煤炭自燃灾变过程突变特性研究

为深入了解煤自燃机理,实现对煤矿火灾的科学防治,有必要研究煤炭自燃过程及其特性。煤自燃过程中,温度和氧化产物都表现出明显的非线性特征。基于突变理论,结合煤自燃化学反应动力学理论,描述煤自燃的非线性发展过程,并分析氧化气体、温度和煤自燃属性之间的定量关系,从理论上阐释煤自燃升温和降温过程中非对称现象的产生原因。提出用突变温度作为指标评价煤自燃倾向性。分别用程序升温氧化试验和绝热氧化试验,验证煤自燃倾向性评价结果和滞后效应现象。结果表明,理论分析和试验结果具有很好的一致性。     

双外推法对煤氧化燃烧的动力学特性研究

为揭示煤炭氧化自燃反应过程,更好的揭示反应机理,防止煤炭自燃灾害发生。利用煤在热重分析仪上氧化燃烧得到TG-DSC曲线,应用双外推法对煤氧化燃烧过程的动力学特性进行研究。结果表明,煤氧化燃烧的过程分三个阶段,失水失重阶段,煤样中挥发份和水份不断析出;氧化增重阶段,煤样吸附氧气质量持续增加;燃烧失重阶段,煤样质量迅速减少。利用双外推法得到求解煤氧化增重阶段着火活化能的最概然机理函数。     

煤自燃的热重分析研究

利用实验模拟煤的自然发火过程,运用了非定温热重分析和微分热重分析手段,对4种煤样做了低温氧化实验研究,探讨了煤炭自然发火机理.运用Arrhenius典型方程分析出不同的热重数据,求出了煤样的动力参数,并讨论了煤低温氧化阶段的活化能和煤的自燃倾向性之间的关系.活化能可以作为划分煤自燃倾向性的参考指标.     

煤炭自燃指标性气体确定的实验研究

矿井火灾是矿井五大灾害之一,煤炭自燃则是矿井火灾最主要的起因。为了了解煤炭氧化、自燃规律,本文采用TG-DSC技术研究了不同煤种在水分蒸发、吸氧增重、受热分解及燃烧等不同氧化阶段的氧化特征值;并采用TG-DSC-GC联用技术研究了不同煤种在整个氧化阶段的气体产物生成规律及其特征。在煤的低温氧化阶段,找出了CO等可作为判别煤自燃的指标性气体及C2H4等辅助指标性气体;并得出了各煤种氧化阶段的耗氧规律。     

水对防治煤炭自燃的作用及注水周期的研究

通过对水在采空区遗煤氧化及自燃的作用机理两重性的分析以及实验室试验与现场应用实际效果研究 ,证实了笔者提出的清水灌注措施是一种新的、经济有效的、操作简便的防治采空区遗煤自燃的技术措施。同时 ,对传统的黄泥灌浆技术措施中的泥浆浓度要求提出了新的看法。此外 ,还对往采空区注水的周期进行了专门的研究     

淮南矿区井下煤炭自燃火灾因素分析及防治措施

１９９０年以来,淮南矿区１１个矿井共发生自燃火灾４９起,自燃发火率平均为每百万吨习煤量０．５３次。通过对该矿区井下煤炭自燃因素和地质条件及开采中出现的自燃发火原因作了具体分析,从中找出发火规律;并对井下煤层自燃发火采取均压通风和直接灭火做了新的尝试,提出了对井下煤炭自燃防治措施。     

赵家寨煤矿煤自然发火标志气体优选分级预警研究

为了有效实现赵家寨高地温煤矿二1煤层自燃预测预报,本论文采用程序升温实验,得到5组煤自然发火标志气体与温度关系,优选二1煤层自然发火标志气体,并根据现场实际情况,制定该矿的煤自燃分级预警表,提出对应防控措施。结果表明:CO气体出现时为缓慢氧化阶段,C_2H_4和C_2H_6气体出现时,进入快速氧化阶段,该煤层应该首选CO作为其煤自然发火主要标志气体,CO/CO_2作为其煤自然发火主要复合指标,并以C_2H_4和C_2H_6作为辅助指标,制定4级预警表,提出了各级煤炭自燃防控措施。研究成果对郑州矿区二1煤层Ⅲ类不易自然发火煤炭的自燃防控具有一定指导意义。     

以活化能的观点研究煤炭自燃机理

笔者对煤体的性质和结构进行了分析 ,简要地介绍了关于煤炭自燃机理的各种学说。目前有许多学者用不同的方法来研究煤炭的自燃机理 ,笔者从煤活化能的角度来研究煤炭的自燃。由氧化反应方程提出了活化能 ,根据活化分子运动理论解释了活化能的基本概念 ;并建立了相应的煤氧化反应的活化能方程 ,该方程直线部分的斜率 (E/R)可求出氧化反应的活化能。在煤炭自燃进程中 ,随着煤体温度的升高 ,活化能降低 ,氧化反应加速 ,大量的热量产生 ,如此循环 ,最终导致了煤的燃烧。     

基于储运现状的煤炭自燃影响因素分析

文章先分析了煤炭储运的现实条件和防自燃措施的现状,然后针对储存和运输过程中几个影响煤炭自燃的因素,对其在防治煤炭自燃时几种矛盾的理论知识和做法进行了分析,以便采取正确的技术措施和管理措施防止煤炭在储运过程中自燃现象的发生。     

煤自燃的热重分析研究

利用实验模拟煤的自然发火过程,运用了非定温热重分析和微分热重分析手段,对4种煤样做了低温氧化实验研究,探讨了煤炭自然发火机理。运用Arrhenius典型方程分析出不同的热重数据,求出了煤样的动力参数,并讨论了煤低温氧化阶段的活化能和煤的自燃倾向性之间的关系。活化能可以作为划分煤自燃倾向性的参考指标。     

堆积状态下低品质煤临界自燃着火点测定与研究

为了研究低品质煤炭堆积状态下内部自热理论,采用临界自燃着火点理论和Frank-Kamenetskii 模型研究了煤堆内部热产生与热散失平衡理论以及煤堆表面的换热现象;并应用设计研发的煤堆热扩散率及温度监测实验装置和测定方法来评估低品质煤样（褐煤以及亚烟煤）临界自燃温度。结果表明:煤样堆积状态下临界自燃着火点温度可通过实验室内测定分析不同体积网框在不同环境温度条件下自热曲线得出;同体积条件下,临界自燃着火点随着煤品质的升高而增加;在140 ℃ 环境条件下,1#,2# 和3# 煤样在快速升温的前20 min内,温度变化趋势相似;在60~65 ℃,3种煤样出现温度转折点,升温速率开始减缓;根据煤样临界自燃着火点温度结合F-K热发火边界条件理论得出的堆积体积与着火点耦合关系式可预测大体积煤样自燃倾向性及临界自燃温度。     

The relationship between oxygen consumption rate and temperature during coal spontaneous combustion

Spontaneous combustion is a major natural disaster in coal production. In the process of exploring coal self-ignition, a series of hypotheses have been put forward, most scholars agree that the current coal-oxygen compound theory. Oxygen consumption rate reflects the status of coal spontaneous combustion, and it is also one of the parameters necessary for numerical simulation of coal spontaneous combustion. In this paper, a coal heating and oxidation experiment was designed, Experimental device consists of heating and oxidation furnace, gas chromatograph, temperature control and data acquisition systems and other equipment components. Three coal samples whose weight each is 5 g were selected for the study. By experiment, oxygen concentration at the inlet and outlet of temperature oxidation furnace was measured. Oxygen consumption rate is calculated in the heating process of coal according to air flow. In the Cartesian coordinate system, the temperature as abscissa and the oxygen consumption rate for the longitudinal coordinates, drawing the relationship between oxygen consumption rate and temperature plot. And then regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between oxygen consumption rate and coal temperature during the heating and oxidation process of coal. The results show that the oxygen consumption rate and temperature of coal were linear relationships both before and after the critical temperature when the coal temperature is less than 180 °C. Before the critical temperature oxygen consumption rate is low, however it increases rapidly when coal temperature reaches a critical temperature. The result is important for the prevention and treatment of spontaneous combustion of coal.     

Numerical investigation and theoretical prediction of self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal stockpiles

Spontaneous combustion of coarse coal stockpiles in temporary coal storage yards was investigated numerically using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The main purposes of the numerical investigation were to identify the self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal stockpiles and formulate a theoretical model to predict the self-ignition time and locations of coarse coal piles. A mathematical model for self-ignition of coarse coal piles was developed and the process of spontaneous ignition of coarse coal stockpiles was simulated. The kinetic data of low-temperature oxidation reaction was obtained from the laboratory-scale experiments with bituminous coals taken from Jindi Coal Mine of Shanxi Province in China. The influence of moisture was ignored because the studied coal had low moisture content (mass concentration: 1.87%) and both coal and ambient environment were assumed to be saturated with moisture (or ambient environment was assumed to be dry). The effects of five variables (i.e. wind velocity, oxygen concentration, height, porosity, and side slope) on the spontaneous ignition in coarse coal piles were examined. Simultaneously, a theoretical prediction model was formulated in light of variable analyses and a great number of simulations.Compared to self-ignition characteristics of fine-particle coal piles, several self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal piles were identified by numerical investigation. Wind-driven forced convection plays a predominant role in self-heating of coarse coal piles. As wind velocity increases, the self-ignition location in the pile migrates from the lower part which is close to the surface of the windward side to the upper part near to the surface of the leeward side. Wind velocity increase exerts the positive or the negative effect on self-heating, which depends on a critical wind velocity value to sustain balances of both the heat and the availability of oxygen in the coarse coal pile. The behavior of self-ignition is remarkably sensitive to both oxygen concentration and height, and a coarse coal stockpile will not ignite spontaneously as long as one of two critical variable values is satisfied: oxygen concentration of 5% or height of 3 m. The theoretical prediction model suggests when and where countermeasures should be made to prevent the self-ignition in the coal stockpile with engineering accuracy.     

采空区注超临界CO2防灭火试验研究

为研究超临界CO₂注入采空区防灭火的规律,自主研制了产生超临界CO₂和模拟采空区遗煤自燃升温试验系统,得到了不同温压条件下超临界CO₂注入采空区前后不同监测点的温度、O₂和CO浓度变化数据信息。试验结果表明:注入采空区的超临界CO₂发生相变,有序结构急速失序,大量吸收热量,采空区内的煤体、空气温度随时间呈线性快速下降规律,其降温能力是气态N₂的10倍;超临界CO₂在自燃发火煤体中的强渗透扩散特性,使自燃煤体快速惰化,防灭火效率高;停止注入后,小范围回温符合反二次函数特征;高压力超临界CO₂相对于低压条件,防灭火性能更佳;超临界CO₂是1种降温降氧能力显著,且输送性能优良的采空区新型防灭火材料,超临界CO₂防灭火效果优于气态N₂。     

氧浓度对煤低温氧化热效应影响规律研究

为了准确掌握氧浓度对煤低温氧化热效应的影响,采用C80微量量热仪研究低温阶段煤氧化的自热过程,根据单升温速率的非等温动力学分析方法,得到不同氧浓度下煤样的活化能。研究结果表明:氧浓度对实验初始阶段的热流曲线和放热量的影响较小,随着温度的升高,氧浓度对热流曲线和放热量影响逐渐变得明显,放热趋势随着氧浓度的增大而增强;煤样的初始放热温度随着氧浓度的增大而降低;活化能随着氧气浓度的降低呈阶梯式上升;总放热量和氧浓度服从线性方程y=ax+b;与21%（空气气氛）氧浓度相比,15%,10%和5%氧浓度下煤的放热量分别降低了约19%,33%和46%,表明降低氧浓度对煤样的氧化放热具有明显的减缓作用。因此可以加强采空区的密闭性检测、注入惰性气体,使采空区的氧浓度尽可能地低,对采空区煤自热升温的防治有着理论指导意义。     

高温矿井回采工作面湿球温度的应用

利用回归分析的方法计算出湿空气焓值的湿球温度表达式,进而导出回采工作面热平衡方程的湿球温度表达式和风流的热交换方程。由于干球温度指标评价矿井气候条件具有片面性,引出了回采工作面进风临界湿球温度的概念。通过分析,得出回采工作面的进风临界湿球温度为25℃较为合适的结论。当回采工作面进风湿球温度低于25℃时,适量增加风量有利于工作面降温,当大于25℃时,增加风量对工作面降温反而有害。     

采空区遗煤自燃过程及其规律的数值模拟研究

基于非均质多孔介质中的连续性方程、多相气体渗流———扩散方程和综合传热方程,建立了工作面动态推进下的采空区自燃数值模型。结合实例,从理论上描绘了工作面开采过程中采空区的漏风流态、氧、CO、瓦斯和温度等分布状态及其动态过程。计算中考虑了瓦斯涌出对自燃的耦合作用;工作面动态推进对自燃的影响,以及沿边界冒落非压实性对漏风供氧、自燃高温区产生的影响。从理论上重点讨论了采空区自燃与各因素的定量化关系,得出自然发火期与煤氧化速度、工作面风量二者均呈显著的反比例关系;对于综放工作面采场漏风供氧系统,自然发火期主要取决于煤的耗氧能力,提高工作面风量仅能扩大自燃高温区的范围,增大自燃的发生几率;提高推进度能显著延长采空区自然发火期,呈指数变化。     

Shock-induced ignition of hydrogen gas during accidental or technical opening of high-pressure tanks

This paper is devoted to the numerical and experimental investigation of hydrogen self-ignition as a result of the formation of a primary shock wave in front of a cold expanding hydrogen gas jet. Temperature increase, as a result of this shock wave, leads to the ignition of the hydrogen–air mixture formed on the contact surface. The required condition for hydrogen self-ignition is to maintain the high temperature in the area for a time long enough for hydrogen and air to mix and inflammation to take place.

Calculations of the self-ignition of a hydrogen jet are based on a physicochemical model involving the gas-dynamic transport of a viscous gas, the kinetics of hydrogen oxidation, the multi-component diffusion, and the heat exchange. We found that the reservoir pressure range, when a shock wave formed in the air during depressurization, has sufficient intensity to produce self-ignition of the hydrogen–air mixture formed at the front of a jet of compressed hydrogen. We present an analysis of the initial conditions (the hydrogen pressure inside the vessel, the temperature of the compressed hydrogen and the surrounding air, and the diameter of the hole through which the jet was emitted), which leads to combustion.     

采空区亚自燃状态及其向自燃转化研究

针对高危自燃采空区遗留煤发生自燃问题,提出采空区亚自燃状态的概念.开采推进过程中的采空区自燃,都可理解为是从亚自燃状态向自燃状态转化的结果,且其转化过程时间很短,小于最短自然发火期.在不同条件下的自燃过程满足叠加组合原理,采空区亚自燃状态向自燃转化过程是两种以上过程的叠加.转化受亚自燃状态程度(稳定温度)、工作面推进度、漏风供氧、煤堆积状态及防灭火措施(注氮)等因素影响.亚自燃状态理论能够解释生产实践中一旦某一不利因素出现,能在短时间内导致自燃发生的现象(自燃突发性).亚自燃状态概念的提出,将有助于从理论上正确认识实际采空区自燃状态的演变过程,实现早期预防采空区自燃的发生.     

Mechanisms of high-pressure hydrogen gas self-ignition in tubes

This paper describes a numerical and experimental investigation of hydrogen self-ignition occurring as a result of the formation of a shock wave. The shock wave is formed in front of high-pressure hydrogen gas propagating in a tube. The ignition of the hydrogen–air mixture occurs at the contact surface of the hydrogen and oxidant mixture and is due to the temperature increase produced as a result of the shock wave. The required condition for self-ignition is to maintain the high temperature in the mixture for a time long enough for inflammation to take place. The experimental technique employed was based on a high-pressure chamber pressurized with hydrogen, to the point of a burst disk operating to discharge pressurized hydrogen into a tube of cylindrical or rectangular cross section containing air. A physicochemical model involving gas-dynamic transport of a viscous gas, detailed kinetics of hydrogen oxidation and heat exchange in the laminar approach was used for calculations of high-pressure hydrogen self-ignition. The reservoir pressure range, when a shock wave is formed in the air that has sufficient intensity to produce self-ignition of the hydrogen–air mixture, is found. An analysis of governing physical phenomena based on the experimental and numerical results of the initial conditions (the hydrogen pressure inside the vessel, and the shape of the tube in which the hydrogen was discharged) and physical mechanisms that lead to combustion is presented.