二噁英暴露对成年男性血清类固醇激素的影响

为了解二噁英（PCDD/DFs）对成年男性类固醇激素水平的影响,采用高分辨气相色谱法/高分辨质谱联用法（HRGC/HRMS）及液相色谱-质谱联用法（LC-MS/MS）分析二噁英污染地区成年男性（n=50）及非污染地区成年男性（n=48）血清中9种类固醇激素水平和17种二噁英同类物浓度.结果显示成年男性血清中双氢睾酮、睾酮、雌二醇的水平与部分二噁英同类物浓度存在显著性相关.污染地区成年男性双氢睾酮、睾酮、雌二醇的水平与年龄呈显著性正相关.以上结果表明二噁英暴露导致成年男性类固醇激素中的性激素变化异常.     

双酚A和几种天然激素对鲫鱼淋巴细胞增殖的影响

通过聚蔗糖-泛影葡胺密度梯度离心法,从鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)血样中分离淋巴细胞,体外培养72h,用MTT法测试双酚A和几种天然激素对淋巴细胞增殖的作用,评价双酚A的免疫毒性.结果表明,可的松对鲫鱼淋巴细胞的增殖有明显的抑制作用,睾酮和雌二醇对鲫鱼淋巴细胞的增殖有明显的诱导作用.双酚A具有与睾酮和雌二醇相似的诱导作用,明显地促进鲫鱼淋巴细胞的增殖.研究结果揭示双酚A对鲫鱼具有潜在的免疫毒性.     

钙钛矿型La1.4FeO3.6处理餐厨废水的湿式氧化催化性能研究

Fe元素不易产生生物毒性,以氧化物所形成的钙钛矿型结构有氧空位产生或消除为基础进行可逆氧化-还原过程的特征。采用新型的钙钛矿型La1.4FeO3.6催化剂,对餐厨废水进行湿式催化氧化处理,考察钙钛矿型La1.4FeO3.6催化剂的催化性能。研究表明,在140℃氧分压为0.6 MPa的条件下催化剂对高浓度餐厨废水具有较高的催化活性,但由于催化剂本身的缺陷,存在催化剂流失的问题。     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn（II） on the growth of a green alga （ Chlorella pyrenoidosa）

Toxic effect of Zn（II） on a green alga （Chlorella pyrenoidosa） in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated. The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples （without adding any clay or Zn（II））. When Zn（II） was added, the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples, which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn（II） concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn（II） on the clays. When the solution system was diluted, the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn（II） concentration as in the diluted system. This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn（II） from the zinc-contaminated clays, although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite. Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn（H） played an important part in its toxicity, and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.     

温度对SBR生物脱氮效能及胞外聚合物的影响

本实验以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用3组SBR反应器(R_(15℃)、R_(25℃)、R_(35℃)),重点考察了温度对生物脱氮效能、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量及其组分[蛋白质(PN)、多糖(PS)和核酸(DNA)]的影响.结果表明,高温条件有利于促进亚硝酸型生物脱氮体系的建立,显著提高氨氮去除性能.温度对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着温度的升高,EPS和TB-EPS含量逐渐降低,而LB-EPS含量逐渐升高,EPS以TB-EPS为主(占69.0%~79.5%),但TB-EPS/LB-EPS比值随着温度升高逐渐降低[3.8(15℃)→3.6(25℃)→2.2(35℃)].在EPS,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中PN和DNA含量随着温度升高而降低,LB-EPS和EPS中PS含量随温度升高而增加.而TB-EPS中PS含量随温度升高而降低,且25℃是各组分浓度变化重要折点.在15℃和25℃时,PN为TB-EPS和LB-EPS的主要成分,PS次之,DNA最少,35℃时,PS成为主要成分,PN次之,DNA最少.此外,本研究也发现,在15℃和25℃时,EPS含量在硝化过程中逐渐增大,反硝化过程中逐渐降低.     

Effect of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) on the fate of phenanthrene in a model ecosystem (water-lava-plant-air)

Advanced closed chamber system was used to study the fate of phenanthrene (3-rings PAHs) in the presence of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS). The results showed mineralization and metabolism of phenanthrene are fast in the “culture solution-lava-plant-air“ model ecological system. The distribution proportions of applied ^14C-activity in this simulative ecological system were 41%-45%, 14% to 10% and 1% in plant, lava and culture solution respectively, and 18% to 29%, 11% to 8% recovered in the forms of VOCs and CO2. Main parts of the applied ^14C-activity exist in two forms, one is polar metabolites(25%) which mainly distribute in the root(23%),the other is unextractable part (23%) which have been constructed into plant root (8.98%), shoot (0.53%) or bonded to lava(13.2%). The main metabolites of phenanthrene were polar compounels (25% of applied ^14C-activity), and small portion of ^14C-activity was identified as non-polar metabolites(6% of applied ^14C-activity) and apparent phenanthrene(1.91% of applied ^14C-activity). Phenanthrene and its metabolites can be taken up through plant roots and translocated to plant shoots. The presence of LAS significantly increased the the concentration of ^14C-activity in the plant and production of VOCs, at the same time it decreased the phenanthrene level in the plant and the production of CO2 at the concentration of 200 mg/L.     

外源自诱导物对厌氧氨氧化的影响

厌氧氨氧化作为污水生物脱氮新工艺,存在着菌群倍增时间长,一旦随水流失,脱氮性能会急剧下降的问题.N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯（AHLs）作为一类典型的诱发群体感应效应的自诱导物,可能会激活部分基因的表达.有研究表明两种常见的AHLs：C6-HSL和C8-HSL对厌氧氨氧化菌群的成膜机制有促进作用.本试验通过外添加C6-HSL和C8-HSL两种自诱导物,深入探究其对厌氧氨氧化菌群的影响.结果表明浓度为0.5g/L的AHLs会抑制厌氧氨氧化菌群的生长,但能提高其脱氮性能,并显著促进联氨合成酶（hydrazine synthase subunit A,hzsA）基因的表达,但两种AHLs的促进作用有所差别,相同浓度的C8-HSL较C6-HSL对hzsA基因表达的促进作用更为明显.     

碳氮比对活性污泥胞外聚合物的长期影响

以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组SBR反应器（R₀,R₅,R₁₀和R₁₅）,重点考察了碳氮比（C/N）对胞外聚合物（EPS）含量及其组分（蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）和核酸（DNA））的影响.试验结果表明：C/N对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着C/N由0升高至15,EPS和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）含量逐渐升高,而松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）含量逐渐降低,EPS以TB-EPS为主（占77.4%~93.6%）.EPS和TB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随着C/N值升高而升高,LB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随C/N升高而降低.此外,随着C/N的增大,毛细吸水时间（CST）和污泥比阻（SRF）值显著增大,污泥的脱水性能变差.     

Effect of ionic strength on adsorption of As（Ⅲ） and As（Ⅴ） on variable charge soils

The study was to investigate the adsorption behavior of arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) and arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) on two variable charge soils, i.e., Haplic Acrisol and Rhodic Ferralsol at different ionic strengths and pH with batch methods. Results indicated that the amount of As(Ⅲ) adsorbed by these two soils increased with increasing solution pH, whereas it decreased with increasing ionic strength under the acidic condition. This suggested that As(Ⅲ) was mainly adsorbed on soil positive charge sites through electrostatic attraction under the acidic condition. Moreover, intersects of As(Ⅴ) adsorption-pH curves at different ionic strengths (a characteristic pH) are obtained for both soils. It was noted that above this pH, the adsorption of As(Ⅴ) was increased with increasing ionic strength, whereas below it the reverse trend was true. Precisely the intersect pH was 3.6 for Haplic Acrisol and 4.5 for Rhodic Ferralsol, which was near the values of PZSE (soil point of zero salt effect) of these soils. The effects of ionic strength and pH on arsenate adsorption by these soils were interpreted by the adsorption model. The results of zeta potential suggested that the potential in adsorption plane becomes less negative with increasing ionic strength above soil PZSE and decreases with increasing ionic strength below soil PZSE. These results further supported the hypothesis of the adsorption model that the potential in the adsorption plane changes with ionic strength with an opposite trend to surface charge of the soils. Therefore, the change of the potential in the adsorption plane was mainly responsible for the change of arsenate adsorption induced by ionic strength on variable charge soils.     

淀山湖氮磷营养物长期变化规律及其对藻类增长影响研究

为深入认识淀山湖生态环境状况,从淀山湖20a的监测数据和藻类增长潜力试验(AGP)的试验结果入手,结合20a的遥感影像资料,采用时间序列分析法、方差分析、概率分布和箱线图等描述统计方法,分析了淀山湖氮磷营养物的长期变化规律及其对藻类演替和增长的影响.结果表明,从1985年第1次大规模藻类水华算起,经过15a的营养物积累,在1999～2000年之间,淀山湖由中度富营养化湖泊逐渐转化为重度富营养化湖泊;1999年之后淀山湖水体氮磷营养物大量聚集,叶绿素a水平迅速提高,分别以1999年前速率的2.25、6.67、3.40倍上升.其中以磷的上升速率为最快;透明度则以平均每年递减5cm的速度下降.藻类群落转化为以绿藻和蓝藻为主,藻类水华的频率为1999年前的2～3倍.当水体TN浓度超过3.5 mg/L时.AGP试验不再有任何显著性反应.氮和铁可能共同限制藻类增长.研究证明,淀山湖已经具备暴发大规模,大面积蓝藻水华的条件,水体TN浓度超过临界值(＞3.5 mg/L)的频次越多,淀山湖暴发蓝藻水华的可能性越大.     

邻苯二甲酸酯对浅层含水层沉积物微生物多样性的影响

在模拟浅层地下水低温、缺氧的环境条件下,利用BIOLOG ECO微平板法研究了经不同浓度邻苯二甲酸正丁酯(DBP)处理的江汉平原浅层含水层沉积物中微生物的数量、整体活性、多样性指数以及代谢功能多样性.结果表明,微生物的数量、整体活性随DBP浓度不同有差异;丰富度指数、Shannon指数与对照相比差异均不显著,而Simpson指数和McIntosh指数差异显著.低浓度DBP(<400mg/kg)可以抑制部分微生物的生长,而促进与DBP代谢有关的微生物活性;高浓度DBP(796mg/kg)则抑制了微生物数量,破坏物种的均一度,最终导致沉积物中微生物功能多样性发生改变而产生代谢变异性.     

胞外聚合物对活性污泥吸附去除全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的影响

采用活性污泥和去除胞外聚合物(EPS)污泥作为吸附剂,探讨污泥吸附PFOS的机制和EPS在吸附过程中的作用.结果表明,活性污泥和去除EPS污泥吸附PFOS均符合准二级动力学方程,平衡吸附量(q_e)分别为0.46 mg·g~(-1)和0.38 mg·g~(-1),化学吸附占主要作用.吸附等温线可以用Freundlich、Langmuir及Temkin方程拟合.Ca~(2+)和Cu~(2+)通过离子架桥作用促进PFOS在污泥上的吸附.活性污泥吸附去除PFOS的效果明显优于去除EPS后的污泥.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电发射光谱(XPS)分析吸附前后的污泥官能团变化,发现去除了EPS的污泥中羟基、羧基和氨基活性基团减少,而这些基团是PFOS吸附过程中参与反应的主要成分.由此可见污泥EPS中蛋白质含有的羧基和氨基活性基团为PFOS提供了吸附反应位点,EPS在吸附过程中起到至关重要的作用.     

二甲基苯蒽和苯并(a)芘对小鼠肝脏金属硫蛋白及氧化损伤的诱导作用

观察两种致癌性多环芳烃化合物二甲基苯蒽（DMBA）和苯并（a)芘（BaP）对小鼠肝脏脂质过氧化产物和金属硫蛋白含量的影响。选用雄性C57BL／OLA129小鼠，观察DMBA和BaP各50mg/kg一次腹腔注射染毒后24、48、72和144h后的动物肝脏重量、金属硫蛋白（MT）含量和脂质过氧化程度的变化。MT测定采用镉－血红蛋白亲和分析法；脂质过氧化指标为硫代巴比妥酸测定丙二醛法。结果表明，DMBA和BaP均能引起小鼠肝脏重量增加、MT含量增加和MDA含量增加。随着DMBA和BaP染毒后的时间延长小鼠肝脏的重量不断增加，呈现时间效应关系。小鼠肝脏MT的含量在染毒后24和48h后明显增加1倍。肝脏MDA的含量增加在染毒后24h后达到高峰。本研究观察到DMBA和Bap可以MT增加。MT的增加与MDA的增加呈现一定平行的关。提示MT诱导可能与多环芳烃化合物所致的氧化损伤有关。     

黄河水中氨基酸对铅(Ⅱ)与悬浮粒子相互作用的影响

研究了五种氨基酸对黄河水中铅 ( )与悬浮粒子相互作用的离子交换率 E( % )— p H关系曲线的影响 ,结果表明 :( 1)水体中五种氨基酸浓度分别为 2μmol· L- 1 时提高 E( % )的顺序是 :组氨酸 >脯氨酸 >丙氨酸 >天门冬氨酸 >赖氨酸 ;( 2 )与未加有机物相比“S型曲线”左移 0 .4～ 1.3个 p H单位 ,Δ p H左移值顺序为 :组氨酸 >天门冬氨酸 >丙氨酸 >赖氨酸 >脯氨酸 ;( 3 )随着脯氨酸、丙氨酸、天门冬氨酸和胱氨酸浓度增加 ,离子交换率提高。     

Effect of Fe（Ⅲ） on the bromate reduction by humic substances in aqueous solution

Humic substances are ubiquitous redox-active organic compounds of environment. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the reduction capacity of humic acid in the man-ix of bromate and Fe（Ⅲ） solutions and the role of Fe（Ⅲ） in this redox process. The results showed that the humic acid regenerated Fe（Ⅱ） and reduced bromate abiotically. The addition of Fe（Ⅲ） could accelerate the bromate reduction rate by forming humic acid-Fe（Ⅲ） complexes. Iron species acts as electron mediator and catalyst for the bromate reduction by humic acid, in which humic acid transfers electrons to the complexed Fe（Ⅲ） to form Fe（Ⅱ）, and the regenerated Fe（Ⅱ） donate the electrons to bromate. The kinetics study on bromate reduction further indicated that bromate reduction by humic acid-Fe（Ⅲ） complexes is pH dependent. The rate decreased by 2-fold with the increase in solution pH by one unit. The reduction capacity of Aldrich humic acid was observed to be lower than that of humic acid or natural organic matter of Suwanne River, indicating that such redox process is expected to occur in the environment.     

腐殖酸以及共存阳离子对膨润土吸附废水中铅离子的影响

研究了钠基膨润土的理化性质及其对水中铅离子的吸附作用,考查了pH值、共存阳离子浓度、腐殖酸浓度对铅离子吸附的影响,结果表明,钠基膨润土对水中铅离子有较好的吸附效果.铅离子在膨润土上的吸附量随pH值的升高而增加,随共存阳离子浓度的升高而减少,随腐殖酸浓度的升高而增加.从热力学角度探讨了吸附机理,发现钠基膨润土对铅离子的吸附量随温度升高而增大,并且吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型.计算了相关的吸附热力学函数:△H=0.9594kJ/mol, △S=16.611 3kJ/(mol·K).