固定化啤酒酵母对241Am溶液吸附特性的研究

利用海藻酸钙包埋固定啤酒酵母,对放射性 241Am溶液进行吸附研究.结果表明在初始浓度为8.5 μg/L(1.08 MBq/L)的 241Am溶液中,pH1-4时固定化啤酒酵母吸附效果明显,吸附率在92%以上;接触2 h,吸附基本达到平衡;15～45℃范围内,温度对吸附行为无显著影响;固定化啤酒酵母重复吸附6次,其吸附率均大于90%,累积吸附量为0.5 μg/g(63.3 kBq/g);3次吸附后, 241Am溶液浓度可降为8.0×10 -5 μg/L(～10 Bq/L).     

啤酒酵母吸附重金属离子铅的研究

采用北京啤酒厂的啤酒酵母自制生物吸附剂,用于吸附重金属离子铅.考察了啤酒酵母吸附Pb2+过程中的影响因素,包括pH值、初始Pb2+质量浓度及酸碱预处理方法等.实验结果表明,啤酒酵母对Pb2+的吸附量随pH值的增加而增大,当pH=6时达到吸附最大值,吸附的最佳pH范围是4～7;随着初始Pb2+质量浓度增加,吸附量有所提高:当溶液初始Pb2+质量浓度为500 mg/L,pH=6时达到实验条件下的最大吸附量,为每g酵母吸附Pb2+ 107 mg;啤酒酵母对Pb2+的吸附过程遵循Langmuir方程;啤酒酵母经酸处理后吸附量增大.      

耐铜细菌的筛选及其吸附条件优化

从电镀厂废水污泥中分离到一株高耐铜的菌株 ,它能耐受Cu2 + 的最高浓度为 560mg/L ,通过形态学观察及生理生化特性测定 ,初步鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌 (Pseudomonasaeruginosa) ,并通过正交试验确定该菌吸附Cu2 + 的最佳条件为pH 5 .0 ,接触反应时间为 0 .5h ,摇床转速为 50r/min ,菌量为 1 0 0mg。在最佳条件下 ,该菌对Cu2 + 的吸附量可达 1 4 .68mg/g。     

软锰矿改性污泥活性炭对Cu~(2+)吸附特性的研究

文章对比研究了污泥活性炭(AC)和1%软锰矿改性的污泥活性炭(ACP)对溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性,考察了时间、pH值和吸附剂投加量等因素对吸附反应的影响。结果表明:室温下,180 min后Cu2+吸附达到平衡,pH=4.8时吸附效果最优;伪二阶动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温方程能很好地拟合两种污泥活性炭的吸附反应。通过计算,室温下,改性前后的污泥活性炭Langmuir模型的饱和吸附量Qm分别是78.13 mg/g和94.34 mg/g。在初始浓度200 mg/L,pH=5,吸附剂投加量为2g/L时,1%软锰矿改性的污泥活性炭对Cu2+的最大吸附量为90.15 mg/g,比未改性时提高了23.33%。     

V2O5/AC在含SO2气氛中对气态Hg0的吸附脱除研究

利用固定床反应器研究了模拟烟气(N_2、SO_2、O_2)气氛下,气态Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC催化剂上的吸附脱除行为.考察了V_2O_5担载量、SO_2浓度和吸附温度等对V_2O_5/AC吸附脱除Hg~0的影响,并对V_2O_5/AC上吸附汞的形态进行了XPS分析表征.研究发现,V_2O_5/AC对Hg~0的吸附能力远大于载体AC.汞的吸附量与V_2O_5/AC中V_2O_5的质量分数有关,随着V_2O_5质量分数从0.5%增加到1.0%,汞的吸附量从75.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到89.6 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和115.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到185.5 μg·g~(-1) (有氧),远高于相同吸附条件下的AC上的汞吸附量 (9.6 μg·g~(-1)和23.3 μg·g~(-1)).SO_2对Hg~0的吸附有促进作用,主要是由于SO_2和Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC上发生了化学反应.但是当SO_2体积分数从500×10~(-6)增加到2 000×10~(-6)时,V_2O_5/AC对汞的吸附量只增加了5%.不同温度下的实验结果表明,V_2O_5/AC催化剂在150℃左右的吸附脱除Hg~0的能力最高,汞的吸附量达到98.5 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和187.7 μg·g~(-1) (有氧).XPS 分析结果表明,在V_2O_5/AC催化剂表面有HgO和HgSO_4生成,证实了V_2O_5和SO_2的作用.     

黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）对Pb2+的吸附特性研究

以黑曲霉菌丝体作为吸附剂,通过静态吸附实验研究了各种因素对其吸附去除废水中Pb2+的影响。结果表明：当Pb2+初始浓度为50 mg/L,吸附剂用量为1．0 g/L,吸附时间为45 min,pH为5．0时,吸附效果最佳。此时吸附量为44．1 mg/g,去除率为90．86%。使用准二阶动力学方程可较好的拟合黑曲霉对Pb2+的吸附,表明该吸附过程以化学吸附为主。等温吸附过程可用Freundlich方程描述,说明该吸附为多分子层吸附。傅立叶红外光谱分析表明,黑曲霉吸附剂表面的酯羰基(-COO-)、羧基(-COOH )和羟基(-OH )在吸附Pb2+的过程中发挥主要作用。     

Fe-NH_4Cl改性南荻生物炭对Pb~(2+)吸附性能研究

以南荻秸秆生物炭为实验原料,利用Fe-NH4Cl进行改性,研究其对Pb2+的吸附效果。通过考察生物炭用量、溶液初始p H值、吸附时间及溶液初始浓度对吸附的影响,并对吸附前后生物炭样品进行傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FITR)、比表面积(BET)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、电镜扫描(SEM)表征。结果表明在pH=5、溶液浓度为50 mg/L、温度为30℃、吸附时间为180 min、吸附剂用量在1.4 g/L、改性生物炭对Pb~(2+)吸附量达35.4 mg/g,与未改性生物炭相比吸附量提高20倍左右。生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附机理主要为表面羟基(—OH)和羰基(C=O)与Pb2+表面发生络合化学反应作用。     

粉煤灰对苯酚废水的吸附研究

在静态条件下研究了粉煤灰对苯酚的吸附性能,结果表明:平均粒径29.06μm,孔隙率64.0686%,在吸附时间50min,粉煤灰用量120 g/L,pH=7.45条件下,对75 mL浓度为30 mg/L的苯酚模拟废水,吸附效果最好,可达82.4%。粉煤灰吸附苯酚机理复杂,偏向于单分子层吸附的Langmuir吸附等温线模式:q=0.042Ce/(1+0.095Ce),吸附反应为一级反应,速率方程为lnC=-0.0096t+3.3097(C0=30 mg/L)。     

菌株Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4吸附Ni~(2+)的条件优化及特性研究

主要考察了菌株Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4对重金属Ni2+的吸附性能,同时,利用表面响应法对菌株Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4吸附Ni2+的条件(接种量、pH、Ni2+浓度等)进行了优化,并考察了其动力学及吸附等温曲线特性.实验结果表明,菌株Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4吸附Ni2+的最优条件为:接种量10.64 g.L-1,pH为6.50,Ni2+浓度为19.20 mg.L-1,此时的Ni2+最大去除率为99%.动力学分析表明,吸附平衡时间约为30 min,吸附可分为表面快速吸附和缓慢重金属积累两个阶段.利用Langmuir吸附模型能较好地描述菌株Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4对Ni2+的等温吸附行为,最大吸附量为25.81 mg.g-1.     

雌酮和炔雌醇在污泥中的吸附特性

通过避光恒温振荡实验,研究了初始浓度、吸附时间、温度、pH、离子浓度等因素对内分泌干扰物雌酮(E1)和炔雌醇(EE2)在污泥中吸附行为的影响。结果表明:污泥对不同初始浓度的E1和EE2吸附效果有明显差异,总体上对EE2的吸附能力大于E1; E1和EE2分别在吸附1 h和15 min时达到最大吸附量,随后发生解吸,在2 h和1 h后达到吸附-解吸平衡状态,污泥吸附的E1和EE2分别占总量的9. 7%～12. 6%和85. 9～92. 2%;温度变化会影响污泥对E1和EE2的吸附量; EE2在污泥中的最大吸附量和平衡吸附量随着pH的升高而降低,而E1在偏碱性条件下,平衡吸附量随着pH的升高而增加; NH4+和Ca2+的浓度对EE2污泥中的吸附量影响较明显,当离子浓度为0. 005～0. 1 mol/L时,污泥对EE2的吸附量随离子浓度的增大而显著升高。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.