高浓度有机废水处理技术的发展

本文对高浓度有机废水的处理进行了一些探讨,并主要讲述了ＵＡＳＥ反应器的发展,特点及其在高浓度有机废水方面的应用。     

跨界融合子处理高浓度有机废水投资最小化模型研究

以跨界融合子基因工程菌处理高浓度有机废水为研究对象,建立了处理系统投资最小化数学模型及应用的约束方程,探讨该自理系统的优化设计问题。     

酵母菌处理高浓度色拉油加工废水研究

从含油土壤中筛选出适用于色拉油加工废水的酵母菌菌群,并用摇瓶试验研究了该菌群对未经预处理的高浓度含油色拉油加工废水的降解效果．采用酵母菌菌群处理总有机碳（ Ｔ Ｏ Ｃ） 含量为ρ Ｔ Ｏ Ｃ＝ ２ ５００ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的色拉油加工废水,２４ ｈ 内可以去掉８５ ．２ ％ 的 Ｔ Ｏ Ｃ．酵母菌菌群在酸性条件下（ｐ Ｈ３ 左右） 表现出更好的处理效率,反应温度升高时 Ｔ Ｏ Ｃ 去除率有降低的趋势．结果表明,高浓度含油色拉油废水可以直接用酵母菌法进行处理     

跨界融合子处理高浓度有机废水投资最小化模型研究

以跨界融合子基因工程菌处理高浓度有机废水为研究对象,建立了处理系统投资最小化数学模型及相应的约束方程,探讨该处理系统的优化设计问题。研究中以进水ＢＯＤ浓度Ｓ０、微生物浓度Ｘ和回流比Ｒ为初始控制变量,通过对跨界融合子降解豆制品废水实例验证,表明在给定的初始变量范围内有惟一的最优解,为处理工艺的合理设计提供了依据。     

某中药制药企业废水高效低耗扩建工程实例

某中药制药企业原有污水处理站1座,由于产能扩大导致废水排放量增加,需对原有污水处理站进行扩建,其废水具有成分复杂、有机污染物种类多、浓度高,色度深、固体悬浮物SS浓度高、有一定的生物潜在毒性等特点,废水处理过程中存在成本高、出水不稳定等难点,是较难处理的高浓度有机废水。扩建的废水处理站采用“气浮沉淀+预曝气+水解酸化+厌氧处理+接触氧化+类芬顿深度处理”工艺,水质满足《中药类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 21906—2008)中表2排放标准。结果表明：扩建后的污水处理站工艺技术先进、设备安全可靠、运行管理方便且实现和旧污水处理站协作共用,同时兼顾了能源回收利用和二次污染控制,达到了预期设计目标。     

粉煤灰活性炭处理含铜废水的性能

为了研究粉煤灰活性炭的吸附性能,以原粉煤灰和纯活性炭作对照,比较3种吸附剂在不同时间、pH和投加量下处理含Cu(Ⅱ)废水的性能.结果表明,在pH 5,吸附时间60 min的条件下,纯活性炭、粉煤灰活性炭和粉煤灰对含Cu(Ⅱ)废水的去除率依次为100%、97%和78.7%,粉煤灰活性炭吸附性能接近纯活性炭.Cu饱和的粉煤灰活性炭,用0.2 mol.L-1浓度的HCl清洗解吸效果最好.在饱和吸附和解吸重复10次后,再生粉煤灰活性炭的吸附容量下降20%,接近活性炭的18%,充分说明粉煤灰活性炭有较好的可再生性.粉煤灰制成粉煤灰活性炭,用于含金属废水的治理,不仅效果好、成本低,还是粉煤灰资源化的重要途径,有广阔的应用前景.     

硅酸钙吸附法预处理焦化废水中COD和NH3-N

焦化废水是一种典型的含有高污染、难降解有机物的高浓度工业废水,生物处理是目前处理焦化废水的核心技术.由于焦化废水高浓度污染物对微生物活性产生抑制作用,经生物处理后其COD及NH3-N等指标仍很难达标.因此,在进入生物处理系统前往往采用物理法或化学法对焦化废水进行预处理,使氰化物、COD及NH3-N等难降解物指标得到一定程度的降低,为后续生物处理降低负荷.     

含酚废水中有机酸的气相色谱测定

本文报导从复杂的高浓度废水,特别是含高浓度酚的废水中分离测定有机酸的气相色谱分析方法。利用有机酸和酚在酸性上的差别,在水溶滚中加入适量的碳酸氢钠,用二氧甲烷萃取,有机酸留在水相,而酚类进入有机相.在水相中的羧酸用乙醚萃取,或经甲醇-硫酸甲酯化处理,得到羧酸酯类化合物,再用乙醚萃取.然后将萃取液进行气相色谱或色-质谱测定。 采用正交设计试验选择了最佳衍生化条件.一元羧酸和二元羧酸衍生化的收率分别为64—98%和60—91％.用本方法检出煤气化废水中的羧酸类化合物四十余种,并进行了定量测定.     

液膜法处理含酚废水的研究

本文研究了蓝１１３Ｂ－煤油－ＮａＯＨ液膜体系处理苯酚废水的最佳操作条件，并对高浓度含酚废水（浓度５％以上）进行了二级处理，实验结果表明，除酚效率可达９９％以上。对内相ＮａＯＨ的最佳浓度的确定也给出了估算方法。     

高浓度洗毛废水生物降解的研究

根据高浓度洗毛废水的水质特性,选择、驯化出高效污泥和菌株,并对生物降解该废水时的工艺、污泥量、时间三要素进行了深入的研究．结果表明,对于物化处理彻底的废水, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺（ 水解／ 好氧工艺） 与好氧工艺处理差异不大;７０ ％ 左右物化效果时, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺处理时, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ 去除率增加;废水在处理过程中成分变化大,后段水可用筛选优势菌的方法处理．实验室流动模型运行结果为：在原水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） １８５４４ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 和设定ｔ Ｈ Ｒ（ 延滞期） 下,混凝后出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ５３２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,水解池出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ４７６３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,好氧池出水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ１９９ ．９ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ去除率为９８ ．９ ％     

Treatment of dyeing wastewater using coal fly ash as co-coagulant

This article deals with the co-coagulation of dyeing wastewater by coal fly ash using FeSO₄ as coagulant, Benzo Scarlet 4BS and Brilliant Acid Scarlet 3R as the testing dyes. The optimal concentration of FeSO₄ for co-coagulation process is 0.6–0.8?g/L wastewater, and the concentration of fly ash 4–5?g/L. The experimental results show that the co-coagulation process by fly ash helps to improve the color reduction, greatly accelerate the formation and settling of the floc, and reduce the content of the floc. The mechanism for co-coagulation process is discussed and similar effect is obtained when the co-coagulation method is applied for the treatment of the real dyeing wastewater samples.     

Assessment of contamination by percolation of septic tank effluent through natural and amended soils

Fly ash has been found to be a potential material for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, and may be useful in the treatment of septic tank effluent. Laboratory columns (30 cm) were used to determine the sorption capacity and hydraulic properties of lagoon fly ash, loamy sand, sand, and sand amended by lagoon fly ash (30 and 60%) and red mud gypsum (20%). The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was high in all column effluents (71-93%). Extent of nitrification was high in Spearwood sand, Merribrook loamy sand and 20% red mud gypsum amended Spearwood sand. However, actual removal of nitrogen (N) was high in columns containing lagoon fly ash. Unamended Spearwood sand possessed only minimal capacity for P sorption. Merribrook loamy sand and red mud gypsum amended sand affected complete P removal throughout the study period of 12 weeks. Significant P leakage occurred from lagoon fly ash amended sand columns following 6-10 weeks of operation. Neither lagoon fly ash nor red mud gypsum caused any studied heavy metal contamination including manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) of effluent. It can be concluded that Merribrook loamy sand is better natural soil than Spearwood sand as a filter medium. The addition of lagoon fly ash enhanced the removal of P in Spearwood sand but the efficiency was lower than with red mud gypsum amendment.     

Assessment of Contamination By Percolation Of Septic Tank Effluent Through Natural and Amended Soils

Fly ash has been found to be a potential material for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, and may be useful in the treatment of septic tank effluent. Laboratory columns (30 cm) were used to determine the sorption capacity and hydraulic properties of lagoon fly ash, loamy sand, sand, and sand amended by lagoon fly ash (30 and 60%) and red mud gypsum (20%). The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was high in all column effluents (71–93%). Extent of nitrification was high in Spearwood sand, Merribrook loamy sand and 20% red mud gypsum amended Spearwood sand. However, actual removal of nitrogen (N) was high in columns containing lagoon fly ash. Unamended Spearwood sand possessed only minimal capacity for P sorption. Merribrook loamy sand and red mud gypsum amended sand affected complete P removal throughout the study period of 12 weeks. Significant P leakage occurred from lagoon fly ash amended sand columns following 6–10 weeks of operation. Neither lagoon fly ash nor red mud gypsum caused any studied heavy metal contamination including manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) of effluent. It can be concluded that Merribrook loamy sand is better natural soil than Spearwood sand as a filter medium. The addition of lagoon fly ash enhanced the removal of P in Spearwood sand but the efficiency was lower than with red mud gypsum amendment.     

Leaching of arsenic from coal fly ashes 2. Arsenic pre‐leaching with sodium gluconate solution

The present study deals with the development of an efficient and reliable process for safe disposal of coal fly ash to remove arsenic that has been found to be the most easily leachable and hazardous heavy metal in coal fly ash. Pre‐leaching of fly ash prior to disposal by a natural chelating agent, sodium gluconate (SG), was proposed and studied. Several operational factors influencing arsenic leachability, such as concentration of SG solution, liquid to solid ratio, pH, length of leaching time and leaching temperature were examined. Arsenic was found to leach out substantially with SG, but almost no further release was observed from the ash pre‐leached by SG. After the pre‐leaching treatment, the desirable high buffering capacity of the ash was well sustained. SG solution was effectively regenerated by activated alumina adsorption so that it could be successfully reused for multiple leaching/adsorption cycles.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的形态及酸浸出性研究

研究了城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属形态在不同粒径上的分布,以及HNO3对飞灰中重金属的浸出性.结果表明:飞灰中重金属主要以残渣态存在,可交换离子态含量很少;易挥发性的重金属在较大粒径上有较高分布,亲石性重金属Cr和Ni的分布与粒径的相关性不大,在各粒径上的分布较均匀;飞灰中以碳酸盐结合态存在的重金属对酸不稳定,易被HNO3浸出,而残渣态部分对酸较稳定,不易被HNO3浸出.     

Levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in residues from incineration of established source-classified MSW in China

Municipal solid waste (MSW) source-classified collection represents an advancement in resource cycling and secondary pollution control in China. Comparative experiments were performed to assess the levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in bottom ash, fly ash from boiler, and fly ash from bag filter from an MSW incineration plant with source-classified collection of MSW. Polychlorinated biphenyls were concentrated in the bag filter fly ash and in the bottom ash. The total amount of polychlorinated biphenyls was much lower than in fly ashes and bottom ash from traditional mixed waste incineration. Total concentration of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls and toxic equivalent quantities were also reduced. Due to variations of feed waste, complete combustion, including continuously high incineration temperature, low CO concentrations and high air excess ratio were observed. Incineration temperature showed a negative correlation, while CO concentration showed a positive correlation with total and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, indicating that the latter can be reduced by controlling combustion conditions related to properties of feed waste.     

Utilization of MSWI fly ash as partial cement or sand substitute with focus on cementing efficiency and health risk assessment

• Washed MSWI fly ash was used as partial cement or sand substitute. • Sand replacing is beneficial for strength, while cement replacement reduces strength. • Cementing efficiency factor and mortar pore structure explain the strength results. • Health risk assessment was conducted for MSWI fly ash blended cement mortar. • CR and HI contributed by different exposures and heavy metals were analyzed. The strength of cement substituted mortar decreases with the increase in fly ash amount, whereas the strength increases when the fly ash is blended as sand substitute. A mortar with highest strength (compressive strength= 30.2 Mpa; flexural strength= 7.0 Mpa) was obtained when the sand replacement ratio was 0.75%. The k value (cementing efficiency) of fly ash varied between 0.36 and 0.15 for the fly ash fraction in binder between 5% and 25%. The k values of fly ash used for sand replacement were all significantly above that used for cement substitution. The macropores assigned to the gaps between particles decreased when the fly ash was used as sand replacement, providing an explanation for the strength enhancement. The waste-extraction procedure (toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method (HJ/T 299-2007)) was used to evaluate metal leaching, indicating the reuse possibility of fly ash blended mortar. For the mortar with the mass ratio of fly ash to binder of 0.5%, the carcinogenic risks (CR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) in sensitive scenario for blended mortar utilization were 9.66 × 10^-7 and 0.06, respectively; these results were both lower than the threshold values, showing an acceptable health risk. The CR (9.89 × 10^-5) and HQ (3.89) of the non-sensitive scenario for fly ash treatment exceeded the acceptable threshold values, indicating health risks to onsite workers. The main contributor to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk is Cr and Cd, respectively. The CR and HQ from inhalation was the main route of heavy metal exposure.     

煤矿塌陷区造田复土中粉煤灰含量对高羊茅生理功能的影响

以小区试验进行了粉煤灰复土造田种植高羊茅的试验 .对高羊茅生长发育、生理功能和矿质积累的研究结果表明 :含 30 %以下粉煤灰复合土能提高高羊茅植株光合作用和氮素利用能力 ,促进植株生长 ,不会对植株产生伤害 ;当复合土中粉煤灰含量达 4 0 %时 ,高羊茅光合作用、蒸腾作用和氮素利用能力降低 ,细胞膜脂质过氧化水平升高 ,膜透性增大 ,SOD、POD和CAT活性降低 ,植株生长被抑制 ;随着复合土中粉煤灰含量的升高高羊茅植株Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg的质量分数升高 ,Cu的质量分数无显著变化 .研究建议粉煤灰复土造田以 30 %粉煤灰复合土为宜 .图 3表 6参 19     

HDTMAB改性粉煤灰对水体中磷的吸附特性

制备了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)改性粉煤灰,研究了该改性粉煤灰对水体中磷的吸附特性,结果表明:①当HDTMAB负载量为10%时,改性粉煤灰吸附磷酸盐的效果最佳;②改性粉煤灰对磷酸盐的吸附速度很快,20min可达吸附平衡;③改性粉煤灰对磷酸盐的吸附行为能较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型,但在Freundlich模式下表现为两个线性区;④pH对改性粉煤灰吸附磷酸盐的性能有显著影响,随着pH的升高对磷酸盐的吸附能力逐渐增加。     

Utilization of fly ash in adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater

The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity reduction of wastewaster after treatment with fly ash. Fly ash is a waste material which is formed as a result of coal burning in power plants, but has the potential to adsorb heavy metal ions. The present study examined the adsorption capacity of fly ash to adsorb Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ from waste water under different conditions of contact time, pH, and temperature. Uptake of metal ions by fly ash generally rose with increasing pH. At lower temperatures the uptake of heavy metal adsorption were enhanced. Significant reduction in Pb²⁺ (79%), Cu²⁺ (53%), and Zn²⁺ (80%) content was found after treatment with fly ash of waste water treatment. Using the microtox test toxicity of the effluent was reduced by 75% due to removal of Pb²⁺ ion by the fly ash. Data indicated that fly ash generated by power plants may be used beneficially to remove metals from waste water.