浙东隆起带与西南日本黑濑川构造带地质演化之比较

浙东、闽北陈蔡群和建瓯群所构成的浙东隆起带,东延过东海后,与西南日本黑濑川构造带的寺野、肥后变质岩类连接,属“华夏—日本南方大陆”的北部残留地块,是受控于江山-绍兴-御荷(?)古断裂带而抬升暴露的.     

浙江沿海沉积物中多环芳烃的地球化学特征

一、前言 海洋沉积物中多环芳烃的研究始于1977年。多环芳烃是现代沉积物中一种常见的微量混合成份,在全球范围内,沉积物中多环芳烃的浓度从偏远地区的几个ppb到城市和工业中心附近地区的几百个ppm(1)。我国东海沉积物中含有一些芳香度不同的多环芳烃,如(?)、甲基(?)。苯并茈、(?)、苯并(?)和晕苯等(2)。(?)是陆源物质的标志;(?)和苯并茈(苯并(a)茈和苯并(e)     

中、大型齿轮零件精冲

中、大型齿轮的传统加工方法是先预制具有(?)毛坯,再通过插、拉、滚等专门设备加工齿形。本文采用强力齿圈(?)冲出齿轮零件,以代替机械加工,达到简化加工工艺,提高产品(?)降低生产成本的目的。     

深海锰结核的矿物学研究和锰氧化物的合成成因与地球化学

<正> 一、引言一般来说,构成锰结核的主要铁锰矿物有10(?)水锰矿,衍射2线型δ-MnO_2(以下简称δ-MnO_2),衍射4线型δ-MnO_2(或7(?)水锰矿)和针铁矿。这些矿物一般都共生于同一个结核中,由于产地和赋存形式各异,其组成和量比各不相同。文中主要叙述10(?)水锰矿和2线型δ-MnO_2,并将涉及到7(?)水锰矿。本研究用反射显微镜观察了结核的微细     

钨铁矿-钨锰铁矿-钨锰矿系列鉴定和标型的特征

钨铁矿-钨锰铁矿-钨锰矿系列为一完全的类质同象代替的矿物系列。它们属单斜晶系、C_(2h)~4(P2/C)空间群。钨铁矿、钨锰铁矿、钨锰矿的单位晶胞棱长依次分别为:a4.70(?)、b5.69(?)、c4.93(?);a4.762(?)、b5.731(?)、c4.928(?);a4.84(?)、b5.76(?)、c4.97(?)。对钨铁矿、钨锰铁矿、钨锰矿的大致鉴别特征有:内反射依次为无、油中显、空气中明显;非均质性依次为弱、弱—清楚、强;最大非均性旋转角依次为0°57′、1°37′、2°30′;反射     

高效混凝剂——聚合铝

聚合铝(又称碱式氯化铝)是一种高分子聚合物,分子量一般为几千,分子式据分析为:〔AI_(?)(OH)nCI_(?)-n〕m n=1～5m=1～10,而目前污水处理常用的硫酸铝 AL_2(SO_4)_(?)·18H_(?)O是低分子化合物,分子量只有几百。     

菲尔德斯半岛南部新生界火山岩系古地磁及地质意义

菲尔德斯半岛南部火山岩系由下而上,玛瑙滩段和化石山段MI=-76.9°,MD=59.7°,属新生界下第三系始新统中下部极性(?)合带中的正向亚带;按磁偶极子模式,平均古地磁极(S)的位置是64.3°S,116.4°W;采点古纬度南纬约65°。长山段I=77.6°,D=211.6°,为上述极性混合带中的反向亚带;虚地磁极(N)位置是75.9°S.118.7°W;采点古纬度南纬约66°。位于化石山段之上,长山段之下的岩块山段,数据具有随机性,这与其形成的地质背景有关。结果表明:1、化石山段与岩块山段之间,是早、晚两个喷发旋回的界线所在。2、菲尔德斯半岛自早第三纪始新世以来,总趋势是向赤道方向移动了大约3°     

环境保护要和企业的技术改造紧密地结合起来

当前,一个围绕节约能源、提高产品质量、降低原料消耗、增加花色品种的工业技术改造和设备更新的工作正在有计划有步骤地在全国上万个企业中展开。这对开展工业、交通企业的环境保护工作是十分有利的。环境保护部门和企业及其主管部门,就是要贯彻全国人大五届(?)次会议精神,执行党中央、国务院对环境保护的有关指示,密切配合,大力协作,通过工业的技术改造和设备更新,把环境保护工作提(?)到一个(?)水平。     

制线染色废水处理组合工艺研究

本文对制线厂排放的染色废水,采用氧化和凝聚法三种组合工艺系统处理效果及凝聚剂选择,氧化和凝聚的pH值及药剂添加量等工艺条件进行了研究。试验表明:对于BOD_(?)/COD_(?)《0.2,且BOD_(?)<100mg/l的制线染色废水,采用先凝聚后氧化或凝聚氧化合一处理系统处理,均可使排放水中COD_(?)和色度达到排放标准。     

金窝子金矿花岗岩及其含矿性的初步研究

<正> 金窝子金矿位于星星峡以东约30km处,大地构造位置属于北山褶皱带马莲井复背斜。岩体产于二叠纪(?)的沉积火山碎屑岩及碎屑岩互层的南面,两者呈构造断裂接触。岩体长约4.5km,宽600m,出露面积约2.7km~2,呈似透镜状向西倾没,岩体K-Ar年龄为375Ma金窝子岩体的岩石化学分析结果及有关参数列于表1、表2。与同类岩体相比,本岩体     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.