was identified as hydroxyl radical (.OH). The EPR signal intensity correlated positively with the logarithm of CTC concentrations exposed (p < 0.05). The dynamic changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the antioxidative enzyme activities in maize roots were also determined. As compared to the control group, CTC was found to significantly increase MDA content. Treatment of maize roots with the.OH scavenger sodium benzoate (SB) reduced the MDA content and enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activities. The results demonstrated the harmfulness of CTC at high dose to maize in the early developmental stage, and clarified that the inducement of.OH is one of the mechanisms of CTC toxicity.     

Ability of Agrogyron elongatum to accumulate the single metal of cadmium, copper, nickel and lead and root exudation of organic acids

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｓｗｉｔｈｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｓａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎｍａｎｙｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｌｌｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｍｕｃｈｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｅａｓｙｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｒｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｓｏｉｌｓｔｏｐｌａｎｔｓ ,ｅｖｅｎｔｏａｎｉｍａｌｓａｎｄｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓ .Ｉｎｍｏｓｔｃａｓｅｓ,ｐｌａｎｔｓｇｒｏｗｎｉｎｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌ ｐｏｌｌｕｔｅｄｓｏｉｌｓｓｈｏ…     

Accumulation of heavy metals in four grasses grown on lead and zinc mine tailings

A field experiment was conducted to compare the growth and metal accumulation of Vetiveria zizanioides, Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata cylindraca var. major on the tailings, amended with 10 cm domestic refuse complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment A), 10 cm domestic refuse(Treatment B) and complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment C) respectively, and without any amendment used as control (Treatment D). The results indicated that V. zizanioides was a typical heavy metal excluder, because the concentrations in shoots of the plants were the lowest among the four plants tested. The most of metal accumulated in V. zizanioides distributed in its root, and transportation of metal in this plant from root to shoot was restricted. Therefore, V. zizanioides was more suitable for phytostabilization of toxic mined lands than P. notatum and C. dactylon, which accumulated a relatively high level of metals in their shoots and roots. It was also found that I. cylindraca var. major accumulated lower amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu than C. dactylon and P. notatum, and could also be considered for phytostaliUsaton of tailings. Although the metal(Pb, Zn and Cu) concentrations in shoots and roots of V. zizanioides were the lowest, the total amounts of heavy metals accumulated in shoots of V. zizanioides were the highest among the four tested plants due to the highest dry weight yield of it. The results indicated that V. zizanioides was the best choice among the four species used for phytoremediation (for both phytostabilization and phytoextraction) of metal contaminated soils.     

土壤施硅对水稻吸收砷的影响

通过盆栽试验研究在2种砷污染土壤中施加硅对水稻幼苗吸收砷的影响.结果表明,施加外源硅没有显著提高幼苗期水稻植株地上部和地下部生物量,也没有显著影响低砷土壤中水稻植株地上部和地下部的磷浓度,却使高砷土壤中水稻植株地上部磷浓度增加18%～39%,但对地下部磷浓度影响不大.同时与不施硅相比,无论是否调节硅酸钾溶液的pH值,施加2种浓度的外源硅均显著降低水稻植株地上部和地下部砷浓度.在低砷土壤中施加2种浓度的外源硅使水稻植株地上部砷浓度降低36%～59%,地下部砷浓度降低15%～37%.在高砷土壤中加硅,地上部砷浓度降低42%～58%,地下部砷浓度降低70%～82%.此结果与水培试验结果相一致,并对可能的机理进行了解释.     

长江流域(安徽段)土壤-作物系统重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究长江流域安徽段土壤-作物系统重金属的污染特征及健康风险,采集了水稻和小麦及其根系土样品338组,测定了8种重金属含量,采用污染指数法、潜在生态危害、多元统计分析和健康风险进行评价.结果表明,水稻根系土和小麦根系土重金属含量均超过江淮流域背景,根系土Cd、 Cu、 Cr和Ni具有明显的积累效应,水稻根系土较小麦土污染严重;潜在生态风险为轻微-中等风险等级,主要来源于Cd和Hg元素.多元统计分析显示Cu、 Pb、 Zn和Cd为工业源和农业源,Cr、 Ni为自然源,As和Hg为农业源.水稻对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Cd>Zn>Cu>Hg>Ni>As>Cr=Pb,小麦对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Zn>Cd>Cu>Hg>Ni>As=Pb>Cr;根系土重金属健康风险评估结果显示儿童更易受到重金属污染威胁,经口摄入是发生非致癌风险的主要暴露途径.非致癌风险评价表明小麦根系土对儿童具有一定的非致癌风险,但不存在致癌风险.摄入水稻和小麦对成人和儿童均有一定程度的非致癌风险和不可接受的致癌风险.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

铬污染土壤稳定化处理对蚯蚓的毒性效应

浸出毒性测试是评价重金属污染土壤稳定化处理效果的主要方法,但该方法不能准确反映稳定化处理后土壤的生物毒性变化.本研究以多硫化钙(CPS)稳定化处理的电镀厂铬(Cr)污染土壤为对象,以赤子爱胜蚓为指示生物,研究评估土壤稳定化处理的生物毒性效应.结果表明,在Cr污染土壤中,随着CPS投加量的增加,蚯蚓的毒性效应逐渐减弱随后增强.高浓度Cr污染土壤经过CPS稳定化处理后仍然具有明显的生物毒性,CPS与土壤中Cr(VI)投加比(物质的量比,下同)为3时土壤浸出毒性虽满足浸出标准,但对蚯蚓的7 d致死效应高达100%,且暴毒期间出现肉眼可见的外部形态变化,回避率为83.3%,在暴毒第5 d时蚯蚓体内总Cr含量为20.9 mg·kg~(-1).CPS对蚯蚓具有较强的生物毒性作用,在不含Cr污染的对照组土壤中,CPS投加量与稳定化处理Cr污染土壤中稳定化药剂投加比为5相同时,蚯蚓的7 d急性毒性致死率为100%.蚯蚓的致死率和外部形态变化可快速直观地反映重金属污染土壤的生物毒性,可为土壤稳定化处理的安全性与生物毒性评估提供参考依据.     

灭菌和非灭菌土壤中高氯酸盐污染对水稻幼苗的影响

采用温室盆栽试验,研究灭菌与非灭菌土壤条件下2个品种水稻(GN和IR)幼苗对ClO₄-(高氯酸盐)污染的响应. 结果表明:无ClO₄-污染时,土壤灭菌可促进2个品种水稻的株高、根长和生物量的增长,但有ClO₄-污染时,灭菌处理反而显著抑制水稻生长;当施入ρ(ClO₄-)为0.1 mg/L时,土壤灭菌降低了水稻对ClO₄-的吸收积累,非灭菌组GN和IR分别有69.70%和88.55%的ClO₄-迁移到植物体内,而灭菌组则分别有21.55%和13.98%的ClO₄-迁移到植物体内;ρ(ClO₄-)为50.0 mg/L时,土壤灭菌反而增加了水稻对ClO₄-的吸收积累,灭菌组GN和IR叶片中的w(ClO₄-)分别是非灭菌组的3.67和5.88倍,但无论土壤是否灭菌,迁移到植物体内的ClO₄-所占比例均小于2%;灭菌组93%以上的ClO₄-残留在土壤中,而非灭菌组则有98%以上的ClO₄-转化成为其他物质. 土壤灭菌、ρ(ClO₄-)为50 mg/L处理能够显著降低土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性.      

石油污染土壤的生态效应及修复技术研究

以玉米和向日葵为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了石油污染土壤对植物生长的影响及两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用;考察了节细菌(DX-9)对玉米,向日葵植物修复的强化和协同效应;探讨了石油烃在植物不同部位的残留量。结果表明:在土壤石油烃含量初始值为10000mg/kg时,玉米、向日葵生物量分别减少14.5%和21.0%。150d土壤中石油烃降解率分别为42.5%和46.4%,较对照区提高了100.5%和118.9%;节细菌的施加使两种植物的降解率分别提高到72.8%和76.4%。石油烃在玉米的根、茎、叶、芯和籽仁中的含量较对照区分别增加了19.4%、0.8%、0.7%、1.3%和14.8%,在向日葵的根、茎、叶、葵盘和籽仁中的含量分别增加了184.5%、1.2%、1.1%、2.3%和31.2%。结论表明:石油污染土壤对玉米,向日葵生长性状和籽仁质量有显著影响;玉米或向日葵与节细菌(DX-9)联合进行石油污染土壤的生物修复效果显著;石油烃在植物各部位均有不同程度的残留,根部残留量最大。     

石油污染土壤植物修复后对陆生高等植物的生态毒性

以经过5a植物修复处理后的石油污染土壤为供试土壤(柴油初始投加量分别为5 000,15 000,30 000 mg/kg),用重量法测定了土壤中残留矿物油含量,同时,以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为供试植物,以种子发芽及根伸长试验、早期幼苗生长试验、叶片内细胞色素P450单加氧酶(P450)含量、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD;过氧化物酶,POD)活性及脂质过氧化产物(丙二醛,MDA)含量等为指标对受试土壤进行生态毒理学综合评价.化学分析结果表明,各处理土壤中的矿物油均     

博落回对不同化学形态铀的富集特征

为了研究陆生植物博落回（Macleaya Cordata）对不同化学形态铀的富集特征,采用Visual MINTEQ地球化学平衡软件设计了五种含不同化学形态铀[UO₂2+、CaUO₂（CO₃）₃2-、UO₂Cit-、（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4-和UO₂HPO₄]的培养液,开展水培试验.博落回在这五种培养液中分别培养1、5、10、15、20和25 d后,测定其株高、根长和干质量,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定其地上部分和根部的w（铀）.结果表明:在不同化学形态铀胁迫下,博落回株高无显著差异,UO₂HPO₄可促进博落回根的生长,而（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4-降低了博落回的干质量.并且,博落回根部对不同化学形态铀的富集能力大小顺序为UO₂2+ > UO₂HPO₄ > CaUO₂（CO₃）₃2- > UO₂Cit- >（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4-,博落回地上部分对不同化学形态铀的富集能力大小顺序为UO₂Cit- >（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4- > UO₂2+ > CaUO₂（CO₃）₃2- > UO₂HPO₄.此外,博落回根部对UO₂2+的富集能力很高,但地上部分很低.添加柠檬酸,培养液中铀的主要化学形态为UO₂Cit-,并且在100 mg/L铀的胁迫下,博落回对UO₂Cit-的生物富集系数和转移系数分别达到0.09和8.53.因此,要提高博落回对铀污染土壤中铀的富集和转移,可添加柠檬酸,促使土壤中铀的形态以UO₂Cit-为主,同时要降低土壤中碳酸盐和磷酸盐的含量.      

根茬连续还田对镉污染农田土壤中镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究不同镉污染土壤上分别连作3茬玉米和菜豆,根茬连续还田后对后茬作物生长、镉吸收及土壤中镉赋存形态的影响.结果表明,两种镉污染土壤上分别连作3茬菜豆和玉米,根茬累计还田量占土壤质量的0.4%～1.1%,通过根茬累计还田的镉占土壤全镉的1.3%～3.5%.玉米和菜豆根茬连续还田对后茬大白菜和冬小麦生长均无显著影响,但在镉污染土壤上根茬连续还田后显著增加了后茬大白菜地上部镉含量.根茬连续还田对后茬小麦吸收镉无影响.根茬连续还田增加了土壤轻组有机质含量和模拟镉污染土壤中轻组有机质中镉占土壤全镉的比例.镉污染土壤连续还田玉米根茬后土壤碳酸盐结合态镉含量显著降低,在模拟镉污染土壤上菜豆根茬连续还田显著降低了土壤交换态镉含量,根茬连续还田增加了土壤中氧化物结合态镉含量.