固定沼泽红假单胞菌构建悬浮式生物反应器对室内甲醛的去除

利用海藻酸钠及羧甲基纤维素包埋沼泽红假单胞菌海绵作为吸附剂,对甲醛进行吸收处理,其动力学行为与多孔材料相似。用这种海绵组装悬浮式生物反应器,考察其去除室内甲醛污染的性能,结果表明,海绵体积和进风量是影响反应器甲醛净化效率的关键因素。装入6L海绵和6L水的反应器在进风量最大(7.8m~3·min~(-1))时,对室内空气污染浓度为2.0mg·m~(-3)甲醛的净化效率约为80%。分析水箱水溶液甲醛浓度的变化,结果表明,含有甲醛的空气吹入反应器后溶解于水,然后被包埋的光合菌吸收。反应器在污染甲醛浓度为3.5 mg·m~(-3)的试剂室内运行过程中,其甲醛去除率逐渐上升,室内污染甲醛浓度逐渐降低,运行31d后室内甲醛浓度降为0.04mg·m~(-3)(低于国标值),其净化甲醛污染的CADR(clean air delivery rate)值达到481.4m~3·h~(-1),沼泽红假单胞菌细胞的存活率为98%,说明固定沼泽红假单胞菌具有应用于室内甲醛污染去除的应用潜力。     

城市固体废弃物综合处理厂微生物气溶胶污染特性

以鄂尔多斯市某城市固体废弃物综合处理厂的生活垃圾预处理区、餐厨预处理区、粪便预处理区及联合厌氧发酵区为对象,研究不同功能区的微生物气溶胶污染特性。研究结果表明,不同功能区空气异养细菌和真菌的浓度存在显著性差异(p<0.05),尤以生活垃圾集料间产生的异养细菌和真菌浓度最高。对照空气微生物评价标准,不同功能区产生的异养细菌和真菌大都有不同程度的污染。粒径分析表明,不同功能区异养细菌粒径主要集中在第1、2、3、4级,各功能区之间无显著性差异(p>0.05),与细菌粒径分布不同,不同功能区真菌粒径主要分布在第3级和第4级,也无明显差异(p>0.05)。     

贵州贫困农村室内PM10污染水平及影响因素分析

为调查贵州贫困农村室内空气污染水平,对织金和六枝农户室内可吸入颗粒物(PM10)进行了系统采样,分析了PM10污染水平,探讨了其影响因素。结果表明:采暖期PM10的平均值为640.5μg/m3,最高质量浓度达到7 739.9μg/m3;非采暖期PM10的平均值为459.9μg/m3,最高质量浓度达到3 515.1μg/m3,与《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T 18883—2002)相比,研究区PM10的超标率为71%～92%,超标倍数最高达50.60倍。经调查可知,贵州贫困农村室内PM10污染水平与燃料类型、炉灶类型、室内通风情况等密切相关,以拌泥煤、纯煤、蜂窝煤和简易敞口灶为主,且室内通风较差。     

室内有害气体的通风净化效应

室内装修材料和家具释放的有害气体严重恶化了室内空气品质,其中甲醛对人体危害尤为突出,而室内通风是清除甲醛行之有效的办法。测试了室内甲醛释放源的释放强度规律,并建立了新装修室内甲醛通风净化的空气动力学模型,数值计算分析了通风情况下室内甲醛的浓度分布特征。结果表明:(1)室内地板和家具的甲醛释放强度均随测试时间呈指数减小;(2)同一通风风速下,装修后第30天时的甲醛浓度较大区域明显减少;(3)在室内人坐姿和站姿呼吸高度(约1.2、1.7m)处,无论风速大小,装修后通风一段时间后室内甲醛浓度均减小,且较低位置(1.2m)甲醛浓度减小更明显;(4)在同种气流组织形式下,较小和较大的通风风速对室内甲醛通风净化效果均不理想,对本研究模型而言,以通风风速2m/s左右时对室内甲醛净化效果较好。     

空气中甲醛测定方法综述

大气环境甲醛污染主要来源于各种有机物的不完全燃烧(如汽油、柴油机的排气)及呋喃、树脂、粘合剂等工业排放。室内甲醛污染主要有建筑材料和脲醛树脂的家俱制品。甲醛对人体的危害除了引起刺激性慢性疾病外,甲醛与盐酸反应生成的二氯甲醚可致癌。随着室内和大气环境中低浓度甲醛监测的需要,采样方法有了新的开发,分析方法也有较大的进展,目前应用较多的仍是化学法和仪器法。     

北京市某城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶污染特性研究

以北京市某城市污水处理厂的格栅间、曝气池、污泥浓缩池和污泥脱水间为对象,研究不同功能区的空气微生物浓度、粒径分布及微生物组成.结果表明:(1)该污水处理厂4个功能区空气异养细菌浓度平均值为3.3×104cfu/m3,范围为1.0×102～4.3×105cfu/m3;真菌浓度平均值为6.1×103cfu/m3,范围为7.5×10～7.6×104cfu/m3.异养细菌和真菌浓度存在显著性差异,尤以曝气池上空最高,其次是污泥脱水间,浓度最低的区域为格栅间和污泥浓缩池.各功能区均存在不同程度的异养细菌和真菌污染.(2)该污水处理厂不同功能区逸散出的异养细菌分布比例最高的为第2～5级,真菌主要分布在第3～5级.4个功能区空气中粒径为2.10～4.70μm(第3、4级)的异养细菌和真菌粒子分别占到了总数的37％～40％和46％～56％,而粒径为0.65～2.10μm(第5、6级)的异养细菌和真菌粒子则分别占到了总数的30％～33％和31％～37％,说明该污水处理厂不同功能区内的空气微生物存在一定的健康风险,可能对人呼吸道构成感染威胁.(3)假单孢菌(Pseudomonas)为该污水处理厂不同功能区均检出的优势异养细菌,而优势真菌种属为毛霉(Mucor)和曲霉(Aspergillus).     

北京市春季大气颗粒物污染特性研究

为研究北京市春季大气颗粒物污染特性,2008年3月至2008年5月,对北京市西三环大气颗粒物进行采样分析.测定了总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)与可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的日平均质量浓度,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察大气颗粒物的微观形貌,并通过X射线能谱仪(EDX)对样品中的元素组成进行分析.结果表明,TSP和PM10日平均质量浓度以初春最高,春天次之,春夏交际最低;PM10/TSP以春夏交际最高,初春次之,春天最低;大气颗粒物形态有规则和不规则2类,以不规则形态居多,同时发现花粉颗粒存在.EDX分析表明,大气颗粒物所附着的重金属中Pb所占的质量分散最高,并且集中吸附在细粒子颗粒物上.     

真空紫外灯动态降解空气中低浓度甲醛的研究

以集中空调中处理室内可挥发性有机物(VOCs)为应用背景,搭建了试验台.实验研究了真空紫外灯(主波长254 nm,185 nm)降解甲醛的影响因素以及产生O3的情况.研究表明,在产生的O3浓度低于室内空气质量标准(0.16mg/m3)的情况下,真空紫外灯也能够高效地降解空气中低浓度甲醛(＜1 mg/m3);甲醛降解率与反应器空气流速及甲醛初始浓度成反比;降解速率与甲醛初始浓度成正比,与反应器空气的流速成反比;绝对湿度对真空紫外灯降解甲醛有一定的影响;反应器空间大小对甲醛降解影响比较显著.应用于集中空调系统净化室内空气中VOCs,取得了很好的效果.     

盐城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属污染特征及评价

为了解盐城市不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属污染特征,以工业区、交通区、居民区、商业区、学校区、公园区的地表灰尘作为研究对象,分析地表灰尘中重金属的含量分布及氮磷、有机质的含量变化,并以此为基础,对重金属的生态风险进行评价,探索重金属污染的成因与来源,为城市的地表灰尘污染防治提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)工业区地表灰尘中总氮、总磷最低;公园区和学校区地表灰尘中总氮最高,分别达到2.03、2.43g/kg,公园区地表灰尘中总磷最高,达到1.59g/kg。(2)地表灰尘中有机质呈现出和总氮、总磷一致的趋势,同样是工业区地表灰尘中有机质最低,公园区地表灰尘中有机质最高(34.0g/kg)。(3)地表灰尘中重金属和总氮、总磷、有机质总体呈现负相关关系,公园区地表灰尘中重金属最低,工业区地表灰尘中重金属最高。各个功能区地表灰尘中重金属全部高于土壤背景值。(4)地表灰尘中不同重金属元素的单因子污染指数依次为CdCuPb;不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属综合污染指数依次为工业区交通区居民区学校区商业区公园区,呈中污染(除公园区、商业区呈轻污染外)。     

天津市不同功能区大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源分析

利用天津市某交通居民混合区(以下简称混合区)和某废旧机电拆解加工工业区(以下简称工业区)的大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)在线监测数据,分析了天津市不同功能区大气VOCs的浓度水平、组成特征、季节变化和污染来源。结果表明,混合区监测的烷烃、不饱和脂肪烃和芳香烃3类VOCs的质量浓度分别为48.26、15.34、34.45μg/m3,总VOCs质量浓度为98.05μg/m3;工业区监测的烷烃、不饱和脂肪烃、芳香烃、卤代烷烃、卤代烯烃和卤代芳香烃6类VOCs的质量浓度分别为18.79、10.76、9.41、43.24、12.86、2.16μg/m3,总VOCs质量浓度为97.22μg/m3。混合区和工业区的大气VOCs浓度均为夏季最高,但混合区秋季次高,冬季最低,而工业区冬季次高,春季最低。混合区VOCs主要来源于机动车尾气排放和化石燃料的燃烧;工业区VOCs主要来源于有机溶剂和氟利昂等制冷剂、发泡剂的挥发。     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Multi-Decadal Changes in Snow Characteristics in Sub-Arctic Sweden

A unique long term, 49-year record (divided into three time periods 1961–1976, 1977–1992, and 1993–2009) of snow profile stratigraphy from the Swedish sub Arctic, was analyzed with a focus on changes in snow characteristics. The data set contained grain size, snow layer hardness, grain compactness, and snow layer dryness, observed every second week during the winter season. The results showed an increase in very hard snow layers, with harder snow in early winter and more moist snow during spring. There was a striking increase in the number of observations with very hard snow at ground level over time. More than twice as many occasions with hard snow at ground level were observed between 1993 and 2009 compared to previous years, which may have a significant effect on plants and animals. The changes in snow characteristics are most likely a result of the increasing temperatures during the start and the end of the snow season.     

大气气溶胶中有机成分研究进展

有机物是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,尤其是在细颗粒中,可占其干重的10%～70%。由于有机气溶胶的健康及气候效应,有机物的组成、源分布、颗粒行为等的研究越来越受到人们的重视。其中,有机物成分的鉴别和定量已成为近年来的研究热点。在分析中,就目前有机气溶胶的采样、有机成分提取、分离及定性、定量分析方法进行了综述,并比较了各种方法的优缺点。     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.