山西芦芽山林线附近土壤水分空间分布特征及其影响因素

于2008年植被生长季,在芦芽山荷叶坪亚高山草甸及森林-草甸过渡带内布设观测样带,应用FDR土壤剖面水分测量仪测量10～40 cm深度土壤含水量,并分析其空间分布特征和影响因素。结果表明:(1)根据所处位置及地上植被状况可将样带分为林地样带和草甸样带,林地样带土壤含水量随深度增加呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,草甸样带则恰好相反。(2)10和40 cm深度为土壤含水量稳定层,20和30 cm深度为活跃层,且林地样带10 cm深度土壤含水量小于草甸样带,20、30和40 cm深度土壤含水量则大于草甸样带。(3)降雨发生后,阴坡上部树岛样带土壤含水量增幅最大,阳坡上、中、下部草甸样带土壤含水量增幅也较大;不同土层深度比较而言,10cm深度土壤含水量增幅最大,20、30和40 cm深度土壤含水量增幅较为接近,土壤含水量对降雨的响应存在1～2d的时滞。(4)10、20和30 cm土壤含水量变化值与坡度呈显著正相关,30、40 cm土壤含水量变化值与初始土壤含水量呈显著负相关,20、30 cm土壤含水量变化值与地形湿度指数呈显著负相关。研究区内土壤含水量空间分布格局及其动态变化受植被和降雨影响显著,初始土壤含水量、坡度以及地形湿度指数对其也有一定影响。     

Spatial pattern of arsenic and lead distributions in Jamaican soils

The spatial patterns of arsenic and lead distribution in Jamaican soils were studied using the Geographical Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) and data from an island wide soil survey. Arsenic and lead were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) techniques. The frequency distribution of each element is discussed in relation to major lithological groups. The As-Pb background levels for different areas in Jamaica were estimated.     

河北省土壤苯并(a)芘含量的空间变异特征

根据实地采样数据,运用地统计学方法分析苯并(a)芘污染的空间变异特征,同时研究各地污染水平与其自然环境、产业布局之间的关系。结果表明:土壤苯并(a)芘含量在研究区存在空间异质性,在240 km空间尺度上尤其明显,块金值(C0)和基台值(C0 C)之比为44%;这说明其空间变异由结构性因子(如土壤有机质)和随机性因子(如污染源分布)共同构成;钢铁工业(包括焦化工)是苯并(a)芘的主要排放源,土壤苯并(a)芘污染也以钢铁工业(包括焦化工)发达的城市及其附近区域为核心。     

Background levels of microelements in soils of Italy

A systematic survey on the distribution of geochemically and texicologically relevant trace elements in the soils of Italy was carried out on 32 soil profiles, developed in different environmental and pedological conditions. The aim of this study was to collect basic information on the background levels of trace elements, their geochemical behaviour and the relationships between weathering and pedogenetic processes. The statistically processed analytical results led to the following conclusions: (i) Trace element distribution in the profiles studied is consistent with pedochemical behaviour and rock lithology. A comparison with the world soil means shows that there are no significant differences, except for those elements largely utilised in agriculture (Cu, Zn) or, because of pollution, (Pd, Cd), or natural accumulation (Ni, Cr); (ii) data processing by cluster analysis shows marked correlations between some elements, for example, Al-V, Ni-Cr, Mn-Co. Groups of geochemically homogeneous samples, which correspond to the great soil families characteristic of each pedological landscape, are also indicated; (iii) evidence of soil contamination is provided by the high levels of some elements, especially in the A horizon. Cu and Zn seem to be concentrated in the Ap horizon of cultivated soils, while Pd and Cd may be derived from the atmosphere.     

森林土壤氧化（吸收）甲烷研究进展

甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,对全球气候变暖的贡献仅次于CO2,约为25%。大气甲烷可以被土壤中甲烷氧化细菌在有氧条件下吸收利用,陆地生态系统森林土壤氧化吸收甲烷的研究已有大量报道。甲烷氧化菌是以甲烷作为唯一的碳源和能源的一类细菌的总称。但森林土壤在全球甲烷核算中具有一定的不确定性,取决于产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的相对活性。甲烷氧化菌的研究集中在环境对氧化能力的影响和自身氧化能力上。大气甲烷氧化过程为高氧化能力低亲力氧化,受到一些因子,如土壤温度、土壤通气状况、pH、氮肥等的影响,具体机理的研究还有待进一步深入。土壤通气状况受土壤质地与土壤水分影响,土地利用类型可能改变土壤容重、土壤结构和土壤水分,进而影响土壤甲烷氧化。植物可以通过自身对生境的作用或化感作用影响土壤甲烷氧化。土壤动物的研究则相对较少,目前排放清单中仅有白蚁是全球甲烷核算所包括的。从甲烷氧化菌的分类出发,对甲烷氧化菌氧化甲烷的机理、菌的生态分布及甲烷氧化的影响因素、时空异质性、观测方法等作出了综述,为正确认识和准确预测森林土壤在一定气候和土地利用类型条件下的甲烷氧化强度提供理论依据。     

Improved soil carbonate determination by FT-IR and X-ray analysis

In forest soils on calcareous parent material, carbonate is a key component that influences both chemical and physical soil properties and thus fertility and productivity. At low organic carbon contents, it is difficult to distinguish between organic and inorganic carbon, e.g. carbonates, in soils. The common gas-volumetric method to determine carbonate has a number of disadvantages. We hypothesize that a combination of two spectroscopic methods, which account for different forms of carbonate, can be used to model soil carbonate in our region. Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy was combined with X-ray diffraction to develop a model based on partial least squares regression. Results of the gas-volumetric Scheibler method were corrected for the calcite/dolomite ratio. The best model performance was achieved when we combined the two analytical methods using four principal components. The root mean squared error of prediction decreased from 13.07 to 11.57, while full cross-validation explained 94.5 % of the variance of the carbonate content. This is the first time that a combination of the proposed methods has been used to predict carbonate in forest soils, offering a simple method to precisely estimate soil carbonate contents while increasing accuracy in comparison with spectroscopic approaches proposed earlier. This approach has the potential to complement or substitute gas-volumetric methods, specifically in study areas with low soil heterogeneity and similar parent material or in long-term monitoring by consecutive sampling.     

九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区原始林与次生林土壤物理性质比较

森林土壤的结构和贮水保水能力是决定土壤水分及其时空分布的关键,九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区均是以水为灵魂,其水量的多少及时空分布格局对景区景点的视觉观赏效果具有十分重要的作用.通过对几寨沟和黄龙核心景区原始林与次生林土壤容重、持水性能和孔隙度等指标的监测,探讨了不同植被类型下土壤结构及持水能力状况.结果表明:(1)由于较早地得到保护,九寨沟景区原始林、桦槭次生林土壤物理性质均优于四川西部其它同类犁植被,与此相反,人工云杉纯林土壤物理性质明显劣于其它植被类型,可能主要与云杉平根系统对土壤膨胀挤压和单优势乔木群落所形成的不利微气候影响有机物分解归还土壤有关;(2)在黄龙核心景区的原始云、冷杉林,发育于坡积母质的土壤物理性质明显优于发育于钙华母质卜的土壤物理性质.图3表1参31     

Ecological risk assessment from the perspective of soil heavy metal accumulations in Xiamen city,China

Contamination of soils by heavy metals is of rising concern in many cities in China undergoing rapid urbanization. Here, we evaluate the severity of soil contamination by four heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead) at 146 urban and suburban sites within the city of Xiamen, Fujian, China. A multivariate regression model was proposed and developed to simulate heavy metals accumulation in urban and suburban soils, to identify the concentration and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils, and to assess ecological risks by 2020. Results showed that, overall, Xiamen soils should be subject to low ecological risks due to heavy metals contamination by 2020, the ecological risks for urban soils were greater than suburban soils, nearly half of Xiamen soils are at moderate ecological risks, and many suburban soils experience low ecological risks. The methods demonstrate the potential to predict future ecological risks from heavy metals contamination which could inform pollution prevention and control measures.     

基于地理探测器的土壤重金属影响因子分析及其污染风险评价

地理探测器能快速定量化揭示驱动重金属含量影响因素的强度,这对于重金属空间预测模型构建变量的确定和土壤污染修复措施的精准实施具有重要意义.利用地理探测器模型,对5种土壤重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的空间分布和11种环境因子的交互作用进行定量评估,通过单因子指数法进行重庆市土壤重金属污染风险评价.结果表明:研究区...     

Land cover and land use changes in a Brazilian Cerrado landscape: drivers,processes, and patterns

The Cerrado is one of the most threatened biomes in South America. To create protection actions on any scale, understanding drivers and consequences of land cover and land use (LC and LU) is essential. This study defines the composition and configuration of a Cerrado landscape watershed from 1975 to 2011. Using Landsat images and socioeconomic census data, we determined the forces acting on LC and LU change processes and their consequences. LC classes differ from LU classes for landscape dominance and processes. Economic opportunities drove LU change and its spatial distribution was related to soil, streams, and roads. Deforestation was the main cause of forest loss but forest degradation was also important, with both presenting different patterns. The spatial distribution of bare soil was related to pasture in degradation and streams. Bare soil distribution was related to pasture in degradation and streams. We concluded that broad scale factors drove changes, but local features determined distribution, and that watershed conservation plans should act on different scales, with management being spatially explicit.     

铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属有效态空间分布及其影响因子分析

利用地统计学方法,研究了广西岩溶地区某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu四种重金属有效态含量的空间分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明:研究区域不同程度地受到Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的污染,且水田污染较旱地严重;与广西土壤背景值相比,污染程度最严重的是Cd,在水田和旱地中超标率均为100%,平均超标倍数分别为312.94和33.67;其次是Zn,在水田和早地中超标率分别为100%和34%,平均超标倍数分别为38.34和2.11;污染最轻的为Cu,超标率仅为7%.空间分析表明,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的块金系数分别为2.7%、0.2%、6.5%、0.13%,体现了强烈的空间自相关性,且四种重金属空间分布特征相似,在离原铅锌选矿厂较近的西北偏西面有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量最高,沿着西北偏西至东南偏东的灌溉渠流向,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的含量呈递减趋势,东部旱地有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量相对较低.土壤有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu在污染区的空间分布与土壤基本理化性质关系密切,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu与pH、阳离子交换量、粘粒都呈极显著负相关,与有机质含量则呈极显著正相关.     

广东省土壤硒空间分布及潜在环境风险分析

利用广东省260个土壤剖面数据,开展区域尺度下的土壤总硒（Se）质量分数的空间分布研究。结果表明,研究区内土壤硒含量变异性较强,符合对数正态分布特征,其几何质量分数为0.23 mg·kg-1,高于全国平均水平。表层土壤硒基线质量分数范围为0.13到0.41 mg·kg-1,处于硒缺乏与中等含量水平之间。土壤硒的空间分布格局与区域成土母质密切相关,表现为：高硒质量分数的土壤主要位于石灰岩和砂页岩区域,而低硒质量分数的土壤主要位于紫色页岩和花岗岩地区。土壤硒缺乏可能是影响研究区人体健康的重要问题。此外,研究区由土壤退化和土壤侵蚀引发的流入周边水体的土壤硒每年可高达23 t。     

中国南方稻田土壤汞含量及潜在危害评价

选择我国南方水稻主产区安徽、浙江、湖南、湖北以及广西5个省,采集213个稻田土壤样品,探究我国南方稻田土壤中汞的空间分布特征与土壤理化参数(如p H值和有机质)的相关关系及汞富集的潜在危害。结果表明:不同省份的稻田土壤汞含量存在显著的差异(P0.05,n=213),含量范围是0.029~0.326 mg·kg~(-1)(干重),平均值为(0.094±0.036)mg·kg~(-1),与农用地土壤环境质量标准0.30 mg·kg~(-1)(GB15618—1995)相比,除湖北省以外均有轻度汞污染。Pearson相关性分析表明,稻田土壤中的汞含量与有机质含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.01,r=0.445),说明适度偏高的有机质有利于土壤汞的富集。不同省份稻田土壤潜在危害等级除浙江省外均在轻微到中等的范围内,浙江省的为强等级。     

施氮与凋落物去除影响下中亚热带阔叶林土壤氮素矿化潜势和硝化潜势研究

氮沉降影响土壤氮循环,而凋落物是土壤有机氮的主要来源,因此,为了探讨氮沉降和凋落物是否去除作用下,亚热带森林土壤潜在的氮素矿化与硝化作用,选择已进行8年模拟氮沉降试验的亚热带罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)常绿阔叶林土壤为研究对象,野外样地氮添加设置3个水平:对照(CK,0 kg·hm?2·a?1)、低氮(...     

Potential aboveground biomass in drought-prone forest used for rangeland pastoralism

The restoration of cleared dry forest represents an important opportunity to sequester atmospheric carbon. In order to account for this potential, the influences of climate, soils, and disturbance need to be deciphered. A data set spanning a region defined the aboveground biomass of mulga (Acacia aneura) dry forest and was analyzed in relation to climate and soil variables using a Bayesian model averaging procedure. Mean annual rainfall had an overwhelmingly strong positive effect, with mean maximum temperature (negative) and soil depth (positive) also important. The data were collected after a recent drought, and the amount of recent tree mortality was weakly positively related to a measure of three-year rainfall deficit, and maximum temperature (positive), soil depth (negative), and coarse sand (negative). A grazing index represented by the distance of sites to watering points was not incorporated by the models. Stark management contrasts, including grazing exclosures, can represent a substantial part of the variance in the model predicting biomass, but the impact of management was unpredictable and was insignificant in the regional data set. There was no evidence of density-dependent effects on tree mortality. Climate change scenarios represented by the coincidence of historical extreme rainfall deficit with extreme temperature suggest mortality of 30.1% of aboveground biomass, compared to 21.6% after the recent (2003-2007) drought. Projections for recovery of forest using a mapping base of cleared areas revealed that the greatest opportunities for restoration of aboveground biomass are in the higher-rainfall areas, where biomass accumulation will be greatest and droughts are less intense. These areas are probably the most productive for rangeland pastoralism, and the trade-off between pastoral production and carbon sequestration will be determined by market forces and carbon-trading rules.     

基质诱导硝化测定的土壤中锌的毒性阈值、主控因子及预测模型研究

选取我国有代表性的16种土壤,通过基质诱导硝化(SIN)的方法,研究了淋洗与未淋洗处理后,土壤中外源Zn对不同土壤潜在硝化速率(PNR)的影响。结果表明:在未淋洗处理土壤中Zn毒性的EC50(使PNR降低至对照一半土壤中Zn的浓度)值的范围为197～1874mg·kg-1,相差近9.51倍;总体而言,土壤pH、有机碳及粘粒含量的提高可以降低土壤中Zn的毒性。偏相关分析结果表明,影响土壤中Zn对潜在硝化速率抑制作用的主要因子依次为土壤pH、有机碳含量及粘粒含量;淋洗处理明显提高了土壤中外源Zn的毒性阈值浓度,在不同土壤中,淋洗因子(定义为淋洗后的土壤Zn毒性的EC50与非淋洗EC50的比值)范围为1.16～1.43;基于土壤主要性质的多元回归预测模型结果表明,利用土壤性状(pH、有机碳和粘粒含量)可以很好地预测土壤中Zn对硝化速率抑制的毒性阈值。     

Compositional analysis of topsoil metals and its associations with cancer mortality using spatial misaligned data

The presence of toxic metals in soil per se, and in soil impacted by mining, industry, agriculture and urbanisation in particular, is a major concern for both human health and ecotoxicology. The dual aim of this study was: to ascertain whether topsoil composition could influence the spatial distribution of mortality due to different types of cancer and to identify possible errors committed by epidemiological studies which analyse soil composition data as a closed number system. We conducted an ecological cancer mortality study, covering 861,440 cancer deaths (27 cancer sites) in 7917 Spanish mainland towns, from 1999 to 2008. Topsoil levels of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined by ICP-MS at 13,317 sampling points. We transformed the topsoil data in two ways, i.e. log transformation and centred logratio transformation. Principal factor analysis was performed to obtain independent latent factors for the transformed variables. To estimate the effect on mortality of topsoil factor loadings, we fitted Besag, York and Mollié models embedded in geostatistical-spatial models. This model included soil sample locations and town centroids (non-aligned data), fitted using the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) as a tool for Bayesian inference and stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE). All results were adjusted for socio-demographic variables. The results indicated that soil composition could have an influence on the spatial distribution and mortality patterns of cancer. The analysis adjusted for socio-demographic variables showed excess male mortality due to digestive system tumours in areas with soils containing higher Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations, bladder cancer in areas with soils containing higher Cd concentrations, and brain cancer in areas with soils containing As. In both sexes, cancer of oesophagus was associated with soils containing a higher lead content, while lung cancer was associated with soils containing a higher copper content. Stress should be laid on the importance of taking into account the compositional nature of the data in this type of analysis.     

Modelling carbon and nitrogen dynamics in forest ecosystems of Central Russia under different climate change scenarios and forest management regimes

The individual-based stand-level model EFIMOD was used for large-scale simulations using standard data on forest inventories as model inputs. The model was verified for the case-study of field observations, and possible sources of uncertainties were analysed. The approach developed kept the ability for fine-tuning to account for spatial discontinuity in the simulated area. Several forest management regimes were simulated as well as forest wildfires and climate changes. The greatest carbon and nitrogen accumulations were observed for the regime without cuttings. It was shown that cuttings and wildfires strongly influence the processes of carbon and nitrogen accumulations in both soil and forest vegetation. Modelling also showed that the increase in annual average temperatures resulted in the partial relocation of carbon and nitrogen stocks from soil to plant biomass. However, forest management, particularly harvesting, has a greater effect on the dynamics of forest ecosystems than the prescribed climate change.     

Soil Quality: A Review of the Science and Experiences in the USA

An increasing human population is placing greater demand on soil resources, and as a result degradation is taking place in many regions of the world. This is critical because soils perform a number of essential processes including supporting food and fiber production, influencing air quality through interaction with the atmosphere, and serving as a medium for storage and purification of water. The soil quality concept was introduced to complement soil science research by making our understanding of soils more complete and helping guide the use and allocation of labor, energy, fiscal, and other inputs as agriculture intensifies and expands to meet increasing world demands. Soil quality thus provides a unifying concept for educating professionals, producers, and the public about the important processes that soils perform. It also provides an assessment tool for evaluating current management practices and comparing alternative management practices. Soil attributes comprising a minimum data set have been identified, and both laboratory and field methods have been developed for measuring them. A soil quality index is being developed to normalize measured soil quality indicator data and generate a numeric value that can be used to compare various management practices or to assess management-induced changes over time. Using previously published data, we evaluated the soil quality index as a tool to assess a wide range of management practices in the Northern Great Plains. The index ranked the treatments: grazed fertilized tame pasture > moderately grazed > ungrazed> heavily grazed > annual cropping with no-tillage > conventionally tilled crop-fallow which agrees with the way they were subjectively ranked in the publications. The soil quality index shows potential for use as a management assessment tool.