电极生物膜自养脱氮系统中的电化学作用

设计构建三维电极生物膜反应器,成功启动后稳定运行,在全自养条件下能较好地处理低碳氮比含氮废水.结果表明,在进水不含有机碳源,电流强度为30 mA,电流密度为0.012 mA·cm-2,运行周期24 h的实验条件下,反应器处理进水氨氮浓度为30 mg·L-1的废水时,氨氮转化率达到了90.3%,总氮去除率为70.0%;处理进水硝态氮浓度为30 mg·L-1的废水时,硝态氮去除率达到了82.7%.在考察电极生物膜反应器脱氮性能的同时,探讨系统中纯电化学作用的脱氮能力.结果显示电极生物膜处理氨氮废水的系统中,纯电化学脱氮作用为系统总脱氮能力的10%左右;而处理硝态氮废水的电极生物膜系统中,无电化学还原去除NO-3-N作用.     

垃圾渗滤液的Fenton氧化预处理研究

采用Fenton氧化法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,考察了渗滤液初始pH值、H2O2和FeSO4.7H2O投加量、H2O2/Fe2＋投加的物质的量比及氧化反应时间等对Fenton氧化处理效果的影响,获得Fenton氧化处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳工艺条件：初始pH=3.0,H2O2投加量为5.0 mL.L-1,FeSO4.7H2O投加量为3.48 g.L-1,H2O2/Fe2＋物质的量比为4-1,反应时间为1.5 h。最佳条件下处理后垃圾渗滤液COD为5 220 mg.L-1,COD去除率达57.8%。凝胶渗透色谱和三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,垃圾渗滤液中主要含有腐殖酸类大分子物质,经Fenton氧化后降解变成小分子化合物。     

气体扩散电极体系的电化学消毒

以自制活性炭/聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)气体扩散电极在无隔膜体系发生H2O2进行电化学消毒的系统研究,探讨了膜电极中PTFE质量分数WPTFE对氧气电还原特性的影响,研究了膜电极中载铂量WPt和造孔剂含量WNH4HCO3、外部操作条件pH值、氧气流速、溶液含盐量和电流密度对杀菌效率的影响.结果表明,WPTFE对H2O2的产率有明显的影响:产H2O2的峰电流先是随着WPTFE的增加而增大,然后减小.当WPTFE=50%时,峰电流最高.杀菌效果随着载铂量的提高而改善,WPt增加到4‰,杀菌效果和WPt=3‰时的杀菌效果基本相当.适量造孔剂的添加有效地改善了杀菌效果.杀菌效率随着pH值的下降迅速提高;该体系pH值适用范围较广:当原水细菌总数为106cfu.ml-1,pH=3—10,以载铂量WPt=3‰的气体扩散电极作为阴极进行电解,30 min后杀菌效率均能达到80%以上.在一定范围内增加氧气流速对H2O2的产生及杀菌效率的变化无太大影响.一方面,高的氧气流速增大了水的电阻,增加了杀菌能耗,提高了气体扩散电极体系杀菌的运行成本;另一方面,高的氧气流速在一定程度上缩短了处理时间,降低了设备投资.含盐量的增加使杀菌能耗减小,因此本电化学杀菌体系更加适合于高含盐量的水.杀菌效率随电流的升高而增加,但电流较大时,杀菌效率增加幅度较小.电流密度控制在6.6 mA.cm-2较为适宜.     

钛基Sn或Pb 氧化物涂层电极的制备与表征

采用热分解和电沉积方法分别制备了Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3,Ti/PbO2 和Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2 三种电极.电镜照片表明,与热分解制备的Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3 电极表面呈"泥裂状"不同,电沉积Ti/PbO2 电极表面呈典型金刚石型结构;Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2 电极的氧化物中间层使PbO2 结晶显著减小,而且增加了镀层PbO2 与钛基的结合力,在连续使用较长时间后电极表面出现"蜂窝状"腐蚀坑.EDAX和XRD 分析表明,虽然电极用于电化学氧化对氯苯酚后表层物相没有发生改变,但其组成元素的含量有所变化.与Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3 和Ti/PbO2 电极相比,Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2 电极具有更高的电化学氧化性能.     

基于丝网印刷电极的电化学传感器在农药残留检测中的应用综述

环境中农药残留具有较强的毒性,其长期残存会对环境生态系统和人类个体产生毒性效应,因而引起科研工作者的关注.目前,传统的色谱分析方法(如气相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法等)是农药残留检测的主要手段,但是存在费时、样本处理复杂、仪器设备昂贵等局限性,因此,迫切需求建立简单、快速、灵敏的农残检测方法.生物传感技术具有诸多优势,特别是其可以简化样本处理/制备过程,实现场地检测,降低检测成本,有望将来取代传统的分析方法.本文主要综述了丝网印刷电极电化学传感器在农残检测中的研究进展.首先,简单介绍了丝网印刷电极及其制备,然后重点介绍了丝网印刷电极电化学传感器在有机磷类、氨基甲酸酯类、除草剂类等三类农药中的应用进展,并分别阐述了以酶、核酸、蛋白、抗体等为分子识别元件的生物传感检测原理,最后对丝网印刷电极的发展进行了展望.     

三维电极氧化法在城市污泥稳定化中的实验研究

以Ti/RuO2网状电极为工作电极,研究三维电极氧化法在城市污泥处理中的效果,探讨了外加电压、电解时间、污泥浓度、活性炭填充层高度等因素的影响.结果表明:极板间距为3cm,电压为20V,曝气量为3L·h-1,活性炭厚度为1.2cm,电解浓度为1.59%的混合污泥,挥发性悬浮物质(VSS)的去除率可达40%以上,VSS/TSS降至41%以下.加入Na2SO4调节浓度为2.06%的污泥,电导率为6ms·cm-1,VSS去除率可达42%左右.     

电化学氧化耦合铁感应电极激发过硫酸盐氧化处理焦化废水生化出水

采用电化学氧化(EC)耦合铁(IP)感应电极激发过硫酸盐(KPS)氧化处理焦化废水生化出水,在反应器阴、阳极之间等距离嵌入铁板构建电化学双电解反应体系.该体系中,铁板作为感应电极,充当阳极材料的同时兼具有阴极材料的作用,加快过硫酸盐的活化.在电化学氧化耦合铁感应电极激发过硫酸盐(EC/IP/KPS)试验中,分别将电解时间(0—50 min)、电流密度(0—60 mA·cm~(-2))和过硫酸钾(KPS)投加量(0—5 mmol·L~(-1))作为控制条件,探讨了在不同的影响条件下该电化学反应体系对水中COD、TOC及UV_(254)等有机物污染指标的降解程度.在此基础上,利用SEM、EDS、XRD和XPS等对EC/IP/KPS过程中产生的絮凝物进行了表征,进而推断EC/IP/KPS系统的反应机理.结果表明,在EC/IP/KPS系统中的耦合作用下,当电解时间为30 min、电流密度为30 mA·cm~(-2)、过硫酸钾浓度为2 mmol·L~(-1)时,COD去除率可达77.0%、TOC去除率为54.0%,UV_(254)值明显降低.此外,还对3种不同的实验过程进行了对比,发现EC/IP/KPS系统的处理效果要明显优于KPS和EC/IP处理体系.     

不同剂量Er元素掺杂PbO2电极的制备表征及其降解磺胺类抗生素

本研究利用电沉积法制备PbO2电极,在制备表面活性层时加入不同剂量的稀土元素Er进行改性,得到0％Er-PbO2、0.5％Er-PbO2、 1.0％Er-PbO2、 2.0％Er-PbO2、 4.0％Er-PbO2等5种电极,运用SEM、EDS、XRD、LSV等手段对制备得到的电极进行表征分析.选择磺胺甲基嘧啶为目标污...     

电化学氧化降解水中三唑酮效能与反应路径

三唑酮(TDF)等有机农药在生产和使用中存在环境风险,其难以被常规水处理工艺有效去除。电化学氧化技术应用于水中有机农药去除极具潜力,有机农药降解效率与电化学阳极材料性能有关。以Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂、Pt、Ti₄O₇电极为电化学阳极,开展电化学氧化技术降解和矿化水中TDF研究,比较和评估了不同类型阳极电化学降解TDF和溶液中TOC的效率;考察了电流密度、TDF初始浓度、溶液初始pH等反应参数对TDF电化学降解效率的影响;探究了TDF电化学降解路径及其降解产物毒性对溶液毒性的影响。结果表明：与Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂和Pt平板阳极相比,Ti/Ti₄O₇平板阳极对水中TDF和溶液总有机碳(TOC)去除效果较好;Ti₄O₇平板和膜阳极均对水中TDF的降解和矿化具有较高活性,TDF电化学降解效率和溶液TOC去除率可达94.5%-95.7%和72.5%-75.5%,达到相同TO...     

Forward osmosis coupled with lime-soda ash softening for volume minimization of reverse osmosis concentrate and CaCO3 recovery: A case study on the coal chemical industry

• Forward osmosis (FO) coupled with chemical softening for CCI ROC minimization • Effective removal of scale precursor ions by lime-soda ash softening • Enhanced water recovery from 54% to 86% by mitigation of FO membrane scaling • High-purity CaCO₃ was recovered from the softening sludge • Membrane cleaning efficiency of 88.5% was obtained by EDTA for softened ROC Reverse osmosis (RO) is frequently used for water reclamation from treated wastewater or desalination plants. The RO concentrate (ROC) produced from the coal chemical industry (CCI) generally contains refractory organic pollutants and extremely high-concentration inorganic salts with a dissolved solids content of more than 20 g/L contributed by inorganic ions, such as Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻. To address this issue, in this study, we focused on coupling forward osmosis (FO) with chemical softening (FO-CS) for the volume minimization of CCI ROC and the recovery of valuable resources in the form of CaCO₃. In the case of the real raw CCI ROC, softening treatment by lime-soda ash was shown to effectively remove Ca²⁺/Ba²⁺ (>98.5%) and Mg²⁺/Sr²⁺/Si (>80%), as well as significantly mitigate membrane scaling during FO. The softened ROC and raw ROC corresponded to a maximum water recovery of 86% and 54%, respectively. During cyclic FO tests (4 × 10 h), a 27% decline in the water flux was observed for raw ROC, whereas only 4% was observed for softened ROC. The cleaning efficiency using EDTA was also found to be considerably higher for softened ROC (88.5%) than that for raw ROC (49.0%). In addition, CaCO₃ (92.2% purity) was recovered from the softening sludge with an average yield of 5.6 kg/m³ treated ROC. This study provides a proof-of-concept demonstration of the FO-CS coupling process for ROC volume minimization and valuable resources recovery, which makes the treatment of CCI ROC more efficient and more economical.     

Electrochemical oxidation of humic acid at the antimony- and nickel-doped tin oxide electrode

This work investigated the degradation of humic acid （HA） in aqueous solution by electrochemical oxidation with Antimony- and Nickel-doped Tin oxide electrode （Ni-Sb-SnO2/Ti electrode） as the anode. Initial concentrations of HA ranged from 3 to 9 mg-L 1. Under such a concentration scope, the degradation of HA was a mass transfer controlled process. Degradation rate increased with the increase of HA initial concentration. Test on the effect of tert-butanol revealed that · OH played an important role in the oxidation of HA. The absence of cation Ca2＋ was beneficial to HA degradation, which suggested that both indirect and direct electrolyze happened during the whole electrochemical oxidation process. Alkaly （pH = 12） and neutral （pH = 7） conditions were benefical to HA degradation.     

Fertilizer drawn forward osmosis as an alternative to 2nd pass seawater reverse osmosis: Estimation of boron removal and energy consumption

• The boron concentration in diluted DS can satisfy the irrigation water standard. • The boron concentration in diluted DS equaled that in two-pass RO permeate. • FDFO process SEC was slightly lower than the 2nd pass RO SEC. • FDFO has potential as an alternative to 2nd pass RO for irrigation water production. Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater. Desalinated seawater is an important alternative water source for sustainable irrigation. However, some issues of the current desalination technology hinder its use for agriculture irrigation, including low boron removal and high energy consumption. This study systematically explored the feasibility of employing fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) as an alternative to 2nd pass reverse osmosis (RO) by considering the boron removal performance and specific energy consumption (SEC). Different operating conditions were investigated, such as the boron and NaCl concentrations in feed solution (FS), draw solution (DS) concentration, pH, the volume ratio of FS to DS, membrane orientation, flow rate, and operating temperature. The results indicated that a low boron concentration in FS and high pH DS (pH= 11.0) decreased the boron solute flux, and led to low final boron concentration in the DS. The other operating conditions had negligible influence on the final DS boron concentration. Also, a lower flow rate and higher specific water flux with certain permeate water volumes were conducive to reducing the SEC of the FDFO process. Overall, our study paves a new way of using FDFO in irrigation, which avoids the phytotoxicity and human health risk of boron. The results show the potential of FDFO as an alternative to 2nd pass RO for irrigation water production.