城市热环境及其微热环境的改善

以苏南５市县３０年来热环境诸因素的变化资料为依据,分析城市区域特征所引起的热环境诸因素的变化趋势,介绍包括规划城市区域的道路网,控制建筑物布局的密度,以及城市绿化和水面等在内的城市规划和建筑设计措施对于改善城市区域微热环境的效用。     

基于多源数据的城市扩张中热环境演变及响应

改善城市热环境,提升人居环境质量是创建生态宜居城市的重要前提.目前对城市扩张与热环境关系的研究多基于遥感数据,多源数据应用较薄弱.选取西安都市圈核心区,基于2010年和2020年Landsat遥感影像测定城市扩张及热环境时空演变状况,利用兴趣点和百度热力指数等多源数据,通过地学统计分析方法对城市热环境响应机制进行多方面研究.结果表明：（1）研究区建设用地共扩张200.84 km²,面积和强度呈现“中心和外围较弱,两者之间较强”特征,扩张模式以边缘式和填充式为主.（2） 2010～2020年间,研究区整体热环境恶化,热岛区面积增加282.65 km²,热岛区蔓延与城市扩张方向一致,分布格局由“东南-西北”向“东北-西南”演变;但城市中心区平均温度下降1.09℃.（3）城市扩张与城市热环境恶化表现为强正相关;城市空间规模扩大对热环境恶化的贡献率为60.40%;各社会经济因素作用程度较弱,总体贡献率为39.60%,植被水体降温作用明显,多因素共同影响下,地表温度共增加0.241个单位.城市扩张过程中地表参数和城市二维形态变化依然是热环境变化的主要因...     

基于SEM模型的热环境时空特征及影响因素分析:以西安都市圈为例

城市热环境是评价城市生态环境的重要指标之一,直接关系到居民健康及城市经济可持续发展,但目前研究缺乏自然和人文多维因子对热环境的影响路径分析.基于西安都市圈2020年MODIS MYD11A2地表温度数据,辅以气象、地表因子和人类活动等数据,综合利用ArcGIS空间地统计分析、冗余分析（RDA）和结构方程模型（SEM）,研究城市热环境在不同季节的时空分布特征,揭示城市热环境的主要影响因素并量化其直接和间接效应.结果表明:①西安都市圈的地表温度呈现北高南低,自城市中心向四周递减的空间格局,夏季热环境污染最严重.②冗余分析表明影响热环境的主要因素为:气温、不透水地表、植被和降水.③SEM结果显示,气象、地表和人类活动因子对城市热环境的直接影响显著并占主导地位,气温、不透水面和兴趣点密度对热环境有显著的直接正效应（0.10~0.33）,水体、降水和植被对热环境有显著的直接负效应（-0.29~-0.25）.人类活动对夜晚地表温度的直接影响力高于地表因子和气象因子,提高经济效益有利于缓解城市热环境效应.以上结果可为城市热岛局地气候变化研究和绿色生态宜居城市环境建设提供科学参考.     

城市热效应与热效应模型研究

影响城市热环境的因素有很多,其中地表覆盖类型是热效应影响因素中较为重要的一个。笔者在研究深圳市城市热环境效应的基础之上建立了一个三维动态模型,对硬化路面覆盖条件下的温度场进行模拟,并对该热环境效应模型进行了较为详细的分析。      

城市环境美学及其评价

城市环境美是自然美与人工美的结合，它的主要组成因素有：自然景观、城市建筑艺术，人文景观，环境气氛美和社会服务好。本文系统论述了城市环境美的基本因素及其美学特征，还介绍了评价城市环境美的科学方法。     

呼和浩特市城市化进程及其热岛效应影响因素探讨

利用呼和浩特地区4期Landsat卫星遥感影像,采用监督分类支持向量机法,对呼和浩特市城市化进程进行分析,并对其热岛效应及其影响因素进行了探讨。研究结果表明:呼和浩特城市化过程中土地利用方式发生显著变化,城市建设用地迅速增加,水体和植被覆盖区明显减少;随着城市的扩张,交通网络逐步形成,原有景观呈现明显的方向性破碎化;呼和浩特城市的快速发展使城市建成区大面积增加,主城区热岛效应明显,热环境亟需改善。呼和浩特市热环境特征表明增加城市绿地和水面是改善城市热环境的有效途径,水体、拥有水体的公共绿地以及大面积的绿色植被连续体冷岛效应尤其明显,这对于城市健康发展、夏季高温预警等具有重要的指导意义。     

遥感技术如何“给力”城市“热岛效应”

热岛效应是人类对城市热环境研究所关注的一个热点问题,利用遥感技术来对城市热场进行定量、定位分析有利于探索改善城市热环境,降低热岛效应和热污染等研究,有利于改善城市的热岛现象,对城市的生态建设和环境保护也具有十分重要意义。     

天津市热环境时空演变及影响因素分析

随着城市化进程加快,城市热环境发生显著变化,对人类活动造成很大影响。为探究天津市城市热环境时空变化及其影响因素,基于2005—2020年四期Landsat遥感数据,利用辐射传输方程法反演地表温度,计算城市热岛比例指数,用标准差椭圆法分析城市热环境发展和布局,利用地表温度并结合土地利用分类研究城市地物覆盖类型与地表温度的响应关系,并采用地理探测器探究高程、绿地、建筑用地和水体对地表温度变化的影响差异。结果表明：天津市热岛足迹沿主干道由市内六区向环城四区发展,天津城市热环境呈现先增高后降低的趋势;由标准差椭圆分析可知,城市热岛呈现发展主轴维持在东北—西南方向,整体空间格局呈现放射状分布;天津市中心城区建筑用地面积占比逐年增加,水体面积占比逐年降低,各类型地物平均温度排序为：建筑用地＞绿地＞水体;地理探测器分析表明：NDBI和NDVI是影响地表温度变化的主要因子,NDVI和MNDWI对LST交互作用最强,是城市热环境驱动作用最强的因子组合。     

遥感技术在城市环境影响评价中的应用

从遥感技术应用入手，介绍遥感技术在城市结构、城市热环境、水污染、绿地调查、环境规划方面进行应用取得明显的效果。指出遥感与地理信息系统结合前景更广阔。     

北京城市环境安全及突发重大环境灾害应急救援行动预案研究

城市环境安全已成为当前环境问题的新热点，环境安全是相对环境而提出的，本文在分析北京当前所存在的环境不安全因素的基础上，提出了北京城市环境安全及突发重大环境灾害应急行动预案研究。[编者按]     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques,with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity. During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

The recycling cycle of materials as a design project tool

Currently, a large number of companies consider recycling of materials as an opportunity to maximize profits and to reduce the environmental impact generated by these materials after they are disposed. However, there is also a strong constraint on the use of recycled materials mainly due to the lack of technical/scientific information, which would relate their physical properties to their recycling cycle. This information should be used in the initial phase of the product design to serve as reference for the simulation of a project to point out the physical properties obtained from recycling the Projected material (Pm). Thus, it would be possible to foresee some recycling strategy to keep the good characteristics of recycled materials by encouraging their use, regardless of the product to be designed.Therefore, the Recycling Cycle of Materials (RCM) is a tool that provides scientific/technical support in the selection of materials. It uses the information related to the physical properties of the Pm as a parameter for product design after five recycling cycles. For the case study, this tool has been applied to obtain the basic material of ABS/PC blend. Subsequently, this blend was evaluated using DSC, FTIR, traction and impact methods to obtain delimiting data for the definition of the mechanical properties resulting from the application of RCM.     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques, with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity.During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

Framing the private land conservation conversation: Strategic framing of the benefits of conservation participation could increase landholder engagement

How conservation messages are framed will impact the success of our efforts to engage people in conservation action. This is highly relevant in the private land conservation (PLC) sector given the low participation rates of landholders. Using a case study of PLC schemes targeted at Australian landholders, we present the first systematic analysis of communication strategies used by organisations and government departments delivering those schemes to engage the public. We develop a novel approach for analysing the framing of conservation messages that codes the stated benefits of schemes according to value orientation. We categorised the benefits as flowing to either the landholder, to society, or to the environment, corresponding to the egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value orientations that have been shown to influence human behaviour. We find that messages are biased towards environmental benefits. Surprisingly, this is the case even for market-based schemes that have the explicit objective of appealing to production-focussed landholders and those who are not already involved in conservation. The risk is that PLC schemes framed in this way will fail to engage more egoistically oriented landholders and are only likely to appeal to those likely to already be conservation-minded. By understanding the frame in which PLC benefits are communicated, we can begin to understand the types of people who may be engaged by these messages, and who may not be. Results suggest that the framing of the communications for many schemes could be broadened to appeal to a more diverse group (and thus ultimately to a larger group) of landholders.     

The 10-tenets of adaptive management and sustainability: An holistic framework for understanding and managing the socio-ecological system

The three basic principles of sustainable development, relating to ecology, economy and society, have long been embedded within national and international strategies. In recent years we have augmented these principles by a further seven considerations giving rise to the so-called 10-tenets of sustainable management. Whilst theoretically appealing, discussion of the tenets to date has been largely generic and qualitative and, until the present paper, there has been no formal and quantitative application of these tenets to an actual example. To promote the concept of successful and sustainable environmental management there is the need to develop a robust and practical framework to accommodate value judgements relating to each of the tenets. Although, as originally presented, the tenets relate specifically to management measures, they may also be applied directly to a specific development or activity. This paper examines the application of the tenets in both of these contexts, and considers their incorporation into an assessment tool to help visualise and quantify issues of sustainability.     

中国人不会使世界挨饿

本文通过对中国国土资源食物生产潜力的比较全面、系统的分析,认为中国只要举国上下支持、保护和发展农业,强化国家对农业的主导作用,建立食物安全保障体系,认真执行＂米袋子＂省长负责制,加大对农业特别是对科技的投入力度,面向国土,开发国土,充分、合理利用国土,并相应地建立起具有中国特色的包括耕地、草地、林地、海洋和野生生物资源的食物来源的五大生产体系、符合中国国情的、具有浓厚东方色彩的消费体系、节粮体系以及推行人口计划控制政策,虽农业发展具有艰巨性,但前景依然是光明的。跨越新世纪,中国人定能养活中国人,中国人不会使世界挨饿。     

环境噪声达标区建设中应注意的几个问题

结合鞍山市在创建国家环保模范城市工作过程中建设环境噪声达标区的工作实际,针对鞍山市区(建成区)的噪声达标区的划分、监测布点、监测方法和验收等创建过程中遇到的具体问题进行了分析,提出了相应的解决方法,并就创建过程中的不成功经验进行了总结.鞍山市的噪声达标区建设基本上符合国家和省关于环境噪声达标区的技术要求,虽然达标区的划分、现状调查、各种噪声数据监测和分析、噪声污染源的治理以及达标区的验收和噪声源的抽测等工作较为复杂,但仍可以为其他城市噪声达标区的创建提供借鉴.     

能值分析理论在耕地可持续利用评价中的应用研究——以南京市为例

评价指标体系是耕地可持续利用评价研究的难点,正确选择评价理论与方法,构建科学、合理的评价指标体系,为正确认识耕地利用的可持续性及制定相应政策提供理论与实践依据。文章引入能值理论,在传统评价方法基础上对耕地利用中物流、能流等以太阳能值为统一衡量标准,建立新的指标体系,并对南京市1995~2004年的耕地利用进行评价。结果表明,研究时段内南京市耕地利用是向可持续方向发展的,且其可持续利用经历了两个阶段:①1995~1998年可持续性下降阶段,综合系数从1995年的1逐渐下降到1998年的0.9570;②1998~2004年可持续性上升阶段,综合系数逐年上升到2004年的1.1123。与传统评价方法相比,引入能值理论后的评价结果更能全面、客观地反映耕地利用的可持续状况。     

ABR反应器的结构参数对流动及混合特性的影响

为了改善ABR反应器的设计和运行,在实验室条件下,通过CFD(computational fluid dynamics,计算流体力学)技术和RTD(停留时间分布)曲线测试技术,分析不同结构参数下ABR反应器的流动和混合特性. 在此基础上,结合理论分析,确定ABR的最佳隔室数量. 结果表明:在反应器有效容积不变的情况下,随着ABR反应器内隔室数量由3个增至6个,ABR反应器内死区容积所占比例由15.51%降至1.87%,Pez(Peclet准数)由8.47升至16.67,N(串联数)由4.80升至8.88;隔室数量由3个增至4个、4个增至5个、5个增至6个时,死区容积所占比例的降幅分别为44.00%、74.50%、15.40%,Pez的增幅分别为36.88%、42.17%、32.57%,而N的增幅则分别为36.07%、1.95%、1.67%. 与5个隔室的ABR反应器相比,6个隔室的ABR反应器在死区容积所占比例、Pez和N等指标上尽管有所改善,但改善幅度已显著降低. 通过理论分析与混合参数模拟结果相结合,共同确定ABR反应器的最佳隔室数量为4个或5个.      

Denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources in a pre-denitrification process

The aim of this study is to investigate the denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources and to estimate the denitrification potential for the predenitrification system using nitrate utilization rate （NUR） batch tests. It is shown that the denitrification potential can be substantially increased with the addition of three external carbon sources, i.e. methanol, ethanol, and acetate, and the denitrification rates of ethanol, acetate, and methanol reached up to 9.6, 12, and 3.2 mgN/（g VSS.h）, respectively, while that of starch wastewater was only 0.74 mgN/（g VSS,h）. By comparison, ethanol was found to be the best external carbon source. NUR batch tests with starch wastewater and waste ethanol were carried out. The denitfification potential increased from 5.6 to 16.5 mg NO3-N/L owing to waste ethanol addition. By means of NUR tests, the wastewater characteristics and kinetic parameters can be estimated, which are used to determine the denitrification potential of wastewater, to calculate the denitrification potential of the plant and to predict the nitrate effluent quality, as well as provide information for developing carbon dosage control strategy.