镧及其配合物对鱼体肝脏中酶活性的影响

以鲫鱼（Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓ ａｕｒａｔｕｓ）为实验对象,研究了镧（Ｌａ）及其配合物（Ｌａ－ＥＤＴＡ）对鱼体肝脏中过氧化氢酶和超氧歧化酶的早期作用过程。结果表明：在实验浓度下Ｌａ＾３＋与Ｌａ－ＥＤＴＡ对鱼肝中过氧化氢酶有激活作用,但最终表现为强烈抑制：而对超氧歧化酶最初显著抑制,最后表现为激活作用。     

低浓度铅暴露对鲫鱼肝脏抗氧化系统的影响

研究了鲫鱼幼体 (Carassiusauratus)在低浓度铅的长期 ( 4 0d)暴露实验中 ,鲫鱼抗氧化系统所产生的生理生化反应 .结果表明 ,在本实验的剂量范围内 ,铅对鲫鱼肝脏内过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)的活性 (在暴露浓度达到 0 2mg·l- 1时 )表现为诱导作用 ;而铅对谷胱甘肽硫转移酶 (GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)的活性在低浓度时 ( 0 0 1mg·l- 1)被抑制 ,其中暴露浓度在 0 2mg·l- 1时GSH Px被进一步抑制 .在实验范围内 ,GSH含量无明显变化 .另外 ,对于低浓度铅的长期暴露 ,鲫鱼肝脏中的GST和GSH Px较CAT和SOD敏感 ,可考虑作为水生生态系统中铅低浓度长期暴露的一种生物检测指标 .     

长期饲喂钬对鲤鱼非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

以鲤鱼为研究对象,进行为期60 d的饲喂试验,研究了硝酸钬对其非特异性免疫的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,在实验剂量范围内,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)在肝脏中呈先升高后降低的趋势,SOD、GSH-Px酶活性在20 mg·kg~(-1)时,升高显著(P0.05),三者在65 mg·kg~(-1)时都被显著抑制(P0.05);在肾中都被诱导,在65 mg·kg~(-1)升高显著(P0.05)。肝肾中丙二醛(MDA)含量都变化不显著(P0.05)。抗超氧阴离子自由基、抑制羟自由基能力和单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性都降低,且在65 mg·kg~(-1)时降低显著(P0.05或P0.01)。因此,在饲料中添加稀土元素钬20、42、65 mg·kg~(-1),能够影响非特异性免疫力,且鲤鱼肝组织比肾脏反应更敏感。     

低浓度阿维菌素对鲤鱼超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的影响(Effect of Low Concentration of Avermectins on Superoxide Dismutase （SOD）Activities in Common Carp)

研究了阿维菌素长期暴露下鲤鱼肝脏和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的动态变化.结果表明:阿维菌素对SOD活性具有较大影响.低浓度组(3.2μg·L-1)SOD活性随暴露时间无显著变化(p>0.05);中浓度组(5.6μg·L-1和7.5μg·L-1)SOD活性先显著上升(p<0.05),随后又显著下降(p<0.05);高浓度组(10μg·L-1和18μg·L-1)SOD活性呈逐渐下降趋势,48h后极显著低于对照(p<0.01).解除污染胁迫10d,低浓度和中浓度组SOD活性能恢复到正常水平,但高浓度组SOD活性不能恢复到正常水平,说明低浓度阿维菌素对鲤鱼机体产生的损伤是可逆性的,而高浓度阿维菌素会对鲤鱼机体产生不可逆损伤.阿维菌素暴露浓度与其对鲤鱼肝脏和肌肉SOD活性抑制率之间具有显著剂量-效应关系,可以考虑将其作为水体中阿维菌素类药物污染的生物标志物;同时,由于正常鲤鱼(对照组)肌肉中SOD活性和受污染胁迫时SOD活性变化的显著性远低于肝脏,因此在考虑用SOD作为生物标志物对水体中阿维菌素污染进行监测时,肝脏是比较理想的取样器官.     

双酚A对鲤鱼急性和亚急性毒性的研究

以8月龄至1年龄的鲤鱼为实验对象,研究双酚A(BPA)对鲤鱼(CommonCarp)的急性毒性和双酚A在1/2LD50,1/3LD50,1/4LD50,1/6LD50亚急性浓度下,对鲤鱼肝、肾、鳃中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影响.结果表明:双酚A24h,48h,96h的LC50值分别为4.46mg·l-1,4.30mg·l-1,4.25mg·l-1;亚急性毒性指标CAT和SOD对双酚A比较敏感,可作为双酚A污染环境的生物标志物.     

Cu在扇贝组织中的蓄积及其对酶活性的影响

采用暴露实验方法，研究了不同浓度的Cu（Cu^2＋）对栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）鳃、肌肉、内脏团组织中Cu蓄积量及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响．结果表明：随水体中Cu浓度的升高，扇贝各组织中Cu蓄积量明显上升，Cu蓄积量顺序为：内脏〉鳃〉肌肉．Cu浓度对栉孔扇贝各组织中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均有明显影响，各组织中酶活性均随Cu浓度升高表现为抑制-诱导-抑制的规律．这表明，栉孔扇贝各组织中CAT酶对水体中Cu污染反映敏感，存在计量-效应关系，对海洋Cu早期污染具有指示作用．图2表1参19     

铅锌矿冶区土壤酶活性特征研究

分析测试了铅锌矿冶区Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd复合污染条件下的土壤酶活性，分析了土壤重金属污染状况与土壤酶活性的相关关系。结果表明，随着采样点偏离废气排放口主导风向程度增大，Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd综合污染指数PI逐渐降低，土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性逐渐增高且差异显著，变化程度中大到小的顺序为蛋白酶→脲酶→过氧化氢酶。剖面分布上，综合污染指数PI〉5的样地，基本呈现随土壤深度增加而土壤酶活性降低的趋势。蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性间呈极显著正相关，3种土壤酶活性与全磷呈极显著正相关，与有机质相关性较低。蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶等土壤酶活性分布特征对矿冶区污染程度和土壤生态系统特性具有一定的指示作用。     

2-巯基噻唑啉与过氧化氢酶的相互作用机理研究

2-巯基噻唑啉是一种被广泛应用的抗腐蚀剂和光亮剂,然而它的一些残留物会对环境造成损坏,为探究2-巯基噻唑啉的毒性作用,采用光谱学技术和分子对接技术来考察2-巯基噻唑啉和过氧化氢酶的相互作用影响,其中酶活性实验表明2-巯基噻唑啉会抑制过氧化氢酶的活性,分子对接结果显示2-巯基噻唑啉会结合在过氧化氢酶的活性位点处,并最终导致过氧化氢酶空间结构和微环境的变化,根据荧光测试结果,表明2-巯基噻唑啉和过氧化氢酶之间的猝灭方式为静态猝灭。通过测量不同温度下的结合位点数、结合常数以及热力学常数,显示2-巯基噻唑啉与过氧化氢酶主要通过氢键和范德华力相结合。该研究从分子水平上考察了2-巯基噻唑啉对蛋白质的毒性作用,对于阐明污染物的毒性机理具有重要意义。     

荞麦叶内抗氧化系统对铝胁迫的响应

以荞麦(FagopyrumesculentumMoench)为实验材料,采用沙培法,研究了荞麦对不同铝质量浓度胁迫下体内保护酶的响应和变化规律。结果表明,铝胁迫下荞麦体内铝质量浓度的升高促进了过氧化物酶的活性,抑制了过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性,增加了蛋白质、丙二醛、抗坏血酸和游离脯氨酸的含量;多酚氧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶在适当的铝质量浓度处理下活性都有提高。在高铝处理下,叶片中积累的铝明显较根和茎多。在铝的胁迫下,荞麦体内非酶系也发挥了重要的作用。     

苯噻草胺对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性及呼吸作用的影响

通过模拟实验研究了水稻除草剂苯噻胺对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性及对土壤呼唤作用强度的影响，并研究了其在不同条件下水解和光解的效果，结果表明，苯噻草胺的浓度对土壤中过氧化氢酶的活性有明显影响，浓度愈大，对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性的抑制愈大，苯噻草胺在实验条件下没有明显的水解和光解，苯噻草胺对土壤呼吸有明显的抑制作用，浓度愈高，土壤呼吸强度在初期抑制愈大，17d后各处理土样的呼吸强度基本恢复正常，试验结果还表明，苯噻草胺属于低毒或无明显实际危害的农药，对土壤微生物影响较小。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture