Towards cleaner degreasing method in industries: ultrasound-assisted aqueous degreasing process in leather making

Studies on ultrasound-assisted processes are gaining importance due to its effectiveness and facilitating green method in processing. Degreasing of skin/hide prior to tanning process is an important unit operation. Presence of large amounts of natural fat at the interior of skin/hide matrix makes degreasing process a challenging one. Conventionally, organic solvent and/or detergent based degreasing process are employed leading to environmental problems. In the present paper, the use of power ultrasound in aqueous degreasing process has been studied and compared with different degreasing systems. Glutaraldehyde pre-tanning has also been employed for carrying out the degreasing process at ultrasonic bath temperature. The results indicate that there is a significant increase in the degreasing efficiency due to the application of ultrasound. About 2-fold increase in fat removal has been observed due to the use of ultrasound as compared to control under the given process conditions. Comparing the degreasing efficiencies of the solvent with aqueous based ultrasonic processes, about 80% of the solvent degreasing efficiency could be obtained for aqueous degreasing process. This novel ultrasonic process helps in making aqueous degreasing process a viable option, which is eco-friendly even dispensing with temperature control measures.     

一种简便高效的土壤石油烃提取方法的建立

通过开展单因子实验与正交实验,考察不同参数下超声萃取法对土壤中总石油烃(TPH)的提取效率,并对比了超声萃取法、超声-索氏萃取法及传统索氏萃取法对不同原油污染土壤的提取效果。结果表明:超声萃取法的最优工作参数为20 m L二氯甲烷,超声10 min,4000 r/min离心10 min,萃取4次。3种提取方法中,超声萃取法对石油烃平均回收率最高,为100.95%,而传统的索氏萃取法最低,仅为94.54%。可见,超声萃取法操作简单,效率高,可广泛用于土壤中总石油烃含量的提取测定。     

Power ultrasound in fatliquor preparation based on vegetable oil for leather application

In recent years, power ultrasound has taken a significant place in chemical and physical activities of the process industries as an effective and non-polluting method of activation. Oil in water emulsions known as fatliquors are used for the lubrication of tanned leather fibres to get softness and also to improve the strength properties. In the present study, ultrasound has been used as a tool for the preparation of fatliquor emulsion for application in leather fatliquoring process. An emulsion is a fine dispersion of one liquid in another liquid. Sulphation is one of the common methods followed to prepare fatliquor emulsion where sulphuric acid is used. In the conventional process, emulsifying agent is also added to increase the stability of oil in water emulsions. The emulsifying agents generally used are chemicals or metal soaps. The potential use of ultrasound in the preparation of stable oil in water emulsions dispensing with sulphation process and with the minimum use of emulsifying agent has been studied and reported in this paper. This process enjoys the benefit of less pollution load in the form of chemical entities. The studies included the effect of process parameters such as ultrasonic output power and amount of oil used. Fatliquor emulsion prepared using ultrasound has been applied in leather fatliquoring process and the strength properties of the leathers were assessed. Emulsion particle size, which is another important parameter for diffusion through leather, has been measured using Laser Diffraction Technique. The stability of the ultrasonically prepared fatliquor emulsion has been found to be good. The results indicate that ultrasound could be effectively utilized in the preparation of non-ionic fatliquor emulsion eliminating sulphuric acid and impart required properties in leather.     

固相膜萃取-气相色谱法测定地表水中有机氯农药研究

研究了固相膜萃取对地表水中有机氯农药(OCPs)物质的提取效果,并与液液提取法(LLE)进行比较.建立了固相膜萃取/气相色谱法检测地表水中20种有机氯农药的方法.结果表明:当萃取膜为HLB膜,洗脱液溶剂为丙酮和正己烷,萃取效果最理想,20种OCPs的回收率稳定在74.1%~94.3%之间,固相膜萃取法与传统液液提取法相比,既提高了萃取效率同时又减少了有机萃取溶剂的用量.该法检测实际样品时,同时加入2种内标指示剂对方法的性能进行了验证,2种内标示踪剂的回收率分别为71.6%~94.8%和69.9%~109.5%,样品中20种OCPs均未检出.     

Cleaner tanning practices for tannery pollution abatement: Role of enzymes in eco-friendly vegetable tanning

Concern about pollution related problems in the global scenario are persuading all the processing industries to adopt cleaner manufacturing practices. Thus, the leather industry is also under pressure to look for effective alternative tanning materials for chromium. Natural products like vegetable tannins are regaining importance. However, there are limitations in the use of vegetable tanning materials because of its high organic load in the effluent, which are difficult to degrade leading to high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Moreover, conventional vegetable tanning process requires partial pickling that involves the use of sodium chloride, to suppress osmotic swelling. This results in very high amount of total dissolved solid (TDS) content in wastewaters. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to design an eco-friendly vegetable tanning process combining pickle-free tanning and application of proteolytic enzymes to improve the exhaustion of vegetable tannins. Such an approach has resulted in more than 95% tannin exhaustion in the case of the experimental process, an increase of 10% compared with the conventional vegetable tanning process. The tanned leathers showed slight improvement in hydrothermal stability. Physical and tactile evaluation of experimental leathers has been better than conventionally tanned leathers. Surface colour values illustrated negligible variation in colour and shade between control and experimental leathers. The resultant leather showed opened up, split compact fibre structure that has been well coated, indicating that the enzyme assisted tanning process did not bring about any major change or destruction on the fibre structure of the leathers. The optimized system has been field tested in a commercial tannery. The results showed that the enzyme assisted tanning process is efficient in terms of improved quality of leather and also led to reduction in total solids (TS), chlorides and COD loads. The enzyme assisted tanning system presented appears to be a viable option for combating pollution arising from the conventional vegetable tanning system.     

Minimization of the environmental impact of chrome tanning: a new process reusing the tanning floats

A chrome tanning process which allows the reuse of tanning floats has been developed. The most commonly used chromium salts were replaced by highly masked and basified ones. This substitution eliminates basification operation and prevents pH change and the considerable neutral salts concentration increase in the tanning float. Consequently, tanning float can be reused several times. An optimum chromium salt concentration in the tanning float between 10% and 12.5% has been determined. It has been shown that the number of times the tanning float can be reused depends on the quality of the leather grain to be manufactured. In the best case, a saving of 18 L of water per kilogram of tanned leather is calculated. This means savings of 90% of water normally used.     

环境样品有机物分析预处理技术研究进展

在环境污染治理过程中,对环境样品进行预处理以进行分析检测必不可少,尤其针对环境中痕量存在的污染物,需经过预处理,浓缩被测痕量组分,以便提高检测方法的灵敏度,降低最小检测极限,并且可以使样品变得容易保存和运输。文章详细介绍了环境样品中有机物分析的预处理方法,将方法分为传统预处理方法和较新预处理方法,传统预处理方法包括:索氏提取法、超声波提取法、真空升华法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法;较新预处理方法包括:超临界流体萃取技术、固相微量萃取技术和吹扫捕集法。分别就传统和较新预处理方法的原理、优缺点及适用范围进行归纳总结和对比,并以多环芳烃的提取为例列举了各方法的应用步骤,从而为其他环境样品其他有机物分析预处理提供参考。     

Extraction kinetics of phenol with N, N-di (1-methyl-heptyl) acetamide-kerosene using hollow fiber membrane extractor

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模拟印染废水中酸性紫红-10B的萃取资源化技术研究

对模拟印染废水中酸性紫红-10B染料的萃取资源化回收过程进行了研究,考察了各工艺参数对萃取效率的影响。结果表明：萃取回收资源化技术是可行的,在探索的工艺条件范围内,萃取率均超过96.0%。其中萃取剂正辛醇组成分数和油/水体积比对萃取效率有显著影响。萃取最佳工艺条件为：萃取剂组成三辛胺/正辛醇/石油醚体积比为20/10/70;油水体积比为1/1;染料溶液pH值为2.5;萃取搅拌时间为5 min;静置时间为15 min。     

超声波提取在近海沉积物油类测定中的应用

根据紫外分光光度法测定近海沉积物油类实践,探讨了超声波提取技术在近海沉积物油类测定中的应用。试验结果表明,应用超声波提取技术进行近海沉积物油类样品的前处理,时间短(8min),提取效率高(达95％以上),有机溶剂用量小(约25.0mL),操作简便易行,仅需2次提取,工作曲线线性好(r=0．999);对实际样品的分析测试,其相对标准偏差小于2．0％,回收率可达95．0％以上,结果准确可靠;与经典的索氏提取法相比,结果无显著差异。     

超声波提取-气相色谱氢火焰测定土壤中六溴环十二烷

HBCD（六溴环十二烷,hexabromocyclododecane）是一种常用的溴代阻燃剂,其对环境和生物体造成的影响已被定性为持久性有机污染物.为了建立超声波提取、气相色谱检测土壤中w（HBCD）的方法,分别对超声波提取HBCD条件及气相色谱检测HBCD参数进行优化,并对超声波提取法与索氏提取法进行了比较.结果表明:①最佳超声波提取土壤中HBCD条件为以体积比为1:1的正己烷:丙酮溶液为提取溶剂,60℃水浴振荡,超声波提取50 min.②气相色谱优化后提取HBCD的最佳分离条件为进样口温度240℃;初始温度90℃,保留1 min;升温程序为90℃时以15℃/min升温至160℃,保留2 min,再以10℃/min升至220℃,保留2 min,最后以5℃/min升至280℃,保留3 min;分流模式为不分流;以氮气为载气;进样量为1 μL;FID检测器温度为300℃.③HBCD在土壤中的平均回收率可达97.1%,相对标准偏差为3.5%,方法精密度高.④与索氏提取方法相比,超声波提取法提取时间短、样品用量少、灵敏度高,并且方法重现性和精密度较好,能更有效地分析土壤中w（HBCD）.研究显示,场地土壤中w（HBCD）平均值为0.757 mg/kg,相对标准偏差为4.22%（小于5%）,超声波提取及气相色谱检测土壤中HBCD的方法准确度高、重现性好,对分析土壤中HBCD更加简便快捷.      

水环境监测中现代化萃取技术的应用

对水环境监测中ASE现代萃取技术的应用展开深入研究,分析了ASE萃取技术的原理、特点、工作流程、应用范围等,认为ASE快速溶剂萃取技术与传统索氏萃取、超声萃取、微波萃取相比,具备所用溶剂少、监测时间短、萃取效率高等优势。     

Application of ultrasonic to speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil

In order to reduce the operation time and improve the extraction efficiency, ultrasonic energy by means of ultrasonic bath was used to the modified Tessier sequential extraction for speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil. Extractable contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy(hAS). The merit of the ultrasonic extraction (UE) applied to the modified Tessier method is not only that the operation time for the first 4 fractions was reduced from ca. 18 h to 8 h, comparing with conventional extraction(CE), but also the extraction efficiency was higher. The results for both of UE and CE were consistent. The extractable Cu, Ni and Zn in the sample No. 1 were mainly associated with the third fraction (Fe-Mn oxides fraction), and fourth fraction (organic matter fraction) in the sample No.2. The extractable Fe and Mn were all mainly associated with the third fraction, and Pb the fourth fraction in both of the samples. The effects of concentration of hydroxylamine chloride on the capability for the extraction of studied metals were also studied.     

城市污水污泥超声波预处理的研究

文章通过分析污泥耗氧率(SOUR)和破解率(DDCOD)的变化,研究了浓度为9.5g/L的生活污泥在频率为28kHz的超声波下,不同超声波声能密度和超声时间作用对污泥预处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,在适当的声能密度和超声时间下,超声波预处理可以明显提高污泥破解率,同时提高污泥的生物活性,试验结果为超声波预处理与污泥处理工艺联用以提高污泥减量化效率提供了依据。     

活性污泥胞外多聚物提取方法的比较

活性污泥胞外多聚物(EPS)的定量与其提取方法密切相关。基于文献报道的提取方法,采用超声、加热、甲醛加碱等6种方法对活性污泥的EPS进行提取。测定了其中多糖、蛋白质及DNA含量,以评价提取效率及对细胞的破坏程度。结果表明,各种方法提取活性污泥EPS中的蛋白质均多于多糖,且对细胞破坏程度均较小。加热法,甲醛加碱法和超声提取法的提取效率较高,所得多糖和蛋白质含量之和分别为94.30,72.33和56.55mg/gVSS(挥发性悬浮物);通过对不同超声功率和时间的比较,表明在较低功率(25￣50W)超声,提取效率变化不大,最佳超声提取时间为4min。     

高温水萃取在食品安全快速检测中的应用研究

采用高温水萃取方法对食品中农药残留、甲醛、亚硝酸盐、抗生素等成分进行快速萃取,结合分光光度法、液相色谱等分析方法进行了上述成分的快速检测研究。结果表明,蔬菜中甲胺磷的萃取条件为pH=8.0的磷酸缓冲溶液、萃取温度120℃、萃取时间2～3min;腐竹中甲醛的萃取条件为0.1mLH3PO4溶液/10mL、萃取温度120℃、萃取时间5min;肉制品中亚硝酸盐的萃取条件为5mL硼砂饱和溶液/10mL、萃取温度120℃、萃取时间5min;饲料中四环素的萃取条件为pH=2.0的盐酸溶液、萃取温度100℃、萃取时间4min。与现有的蒸馏、振荡萃取、超声萃取等预处理方法比较,高温水萃取法具有萃取效率高、精密度好、快速、简便和不使用有机溶剂的优点,可以满足实际样品快速检测的需要。     

三种模拟消化液对土壤重金属的提取性比较

为了解不同方法的模拟消化液对土壤重金属提取性的差异性,比较了国际上广泛使用的3种代表性体外消化方法的模拟消化液(SBET, Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test;PBET, Physiologically-Based Extraction Test;SGET, Simple Gastrointestinal Extraction Test)对土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的溶解效果.结果表明,3种方法的模拟消化液对土壤重金属的提取效果存在显著的差异.其中,3种模拟消化液对土壤中Zn和Cd的提取能力顺序为SBET>PBET>SGET;当胃液消化物进入肠液后,土壤中Zn、Cd和Pb在PBET及SGET中的溶解度都显著降低,而对于Cu,由于消化酶(胃蛋白酶、胰液素和胆汁盐)的络合作用,其在肠液中的溶解度不一定低于相应的胃液,因此土壤中Zn、Pb和Cd在胃液中的溶解度代表其在消化道中能被吸收的最大值,即其有可能被人体吸收的最大量.所以出于预防和保护的目的,在土壤重金属污染健康风险评价中可用只含有胃液的模拟消化液(如SBET法)评估土壤Zn、Cd和Pb的生物可接受性,但胃液中的提取量并不一定能代表土壤Cu在消化道中能被吸收的最大值,建议使用由胃液和肠液组成,且添加了相应消化酶的模拟消化液(如PBET法)对其生物可接受性进行评估.     

Feasibility Study of 316L Stainless Steel for the Ultrasonic Consolidation Process

The viability of using 316L stainless steel in the ultrasonic consolidation process was examined in this work. Ultrasonic consolidation is an additive, free-form manufacturing process that employs ultrasonic welding and machining to form a part. The process ultrasonically joins layers of metal together by welding them one at a time. Once four layers of metal foil are welded together, welding is suspended and the system machines the part outline, and repeats this cycle until a component is completed. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility and processing parameters for ultrasonically welding stainless steel. Mechanical testing and optical microscopy were conducted. 316L stainless steel was successfully welded. Increasing welding amplitude and decreasing welding speed were the most effective way to increase weld peel strength. Unlike work in aluminum alloys, these experiments found no relationship between horn force and peel strength. Rough processing windows for ultrasonically welding 316L were identified.     

Enhancement of ultrasonic disintegration of sewage sludge by aeration

Sonication is an effective way for sludge disintegration,which can significantly improve the efficiency of anaerobic digestion to reduce and recycle use of sludge.But high energy consumption limits the wide application of sonication.In order to improve ultrasonic sludge disintegration efficiency and reduce energy consumption,aeration was introduced.Results showed that sludge disintegration efficiency was improved significantly by combining aeration with ultrasound.The aeration flow rate,gas bubble size,ultrasonic density and aeration timing had impacts on sludge disintegration efficiency.Aeration that used in later stage of ultrasonic irradiation with low aeration flow rate,small gas bubbles significantly improved ultrasonic disintegration sludge efficiency.At the optimal conditions of 0.4 W/m L ultrasonic irradiation density,30 m L/min of aeration flow rate,5 min of aeration in later stage and small gas bubbles,ultrasonic sludge disintegration efficiency was increased by 45% and one third of ultrasonic energy was saved.This approach will greatly benefit the application of ultrasonic sludge disintegration and strongly promote the treatment and recycle of wastewater sludge.     

实验条件对太湖水体中藻蓝蛋白提取结果的影响

基于野外采集的太湖水样和室内培养的铜绿微囊藻,对比了典型实验条件对太湖水体中藻蓝蛋白提取结果的影响。结果表明:(1)在太湖水样的藻蓝蛋白提取中,磷酸盐缓冲液浓度的影响微弱,0.01～0.2 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液均适宜浸提太湖水样中的藻蓝蛋白。冻融前加入缓冲液提取的藻蓝蛋白效果较好。-50℃冷冻温度的提取效率高于-20℃。(2)铜绿微囊藻和太湖水样在磷酸盐缓冲液加入顺序和冷冻温度上存在差异。对于室内培养的铜绿微囊藻,磷酸盐缓冲液可在冻融前加入,也可于冻融后加入。冷冻温度以-20℃为宜。(3)稀释测量结果显示,随着稀释比例的降低,最大吸收峰值线性减小,对应的波长位置发生了偏移。稀释比例和藻蓝蛋白浓度呈良好的线性关系。