大型畜禽粪污厌氧发酵+沼气发电工艺设计

阐述了畜禽粪污污染现状及畜禽粪污资源化的必要性,简介了国内外沼气厌氧发酵技术,分析了厌氧发酵技术的适用范围,提出一套适合我国农业基本国情的沼气厌氧发酵+沼气发电的工艺路线,可实现畜禽养殖废物的最大化资源化利用并消除其对环境的污染。     

提高畜禽粪便沼气发酵产气量的研究进展

随着畜禽养殖规模的不断扩大,合理处理畜禽粪便是目前刻不容缓的问题。目前,沼气发酵是解决畜禽养殖场粪污处理和资源化利用的主要方式之一,且通过提高畜禽粪便沼气发酵产气量可以实现将粪便变废为宝的目的和达到资源利用最大化效果。综述了畜禽粪便沼气发酵产气的内在影响因素和外在影响因素对产气量的影响,为提高畜禽粪便的利用率和沼气发酵产气量提供参考依据。     

养殖场沼气工程应用模式

介绍了厌氧发酵制沼气的技术、沼气的应用,及我国农村沼气发展模式,分析了养殖场沼气工程的应用模式以及沼气利用的市场前景。     

畜禽粪便沼气发电模式的发展对策研究

我国畜禽粪便沼气发电模式刚刚起步。从近年的发展情况来看,已有大型企业投资建立畜禽粪便沼气发电厂,与畜禽粪便肥料化、饲料化相比,这种方式有其独特的发展特点。以德青源公司蛋鸡粪沼气发电模式为例,对其经济效益和发展特点进行分析和总结。在此基础上,利用SWOT分析方法对该种畜禽粪便处理模式所具有的优势、劣势、机会和威胁进行总结和归纳,为发展该种模式提供战略与对策上的支持。     

微量元素对厌氧发酵过程影响研究进展

近年来,厌氧发酵技术在固体废弃物资源化利用中得到了广泛的应用和发展。厌氧发酵过程的稳定性受到很多因素的影响,如水力停留时间、温度,pH,碳氮比等,微量元素也是其中之一。微量元素能有效地维持发酵系统的稳定,促进沼气产生。将针对各种微量元素在厌氧发酵过程中的作用,对厌氧发酵过程的影响以及对微量元素在厌氧发酵工程的应用进行展望等方面进行回顾。     

大棚式沼气工程在畜禽粪便污染治理中的应用

畜禽养殖污染已成为农村环境污染的主因,介绍了大棚式沼气工程在治理农村畜禽养殖污染上的应用,该技术可解决冬季沼气工程不产气问题,保障沼气工程正常运行,环境效益、社会效益显著。该技术为畜禽粪便污染治理提供了经验借鉴。     

垃圾场渗出污水厌氧处理的可行性研究

采用血清瓶静态试验法研究了垃圾渗出污水的厌氧处理的可行性。试验表明:垃圾渗出污水对厌氧发酵微生物无抑制作用,有良好的厌氧降解性,产气率为0.321/g·COD,污水中的大部份有机物都能被厌氧消化,COD_cr去除率为78.2%,发酵过程中还能获得能源——沼气。具有良好的应用前景。     

德国灵活性沼气生产技术及其对中国生物质能利用的启示

灵活性沼气生产技术是德国近年来提出的用以实现有机废弃物综合利用和按需供能的新方法。综述了灵活性沼气生产提出的背景,以及具体的实现技术,并对灵活产沼气涉及的核心环节——厌氧发酵反应的过程控制技术进行了总结。基于此,提出了灵活性沼气生产技术未来的主要研究方向,以及对中国生物质能利用方面的启示,以期为我国能源利用效率的提升和生物质能的普及提供借鉴。     

农村畜禽养殖污染的综合防治

畜禽养殖污染已成为农村环境污染的突出问题。本文通过调查分析广安市辖区内畜禽养殖业的发展和污染现状,在实地研究广安市两个畜禽养殖示范工程的基础上,借鉴现有的畜禽养殖污染防治技术成果,提出了一套以"养殖—沼气—农灌"和"养殖—堆肥—沼气—农灌"两种模式为技术基础,结合政策和法律措施,系统防治畜禽养殖污染的方案,有助于指导农村畜禽养殖的科学、绿色发展。     

秸秆水解酸化＋厌氧发酵生物气化集中供气工程研究

采用水解酸化＋厌氧发酵生物气化技术处理农作物废弃物秸秆,在建德市航头镇航川村建设了工程示范点,处理废弃物的同时实现了为15户农户集中供气。通过运行表明,该工艺可年处理秸秆1 260 m3,年产沼气7 300 m3,所产三沼均得到有效利用,实现了零污染、零排放。通过工程实例证明该工艺能有效处理秸秆废弃物,且易于操作和管理,并具有一定的经济效益。     

规模化养猪场沼气工程发展的金融政策研究

沼气工程是养猪场废弃物污染治理的主要途径,可在一定程度上缓解农村的环境压力和能源问题。金融政策对具有正外部性的沼气项目具有激励作用,并可通过市场手段提高其综合效率。文章通过对影响养猪场的融资因素进行分析并对国内外金融政策进行比较,提出了促进规模化养猪场沼气工程发展的建议。     

Restoration of a Canadian Prairie Wetland with Agricultural and Municipal Wastewater

3 /day (800,000 US gallons) of municipal wastewater and beef processing wastewater. A large nongovernmental organization hastened restoration with a development process that outlined restoration goals and management objectives to satisfy a dual mandate of wastewater treatment and wildlife habitat creation. In 1995, after five years of wastewater additions, the basins had been refilled and the surrounding uplands had been acquired and restored. The Frank Lake Conservation Area currently provides high-quality habitat for a variety of wildlife in a region where many of the native plants and animals species have been lost due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The success of upland and water management strategies is reflected in the increase of target species' abundance and richness: 50 shorebird species, 44 waterfowl species, 15 raptor species, and 28 other new bird species have returned to the marsh since restoration. As well, significant N and P reduction occurs as waters flow through the first basin of the marsh. The management strategies of this project that satisfied a dual mandate serve as a model to guide managers of other large-scale wetland restoration projects.     

垃圾填埋气回收利用在我国的实践

文章结合我国生活垃圾的主要特点,分析了国内垃圾填埋气体产生的特点,对填埋气体利用的参数选择提出建议;回顾了我国垃圾填埋气利用项目和政策的发展历程,分析了国内垃圾填埋气体回收利用的实践和动态;结合清洁发展机制(CDM)的实施,分析了我国开展填埋气CDM项目存在的问题和障碍,并提出了相应建议。     

An approach for measuring methane emissions from whole farms

Estimates of enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants are typically measured by confining animals in large chambers, using head hoods or masks, or by a ratiometric technique involving sampling respired air of the animal. These techniques are not appropriate to evaluate large-scale farm emissions and the variability between farms that may be partly attributed to different farm management. This study describes the application of an inverse-dispersion technique to calculate farm emissions in a controlled tracer-release experiment. Our study was conducted at a commercial dairy farm in southern Alberta, Canada (total of 321 cattle, including 152 lactating dairy cows). Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and CH4 were released from 10 outlet locations (barn and open pens) using mass-flow controllers. A Lagrangian stochastic (LS) dispersion model was then used to infer farm emissions from downwind gas concentrations. Concentrations of SF6 and CH4 were measured by gas chromatography analysis and open path lasers, respectively. Wind statistics were measured with a three-dimensional sonic anemometer. Comparing the inferred emissions with the known release rate showed we recovered 86% of the released CH4 and 100% of the released SF6. The location of the concentration observations downwind of the farm was critically important to the success of this technique.     

National policies for biosphere greenhouse gas management: issues and opportunities

Biosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) management consists of preserving and enhancing terrestrial carbon pools and producing biomass as a fossil fuel substitute. The discussion of this topic has focused primarily on carbon-accounting and project-level issues, particularly relating to carbon sequestration as a source of emissions credits under the Kyoto Protocol. While international consensus on these matters is needed, this paper argues that an important domestic policy agenda also deserves attention. National policies for biosphere GHG management are necessary to bring about large-scale changes in land-use, forestry, and agricultural practices and can address some of the technical and policy issues that have proven to be particularly problematic from carbon-accounting and project-level perspectives. These policies should minimize land-use and resource-management conflicts, account for collateral benefits, and ensure institutional compatibility with existing resource-management regimes. Issues relating to project permanence, leakage, and transaction costs should also be addressed. A range of policy instruments should be used and biosphere GHG management should be one component of an integrated approach to environmental and resource management. Countries promoting biosphere GHG management as an important element of their climate change strategies should be developing these domestic policies to complement international negotiations and to demonstrate that carbon sequestration and biomass production can make an effective contribution to the stabilization of atmospheric GHG concentrations.     

Comparison of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants from disturbed and adjacent undisturbed regions of a coastal salt marsh in Clinton,Connecticut, USA

Roots of salt marsh plant speciesSpartina alterniflora, S. patens, Distichlis spicata, and others were examined for the presence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Samples were taken from introduced planted material in a salt marsh restoration project and from native material in adjacent marsh areas along the Indian River, Clinton, Connecticut, USA. After ten years the replanted area still has sites devoid of vegetation. The salt marsh plants introduced there were devoid of VAM fungi, while high marsh species from the adjacent undisturbed region showed consistent infection, leading the authors to suggest that VAM fungal infection of planting stocks may be a factor in the success of marsh restoration.     

实施清洁生产 打造绿色工程

西气东输管道工程是连接我国东、西部地区经济发展的能源纽带,是推动我国社会经济持续发展的重要基础设施项目。石油管道局在施工中,针对农田、水利设施、河流流域、山区丘陵等自然地貌以及林场、戈壁滩、自然保护区与文物保护等的需要,严格按照科学化、程序化和规范化的管理标准,实施了环保施工,把西气东输工程建成一项“绿色工程”,取得了显著成效。     

The acceptability of wind farms: the impact of public participation

The planning process for wind farm projects appears to be a complicated matter in many cases. Despite the positive attitude towards wind power in general, local wind farm projects often face strong opposition. The aim of this study is to shed more light on residents’ perceptions of participation in the planning process of wind farms. This study is based on interview data (N?=?22) and survey data (N?=?291) collected from residents living near two Finnish large-scale onshore wind farms built about 1.5 years before the data were collected. The results indicate that residents’ participation in the planning process was rather passive and the vast majority of the respondents perceived that they did not have an opportunity to participate. Quite interestingly, perceived participation in the planning process resulted in a decrease in acceptability in terms of perceived well-being. Furthermore, the results indicate that the need for participation does not expire after the planning process for a wind farm has concluded. Thus, project developers should be prepared to continue communication with residents after the planning phase.     

Public acceptance of large-scale wind energy generation for export from Ireland to the UK: evidence from Ireland

Although international trade in energy may offer a flexible and cost effective means by which European countries could meet their renewable energy targets, developers in the exporting nation can face local opposition for reasons which are not always clear. Using focus groups and a public survey, we contrast perspectives between local stakeholders and wind farm operators and investigate the community impacts associated with large-scale wind energy for domestic use and export from Ireland to the UK. Although the export of renewable energy from Ireland to the UK is currently on hold, our findings suggest that significant investment is required by the state and wind farm operators in better information provision, trust building, effective instruments to internalise wind farm externalities and co-management arrangements before Ireland can fully capture the benefits of wind exports to the UK.