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1.
基于景观生态学的天目湖湿地公园规划   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
通过野外调查和利用1:1000、1:10000地形图作GIS判读分析,以景观生态学原理为指导,对天目湖湿地公园进行规划。在将天目湖湿地划分成平坦开阔区、岛山、浅冲和廊道4类斑块基础上,以保护和利用湿地资源,发挥廊道的生态功能,突出绿斑、蓝带、开敞空间的整合为规划控制思路,对规划出的水生花卉园、湖滨生态园、平桥河生态廊道、芦苇园、林岛园、“双龙”入湖生态景观带以及生态产业和生态人居园7类用地布局作了描述。  相似文献   

2.
识别与优化生态安全格局对保障区域生态安全、促进区域可持续发展意义重大。以胶东半岛为研究区,通过生态重要性评价确定初步生态源地区域,与自然保护区数据进行匹配度验证后进一步整合至生态源地,利用夜光数据模拟人类活动强度,校正基于不同地类赋值得到的生态阻力面,应用最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道和生态缓冲区。研究结果表明,胶东半岛陆域生态源地面积为3 296.85 km~2,占研究区总面积的10.78%;除生态源地外,生态缓冲区、生态过渡区和开发建设区占比分别为32.21%、30.22%和26.86%;识别生态廊道13条,总长度为624.5 km;根据研究区的自然地理特征与土地利用现状,对区域内生态安全格局各组分要素进行优化重组,依托自然水系、丘陵、山地,提出构建以"一廊、一带、四区、四组团"为核心的生态廊道组团网络化的布局体系,实现胶东半岛区域全方位、复合型、网络化的生态空间结构。研究可为推进胶东半岛区域一体化发展和生态空间保护规划提供重要的参考与借鉴。  相似文献   

3.
基于源地-廊道模式构建生态安全格局,对提升区域生态安全水平意义重大。从生态本底与人类需求的视角出发,以典型山地石漠化地区重庆市南川区为例,基于生态系统服务功能重要性、生态环境敏感性以及居民生态需求程度进行核心型生态源地识别;采用多因素综合决策法,从自然环境因素、人为干扰因素以及生物因素方面构建生态源地扩张综合阻力评价指标体系;将最小累积阻力模型和水文分析相结合识别生态廊道,进而构建全区生态安全格局。结果表明:(1)核心型生态源地以林地景观为主,面积达389.25 km~2,总体呈现出由中部向南北方向递减的趋势;(2)生态廊道表现为以关键生态廊道为主,潜在生态廊道为辅的特征,并呈"渔网状"分布,中部密集,两极稀疏,关键生态廊道呈"三横三纵"格局,"三横"贯穿东西,"三纵"连接南北,潜在生态廊道沿生态环境较好的山地丘陵地区分布,与关键生态廊道共同构成了区域物种迁移和能量流通的网络;(3)建议搭建"一轴连两翼"的生态网络框架,加强区域生态安全格局的构建。  相似文献   

4.
生态廊道   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
生境破碎化导致生物多样性降低,生态功能受损。构建生态廊道可以连通彼此隔离的景观元素,达到保护和恢复生物多样性、维护和传递生态功能的重要作用。该研究全面介绍了生态廊道的概念、起源和发展历程,从生物多样性保护、生态环境保护、生态安全格局建设及全球气候变化应对等方面分析生态廊道的生态学功能。介绍了生态廊道构建的关键理论和方法,并提出考虑生物生境、廊道长度和廊道质量对生态廊道有效性的影响。我国生态廊道研究起步相对较晚,多局限于城市绿化、景观审美以及小范围生态保护等方面,因此,通过分析国际大型生态廊道案例的构建依据、方法及其获得成果,为我国生态廊道建设提供借鉴。提出我国生态廊道应注重其在景观和区域尺度上的生态功能发挥,并可依托于已有的生态规划基础进行构建。  相似文献   

5.
为了解长江口典型滩涂湿地景观格局演变过程,根据1980—2010年长江口滩涂湿地演变规律,采用土地利用动态变化模型Dyna-CLUE模型和CA模型预测2020年长江口3处典型滩涂湿地崇明东滩、南汇边滩以及九段沙在生态保护、现行趋势和围垦加剧3种不同情景下的景观演变。结果表明:到2020年,在生态保护情景、现行趋势情景和围垦加剧情景下,堤外滩涂湿地总面积分别增长56、44 km2以及减少7 km2,其中芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)群落面积比由2010年的36∶38∶26分别变化为2020年的46∶34∶20、38∶38∶24和38∶37∶25。对于崇明东滩、南汇边滩和九段沙而言,生态保护情景下滩涂湿地面积分别增加7、43和6 km2,而现行趋势情景和围垦加剧情景下,滩涂湿地面积呈现不断减少的趋势。  相似文献   

6.
基于最小累积阻力模型的广东省陆域生态安全格局构建   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在城市化进程加快推进的背后各式生态问题日益凸显,生态安全与生态文明建设成为当前社会发展的一个重要方向。构建区域生态安全格局对地区生态安全保障与规划意义明显。基于生态文明建设"以人为本"的思想,从生态需求角度构建耦合居民生态需求的源地评价体系,尝试利用夜间灯光指数和不透水表面指数共同校正阻力面,利用最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道网络,最后结合各生态组分构建广东省陆域生态安全格局。结果显示广东省重要性程度高的生态用地斑块面积占全省土地总面积的61. 17%,其中,生态源地面积占全省土地总面积的29. 59%。各类生态廊道共同构建了"一带多廊两防护"的蛛网式辐射分布网络。利用自然保护区数据从侧面验证了生态安全格局构建的有效性,同时也发现结合多元数据共同校正的阻力面更为合理。广东省生态安全保障的现实路径可以从污染治理、生态修复和源地保持等方面入手。生态源地和生态廊道应成为优先重点生态保护区,建成区周围的次重要生态用地可以优先建设公共生态服务设施,减轻来自中心城区的高强度生态需求。  相似文献   

7.
生态网络构建可以减少生态景观碎片化,有利于提高生态斑块的景观连通性,保障生态系统稳定运行,提高生态环境的承载能力。选择山西省忻州市静乐县为研究区,基于土地利用现状数据,采用形态学空间格局分析法(MSPA)和景观连通性评价识别生态源地,选取8个阻力因子构建生态阻力面,采用最小累计阻力模型提取生态源地之间的生态廊道,通过重力模型进行廊道重要性分级,最后运用电路理论和水文分析,识别研究区关键区域,并有针对性地提出生态网络优化措施。结果显示:研究区生态源地有15处,主要分布在东部和西北部的山区,中部受河流、公路和铁路重叠影响,综合阻力值高,景观连通性较低;生态廊道有36条,其中重要廊道22条,一般廊道14条。研究结果可为静乐县的国土空间生态修复规划提供科学依据,对黄土高原县域生态网络构建也有一定的参考。  相似文献   

8.
沛县北部因采煤导致地形、地貌和地类变化,直接影响了整个区域的生态安全,因此需要在区域生态安全状况评价的基础上构建生态安全格局。该研究以沛县北部地区为研究对象,选取高程、坡度、土地覆盖类型、植被覆盖、距水体的距离、距道路的距离、距矿点的距离、距居民点的距离8个指标,采用空间主成分分析法(SPCA)评价研究区生态安全状况,并利用最小累积阻力模型(MCR)建立生态阻力面,借助GIS空间分析技术提取生态廊道和生态节点,从而构建研究区的生态安全格局。结果表明研究区生态安全水平不高,中度安全水平的面积为447.53 km~2,占研究区总面积的44.53%;较低安全水平的面积为344.58 km~2,占研究区总面积的34.28%;识别的31条潜在生态廊道、31个一类生态节点和20个二类生态节点与生态源地一起构成了研究区的生态安全格局,为沛县北部的生态规划和生态可持续发展提供了有效参考。  相似文献   

9.
胜利煤田是我国重要煤炭基地,大规模的煤炭资源开发,导致当地生态环境严重退化。对2016年胜利煤田高分一号影像进行解译判读并划分景观类型的基础上,采用最小累积阻力模型对胜利煤田进行景观生态安全格局构建,包括生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点的识别。通过景观斑块质量评价进行源地识别,选取质量最高的斑块作为生态源地;基于景观自身因子和邻近景观干扰因子,构建了阻力面,利用最小累积阻力模型提取生态廊道;根据水文分析模型在最小累积耗费距离表面上提取最大累积阻力"山脊线",与生态廊道结合,得到生态节点。构建的胜利煤田景观生态安全格局包括10片生态源地、24条生态廊道和29个生态节点。建议对生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点加强生态保护和恢复,提高区域生态稳定性。  相似文献   

10.
在城市尺度规划中如何定量评估规划方案对热环境与通风环境的影响是一个技术难题。基于遥感和GIS技术,建立了一套面向城市规划的热环境与通风环境评估指标和技术方法,其中热环境可采用遥感估算的地表热岛强度(SUHI)、热岛比例指数(UHPI)以及生态冷源等级进行评估;通风环境评估则包括背景风环境和地表通风潜力两方面,前者可通过气象观测统计或数值模拟得到,后者可根据下垫面动力粗糙度长度(RL)和天空开阔度(SVF)进行估算。基于城市形态学模型,RL可以由建筑密度和建筑高度进行估算,SVF可由高分辨率数字建筑高程模型进行估算。在此基础上进行通风潜力等级划分,并采用通风潜力指数(VPI)定量评估一个地区的总体通风状况。应用上述指标和方法,利用2015年济南6月12日Landsat 8卫星资料、2013年1∶2 000基础地理信息资料和2020年城市规划资料,对济南中心城区规划前后热环境与风环境进行了定量评估,并基于生态冷源、热岛强度、地表通风潜力和背景风初步开展了济南中心城通风廊道规划应用,同时给出了相关规划策略和建议。研究结果显示:(1)文章建立的热环境与风环境评估指标和技术方法可有效应用于城市规划前后变化评估中;(2)热岛强度、地表通风潜力的高低与城市分区功能定位和土地利用类型有直接关系,规划后(2020年)热岛比例指数(UHPI)从0.31增加到0.38(均为"较轻"等级),通风潜力指数(VPI)从0.89("好"等级)降至0.74("较好"等级);(3)初步构建的3条一级廊道和10条二级廊道规划方案,将有利于缓解济南中心城区热岛效应和增强城市空气流动性。  相似文献   

11.
A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.  相似文献   

12.
Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.  相似文献   

13.
An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.  相似文献   

14.
How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.  相似文献   

15.
Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.  相似文献   

16.
17.
Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture  相似文献   

18.
Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras  相似文献   

19.
The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.  相似文献   

20.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).  相似文献   

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