微波预处理面包酵母对锶的吸附研究

采用微波预处理的面包酵母作为生物吸附剂吸附处理Sr2＋,研究了其吸附特性、生物吸附动力学、吸附平衡过程和吸附机理.实验结果表明,微波预处理能有效提高酵母的吸附效能.酵母对Sr2＋吸附10min即可达到平衡,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程来描述（R2=0.9999）,平衡吸附量qe为4.69mg·g^-1,二级吸附...     

蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus吸附铅的研究

通过吸附实验和微量滴定法探讨了Pb²⁺与蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus的吸附特性.结果表明,该菌体对Pb²⁺的吸附量随着pH升高而升高,最适pH值为6;菌体浓度的增加有利于对Pb²⁺的吸附;整个吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附模型,在试验的条件下,对Pb²⁺的饱和吸附容量为36.7mg/g干菌体.通过电位滴定实验,使用实时格氏图确定了滴定体系中的等当点(Ve)以及估算了表面活性位的总浓度(HS).     

小麦秸杆对水中Pb（2＋）和Cd（2＋）的吸附特性

以农业废弃物小麦秸杆为吸附材料,探讨了小麦秸杆对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的吸附特性,重点研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、溶液pH值等对小麦秸杆吸附Pb2＋、Cd2＋的影响.结果表明,溶液pH值对吸附的影响大,在pH 2.0～6.0范围内,吸附量随溶液初始pH值的升高而升高.小麦秸杆吸附Pb2＋、Cd2＋的速度快,吸附动力学过程可以...     

河流沉积物中有机磷提取剂(NaOH-EDTA)提取比例与机制研究

选择海河流域高磷污染河流滏阳新河沉积物为研究对象,利用液相31P核磁共振(31P-NMR)技术优化了沉积物中有机磷提取剂NaOH和EDTA的配比,探讨了提取剂对总磷(TP)、有机磷(P o)及金属离子的提取机制.结果表明,不同配比的NaOH和EDTA提取液提取同一沉积物,所提取的TP和P o的量差异较大,但P o的提取量均高于NaOH单独提取,主要原因为EDTA与Fe、Al等离子的结合促进了无机磷(P i)和P o的释放;TP在1.00 mol·L-1NaOH+75 mmol·L-1EDTA配比的提取液中获得最大提取量,为3.88 mg·g-1,P o在0.25 mol·L-1NaOH+50 mmol·L-1EDTA配比的提取液中提取量最大,为0.24mg·g-1;相同浓度NaOH提取液中金属离子Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg、Al提取量随EDTA浓度增大呈升高趋势,主要是通过螯合作用、金属离子与OH-形成化合物实现.其中,Fe、Mn、Ca提取浓度与提取液pH呈显著负相关(P<0.01),说明其与OH-形成沉淀化合物;Al离子由于既可以与OH-生成可溶性的偏铝酸盐又可以被EDTA螯合形成可溶性络合物,因此其浓度随提取液pH升高呈指数增长趋势(P<0.01);NaOH与EDTA混合提取剂核磁共振图谱优于NaOH提取液,在本研究中均可以检测到膦酸盐、正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷脂、DNA和焦磷酸盐.综合考虑:对北方河流富含Fe和Al的河流沉积物,0.25mol·L-1NaOH与50 mmol·L-1EDTA可以作为理想的沉积物有机磷提取剂.     

Ozone concentrations, flux and potential effect on yield during wheat growth in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China

Ozone (O₃) concentration and flux (F_o) were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a wheat field in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China. The O₃-induced wheat yield loss was estimated by utilizing O₃ exposure-response models. The results showed that: (1) During the growing season (7 March to 7 June, 2012), the minimum (16.1 ppbV) and maximum (53.3 ppbV) mean O₃ concentrations occurred at approximately 6:30 and 16:00, respectively. The mean and maximum of all measured O₃ concentrations were 31.3 and 128.4 ppbV, respectively. The variation of O₃ concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and temperature. (2) The mean diurnal variation of deposition velocity (V_d) can be divided into four phases, and the maximum occurred at noon (12:00). Averaged V_d during daytime (6:00–18:00) and nighttime (18:00–6:00) were 0.42 and 0.14 cm/sec, respectively. The maximum of measured V_d was about 1.5 cm/sec. The magnitude of V_d was influenced by the wheat growing stage, and its variation was significantly correlated with both global radiation and friction velocity. (3) The maximum mean F_o appeared at 14:00, and the maximum measured F_o was − 33.5 nmol/(m²·sec). Averaged F_o during daytime and nighttime were − 6.9 and − 1.5 nmol/(m²·sec), respectively. (4) Using O₃ exposure-response functions obtained from the USA, Europe, and China, the O₃-induced wheat yield reduction in the district was estimated as 12.9% on average (5.5%–23.3%). Large uncertainties were related to the statistical methods and environmental conditions involved in deriving the exposure-response functions.     

西南喀斯特山区寿竹林地土壤微生物量与酶活性在不同坡位和剖面层次的分布特征

以重庆市梁平县城东乡云佛村寿竹(Dip)林地为研究对象,分析了不同坡位[上坡(US)、中坡(MS)、下坡(BS)]和剖面[表层(0~15 cm),底层(15~30 cm)]土壤微生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)、微生物碳熵、氮熵(qMBC、qMBN)、土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALK)、脲酶(URE)、蔗糖酶(INV)之间的关系.结果表明,在不同坡位下,表层土壤SMBC、SMBN、qMBC、qMBN、CAT和INV表现为BS>MS>US,ALK呈BS>US>MS,URE呈MS>US>BS;底层土壤SMBC和qMBC呈MS>BS>US,SMBN、qMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV呈BS>MS>US.在不同土壤层次下,SMBC、SMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV均表现为表层>底层;qMBC和qMBN表现为底层>表层.相关分析表明,不同坡位和剖面层次土壤微生物碳氮与土壤酶活性、含水率之间均存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关.从回归分析得出的2个方程可知,SMBC随着土壤CAT和ALK的增加而增加,随着pH的增大而减小;SMBN则随着INV和ALK的增加而增加.     

Cu(II), Fe(III) and Mn(II) combinations as environmental stress factors have distinguishing effects on Enterococcus hirae

Pollution by various heavy metals as environmental stress factors might affect bacteria. It was established that iron (Fe(III)), manganese (Mn(II)) and copper (Cu(II)) ion combinations caused effects on Enterococcus hirae that differed from the sum of the effects when the metals were added separately. It was shown that the Cu^2 +–Fe^3 + combination decreased the growth and ATPase activity of membrane vesicles of wild-type E. hirae ATCC9790 and atpD mutant (with defective F_oF₁-ATPase) MS116. Addition of Mn^2 +–Fe^3 + combinations within the same concentration range had no effects on growth compared to control (without heavy metals). ATPase activity was increased in the presence of Mn^2 +–Fe^3 +, while together with 0.2 mmol/L N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), ATPase activity was decreased compared to control (when only 0.2 mmol/L DCCD was present). These results indicate that heavy metals ion combinations probably affect the F_OF₁-ATPase, leading to conformational changes. Moreover the action may be direct or be mediated by environment redox potential. The effects observed when Fe^3 + was added separately disappeared in both cases, which might be a result of competing processes between Fe^3 + and other heavy metals. These findings are novel and improve the understanding of heavy metals ions effects on bacteria, and could be applied for regulation of stress response patterns in the environment.     

Removal of Crystal Violet from aqueous solution using powdered mycelial biomass of Ceriporia lacerata P2

A simple and efficient biosorbent prepared from powdered mycelial biomass of Ceriporia lacerata was used to removal Crystal Violet, poorly degraded as recalcitrant molecule by microorganism.     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对铜镉的吸附特性与离子交换

研究了投菌量、金属浓度和戊二醛浓度对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌吸附水体中Cu2+和Cd2+特性的影响,分析了重金属生物吸附、NO3-去除与菌体离子释放的关联,从离子吸附、交换、转化与释放的角度探讨了重金属生物吸附机制.结果表明嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对Cu2+和Cd2+吸附性能良好,0.2 g·L-1干重菌体处理浓度为0.05 mmol·L-1的Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液120 min后,Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附率分别达96.3%和83.9%.菌体对Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液的吸附过程存在Cu2+和Cd2+的表面吸附与胞内运输、NO3-胞内积累、NO3-还原为NO2-等行为,而且Cu2+和Cd2+的胞内运输、NO3-积累和还原需要消耗能量,并会促进Cl-、PO43-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+和Ca2+等离子的释放.红外光谱分析表明菌体酰胺基、羟基与羧基均参与了Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附.X-光电子能谱分析显示吸附后Cu2+和Cd2+的价态不发生变化.     

Bioaccumulation characterization of uranium by a novel Streptomyces sporoverrucosus dwc-3

The biosorption mechanisms of uranium on an aerobic bacterial strain Streptomyces sporoverrucosus dwc-3, isolated from a potential disposal site for (ultra-)low uraniferous radioactive waste in Southwest China, were evaluated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and enhanced proton backscattering spectrometry (EPBS). Approximately 60% of total uranium at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L uranium nitrate solution could be absorbed on 100 mg S. sporoverrucosus dwc-3 with an adsorption capacity of more than 3.0 mg/g (wet weight) after 12 hr at room temperature at pH 3.0. The dynamic biosorption process of S. sporoverrucosus dwc-3 for uranyl ions was well described by a pseudo second-order model. S. sporoverrucosus dwc-3 could accumulate uranium on cell walls and within the cell, as revealed by SEM and TEM analysis as well as EDX spectra. XPS and FT-IR analysis further suggested that the absorbed uranium was bound to amino, phosphate and carboxyl groups of the cells. Additionally, PIXE and EPBS results confirmed that ion exchange also contributed to the adsorption process of uranium.     

Uptake of radioiodide by Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia sp. and Rhodococcus sp. isolated from a boreal nutrient-poor bog

Radionuclides, like radioiodine(~(129)I), may escape deep geological nuclear waste repositories and migrate to the surface ecosystems. In surface ecosystems, microorganisms can affect their movement. Iodide uptake of six bacterial strains belonging to the genera Paenibacillus,Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Rhodococcus isolated from an acidic boreal nutrient-poor bog was tested. The tests were run in four different growth media at three temperatures. All bacterial strains removed iodide from the solution with the highest efficiency shown by one of the Paenibacillus strains with 99% of iodide removed from the solution in one of the used growth media. Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and one of the two Paenibacillus strains showed highest iodide uptake in 1% yeast extract with maximum values for the distribution coefficient(K_d) ranging from 90 to 270 L/kg DW. The Burkholderia strain showed highest uptake in 1% Tryptone(maximum K_d170 L/kg DW). The Paenibacillus strain V0-1-LW showed exceptionally high uptake in 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth(maximum K_d 1,000,000 L/kg DW). Addition of 0.1% glucose to the 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth reduced iodide uptake at 4℃ and 20℃ and enhanced iodide uptake at 37℃ compared to the uptake without glucose. This indicates that the uptake of glucose and iodide may be competing processes in these bacteria. We estimated that in in situ conditions of the bog,the bacterial uptake of iodide accounts for approximately 0.1%–0.3% of the total sorption of iodide in the surface, subsurface peat, gyttja and clay layers.     

鲍希瓦氏菌吸附Au3+的影响因素及机理研究

吸附是生物回收贵金属的重要环节,本文考察了溶液p H、生物量、初始Au~(3+)浓度和温度对鲍希瓦氏菌吸附Au~(3+)的影响,研究了鲍希瓦氏菌吸附Au~(3+)的动力学和热力学特性,并初步探讨了吸附发生的可能机理.结果表明,p H明显影响鲍希瓦氏菌对Au~(3+)的吸附,最佳p H为2~3.在初始Au~(3+)浓度为115 mg·L~(-1)时,不同温度下90%的Au~(3+)可在10 min内被吸附,4 h后基本达到吸附平衡,且吸附容量随着温度的升高而增加.吸附符合Freundlich等温线模型(R2=0.954),最大吸附容量为148.7 mg·g~(-1).吸附动力学可用拟二级动力学方程描述(R2=0.999).热力学分析显示,鲍希瓦氏菌吸附Au~(3+)是自发的吸热过程.傅里叶红外和X射线光电子能谱分析表明,氨基、羧基和羟基是起主要作用的官能团,其中,质子化的氨基作用机理主要是静电吸附.     

Mechanism and kinetics of aluminum dissolution during copper sorption by acidity paddy soil in South China

Soil aggregates were prepared from a bulk soil collected from paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region and aluminum (Al) dissolution, solution pH changes during copper (Cu^2 +) sorption were investigated with static sorption and magnetic stirring. Kinetics of Cu^2 + sorption and Al dissolution were also studied by magnetic stirring method. No Al dissolution was observed until Cu^2 + sorption was greater than a certain value, which was 632, 450, 601 and 674 mg/kg for sand, clay, silt, and coarse silt fractions, respectively. Aluminum dissolution increased with increasing Cu^2 + sorption and decreasing solution pH. An amount of dissolved Al showed a significant positive correlation with non-specific sorption of Cu^2 + (R² > 0.97), and it was still good under different pH values (R² > 0.95). Copper sorption significantly decreased solution pH. The magnitude of solution pH decline increased as Cu^2 + sorption and Al dissolution increased. The sand and clay fraction had a less Al dissolution and pH drop due to the higher ferric oxide, Al oxide and organic matter contents. After sorption reaction for half an hour, the Cu^2 + sorption progress reached more than 90% while the Al dissolution progress was only 40%, and lagged behind the Cu^2 + sorption. It indicated that aluminum dissolution is associated with non-specific sorption.     

Photosynthesis and biochemical responses to elevated O3 in Plantago major and Sonchus oleraceus growing in a lowland habitat of northern China

A field experiment was carried out to compare the responses to ozone(O_3) in two common herbaceous plant species, Plantago major L. and Sonchus oleraceus L., by building open-top growth chambers in situ to simulate O_3stress(+ O_3, 85 ± 5 ppb, 9 hr/day for 30 days) in a lowland habitat in Inner Mongolia, Northern China. Responses to O_3 of gas exchange,chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf pigment content, antioxidant capability, soluble protein content, membrane lipid peroxidation and dark respiration(R_d) were analyzed. Results showed that elevated O_3 exposure significantly reduced the light-saturated net photosynthesis(P_(Nsat)), stomatal conductance(g_s) and transpiration rate(E) in both species. Although non-significant interactive effect between species and O_3 on P_(Nsat) was analyzed, the reduction in P_(Nsat) in S. oleraceus might be due primarily to the higher fraction of close PSII reaction centers and impaired activities of plant mesophyll cells as evidences by decreased maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry after dark adapted state(F_v/F_m) and unchanged intercellular CO_2concentration(C_i). Besides, biochemical analysis showed that S. oleraceus had lower antioxidant ability compared to P. major. As a result, S. oleraceus was damaged to the larger extent in terms of lipid peroxidation and visible O_3 injury, indicating that S. oleraceus was more sensitive to O_3 than P. major. Our results indicated that wild herbaceous plant species growing in a lowland habitat in sandy grassland were sensitive to O_3 stress and S. oleraceus can be considered as one of the bio-indicators for high O_3 concentration in semi-arid grassland of northern China.     

Effect of pretreatment on Pd/Al2O3 catalyst for catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at low temperature

The effect of pretreatment on Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at low temperature was studied by changing the pretreatment and testing conditions. The fresh and pretreated Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the pretreatment dramatically changed the Pd/PdO ratio and then significantly affected the Pd/Al₂O₃ activity; while the pretreatment had not much influence on Pd particle size. The Pd/Al₂O₃ pre-reduced at 300℃/400℃, which has fully reduced Pd species, showed the highest activity; while the fresh Pd/Al₂O₃, which has fully oxidized Pd species, presented the worst performance, indicating the Pd chemical state plays an important role in the catalytic activity for the o-xylene oxidation. It is concluded that metallic Pd is the active species on the Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst for the catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at low temperature.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

New insight into adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge for heavy metals

The adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge were investigated by adsorbing Pb2+and Zn2+in aqueous single-metal solutions. A p H value of the metal solutions at 6.0 was beneficial to the high adsorption quantity of the biosorbent. The optimal mass ratio of the biosorbent to metal ions was found to be 2. A higher adsorption quantity of the biosorbent was achieved by keeping the reaction temperature below 55°C. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the biosorption processes, and the developed mathematical equations showed high determination coefficients(above 0.99 for both metal ions) and insignificant lack of fit(p = 0.0838 and 0.0782 for Pb2+and Zn2+, respectively). Atomic force microscopy analyses suggested that the metal elements were adsorbed onto the biosorbent surface via electrostatic interaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated the presence of complexation(between –NH2,-CN and metal ions) and ion-exchange(between –COOH and metal ions). The adsorption mechanisms could be the combined action of electrostatic interaction, complexation and ion-exchange between functional groups and metal ions.     

Biosorption mechanisms involved in immobilization of soil Pb by Bacillus subtilis DBM in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.     

甲醛修饰酿酒酵母对铀的吸附研究

采用批次实验方法探究了甲醛修饰酿酒酵母对铀的生物吸附过程.结果显示,甲醛修饰能显著提高酵母对铀的吸附能力,其吸附量是同等实验条件下活酵母的6倍,动力学研究表明,达到吸附平衡仅需90 min,并且能较好地符合准二级动力学吸附模型.实验的最佳吸附pH为5.8.Langmuir和Freundlich模型均能用于拟合实验数据且实验结果与Langmuir模型更加吻合.扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明,甲醛修饰改变了细胞的表面形貌和蛋白结构,使氨基发生了甲基化,羟基形成配位共价键,在酵母吸附铀后,细胞表面不均匀地附着了一层鳞片状的铀沉淀.铀沉淀与络合物的形式多种多样,且与羧酸盐主要络合物为双齿配体结构,甲醛修饰酿酒酵母与铀酰离子相互作用存在着络合,沉淀以及静电吸附等多种机理.     

Ni2+生物吸附动力学及吸附平衡研究

研究了金属离子Ni²⁺在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附特性,内容包括生物吸附动力学和吸附等温线.生物吸附动力学结果表明,当Ni²⁺初始浓度为65.6 mg/L时,Ni²⁺在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附可以分为2个阶段,第1阶段为物理吸附,在10　min内快速达到平衡.Ni²⁺在酵母上的吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程来描述 （R²=0.999）,动力学参数k₂为0.018 4 g/(mg·min),q_e为5.96 　mg/g.吸附等温线结果表明,Ni²⁺在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程来描述,最大吸附量q_max为6.32 　mg/g.酿酒酵母可用于处理低浓度的含Ni²⁺废水.