Characterization of dissolved organic carbon at low levels in environmental waters by microfluidic-chip-based capillary gel electrophoresis with a laser-induced fluorescence detector

A microfluidic analytical system for characterization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in environmental waters, based on a capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) device with a laser-induced fluorescence (LEF) detector, was developed. The applied voltage and the running buffer were investigated to control the simple floating injection and CGE separation for convenient cross-type microchips made from polymethylmethacylate. We obtained reproducible peaks for standard organic solutions and the determination time is less than 70 s. The values of the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 0.17–2.01% for repetitive injection (n?=?12). We demonstrated high-throughput characterization of DOC in environmental water from the Biwa Lake and the Hino River using microfluidic chip and determined that the content of DOC in the Biwa Lake changed with the seasons.     

Determination of PAHs by On-Line Polarization Synchronous Fluorescence with HPLC

A novel analytical method has been established for on-line simultaneous determination of fluorene and acenaphthene,chrysene and benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A) by polarization synchronous fluoromet.y (PSF) coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The detection limits were: 0.039, 0.046, 0.016 and 0.042 mgL-1 for fluorene, acenaphthene, chrysene and B[a]A, respectively. The proposed method has been successfisily applied to simultaneous determination of these PAHs in environmental air and marine sediment samples.     

Removing arsenic from groundwater in Cambodia using high performance iron adsorbent

In Cambodia, groundwater has been contaminated with arsenic, and purification of the water is an urgent issue. From 2010 to 2012, an international collaborative project between Japan and Cambodia for developing arsenic-removing technology from well water was conducted and supported by the foundation of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan. Quality of well water was surveyed in Kandal, Prey Veng, and Kampong Cham Provinces, and a monitoring trial of the arsenic removal equipment using our patented amorphous iron (hydr)oxide adsorbent was performed. Of the 37 wells surveyed, arsenic concentration of 24 exceeded the Cambodian guideline value (50 μg L^?1), and those of 27 exceeded the WHO guideline for drinking water (10 μg L^?1). Levels of arsenic were extremely high in some wells (>1,000–6,000 μg L^?1), suggesting that arsenic pollution of groundwater is serious in these areas. Based on the survey results, 16 arsenic removal equipments were installed in six schools, three temples, two health centers, four private houses, and one commune office. Over 10 months of monitoring, the average arsenic concentrations of the treated water were between 0 and 10 μg L^?1 at four locations, 10–50 μg L^?1 at eight locations, and >50 μg L^?1 at four locations. The arsenic removal rate ranged in 83.1–99.7 %, with an average of 93.8 %, indicating that the arsenic removal equipment greatly lower the risk of arsenic exposure to the residents. Results of the field trial showed that As concentration of the treated water could be reduced to <10 µg L^?1 by managing the As removal equipment properly, suggesting that the amorphous iron (hydr)oxide adsorbent has high adsorbing capacity for As not only in the laboratory environment but also in the field condition. This is one of the succeeding As removal techniques that could reduce As concentration of water below the WHO guideline value for As in situ.     

Sensitive monitoring of iodine species in sea water using capillary electrophoresis: vertical profiles of dissolved iodine in the Pacific Ocean

Using a novel high-sensitivity capillary electrophoretic method, vertical distributions of iodate, iodide, total inorganic iodine, dissolved organic iodine and total iodine in the North Pacific Ocean (0-5500 m) were determined without any sample pre-treatment other than UV irradiation before total iodine analysis. An extensive set of data demonstrated that the iodine behaviour in the ocean water collected during a cruise in the North Pacific Ocean in February-March 2003 was not conservative but correlated with variations in concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nutrient elements such as silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus. This suggests that the vertical distribution of iodine is associated with biological activities. The dissolved organic iodine was found in the euphotic zone in accord with observations elsewhere in the oceans. The vertical profile of dissolved organic iodine also appears to be related to biogeochemical activity. The concentrations of all measured iodine species vary noticeably above 1000 m but only minor latitudinal changes occur below 1000 m and slight vertical alterations can be observed below 2400 m. These findings are thought to reflect the stratification of nutrients and iodine species with different biological activities in the water column.     

Determination of bismuth in environmental samples by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using combined chemical modifiers

Persistence behavior of insecticides chlorpyriphos, profenofos, triazophos, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin following the use of three combination formulations Action 505 (chlorpyriphos?+?cypermethrin), Roket 44EC (profenofos?+?cypermethrin), and Anaconda Plus (triazophos?+?deltamethrin) was studied in cabbage following the spray application at the recommended and double doses. Bio-efficacy of these formulations was also evaluated against mustard aphids (Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.). The residues of different insecticides persisted for 5–8 days at low dose and 8–12 days at high dose. The residues dissipated with time and 87–100 % dissipation was recorded on the 8th day. The half-life values varied from 0.4 to 1.6 days. Based on the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values, a safe waiting period of 1 day has been suggested for the formulations Action 505 and Roket 44EC and 3 days for Anaconda Plus at the recommended dose of application. Action (1.6 L/ha) treatment was found to be the best as it significantly reduced the diamondback moth (DBM) (~60 %) and aphid population (~70 %) besides giving the highest yield (170 % increase over control).     

高效液相色谱三元梯度分离法测定大气中11种醛酮类化合物分析方法的研究

研究建立了高效液相色谱三元梯度分离法测定11种醛酮类化合物的最佳色谱分离条件,醛酮类化合物的最小检测量从0.45到2.04ng,各化合物保留时间的相对标准偏差RSD≤0.38%,在所测定的含量范围内具有很好的线性关系,每种化合物的相关系数均大于0.999;并研究了涂敷2,4-二硝基苯肼硅胶吸附采样夹的制作方法,且应用于大气环境中醛酮类化合物的分析,方法简单、快速,11种醛酮类化合物的平均解吸效率在98.3%～105%之间,结果令人满意.     

Distribution and sources of PAHs using three pine species along the Ebro River

Needles of three pine species (Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea and Pinus nigra) were analysed to assess the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 34 sites located throughout the Ebro River, in Northeast Spain. Overall, the concentration varied between 55 and 808 ng g^− 1 (dry weight). The three- and four-ring PAHs were the most representative, with phenanthrene having 43% of the total PAH load and naphthalene showing a high incidence in rural areas. Despite matrix apparent similarities, P. halepensis needles revealed higher entrapment levels than P. nigra and P. pinea, the latter showing the lowest levels. The assessment of possible sources using PAH ratios (phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene) did not reveal a clear tendency regarding the distinction of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources in general, reflecting heterogeneous sources of PAHs in the Ebro area.     

加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中16种多环芳烃

研究了土壤中的16种多环芳烃的提取和测定方法.结果表明,用加速溶剂提取仪在100℃,二氯甲烷和丙酮(1:1)提取5min,再经硅胶柱净化,正己烷和二氯甲烷(3:2)洗脱,25℃氮吹浓缩后用高效液相色谱测定可以得到很好的效果,方法回收率在58%～106%之间,检测限为1.4×10-4～3.6×10-2mg/kg,且重现性好.     

工业废水中烟酸、烟酰胺和3-氰基吡啶的HPLC检测

探讨了采用HPLC法检测某烟酰胺生产废水中所含的烟酸、烟酰胺和3-氰基吡啶的方法。结果显示,该方法的检测范围(S/N=3)为0.70~1.18 mg/L,方法的回收率为87%~102%,相对标准偏差为0.9%~3.9%,是一种快速、敏感和可靠的测定方法。     

超声辅助离子液体-分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中苯胺类化合物

本研究建立了超声辅助离子液体-分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定环境水样中苯胺(AN)、对氟苯胺(4-FA)、对硝基苯胺(4-NA)、对氯苯胺(4-CA)四种苯胺化合物的方法。以最常用的烷基咪唑六氟磷酸盐类离子液体为萃取剂,通过超声加速萃取剂的分散程度,提高了萃取效率。该方法的检测限达到0.1~73 ng/ml,对黄河水和自来水中的加标回收率均在90.5%~113%之间,回收效果良好。与传统的液液萃取相比,该萃取方法具有绿色、快速、富集效果好、有机溶剂消耗小的优点,可以满足环境水体中苯胺类化合物的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃的条件优化

研究了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)、固相萃取柱净化(SPE)、高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)联合测定土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的分析方法,选择以正己烷/丙酮(1+1,V/V)作为ASE提取溶剂,提取液经SPE硅胶小柱净化,正己烷/二氯甲烷(1+1,V/V)进行洗脱,洗脱体积为10 m L,洗脱液经旋转蒸发浓缩至近干,过0.22μm有机滤膜,用乙腈定容至1 m L,最后用HPLC-紫外检测器对提取液中16种PAHs进行定量分析。土壤中16种PAHs的方法检出限为2.8~4.9μg/kg,加标回收率为81.9%~102%,相对标准偏差为2.5%~6.2%,完全满足土壤中PAHs分析的质量控制要求,该法稳定性好、准确度高、可操作性强,适合于土壤样品中16种PAHs的准确测定。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定空气中二硫化碳

利用毛细管柱对二硫化碳进行分离,火焰光度检测器(FPD)进行检测,建立了空气中二硫化碳的毛细管柱气相色谱测定法。该方法检出限为0.03 mg/m~3,空白样品加标回收率为91.3%~102.8%,精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.04%~3.91%,变异系数为1.00%~3.93%。实验结果表明,该方法准确可靠、灵敏度好、分析速度快、操作简便,适用于空气中二硫化碳的测定。     

混合溶剂解吸土壤中多环芳烃的研究

对比了水溶性有机溶剂乙醇、正丙醇、丙酮、已戊醇和水对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的解吸效果,结果综合实验效果、安全性和经济等因素,主要采用了乙醇和戊醇作为混合试剂的主要成分。对比了乙醇、戊醇和水不同配比的混合试剂对土壤的解吸效果,最终选用混合试剂(5%戊醇+20%水+75%乙醇)研究污染土壤中PAHs的解吸行为,分别进行了解吸动力实验、分阶段解吸实验和pH值影响实验。结果表明,土壤中PAHs的解吸是一个快速反应,5h基本达到解吸平衡,高环物质(4～6环PAHs)比低环物质(2～3环PAHs)的解吸速率慢。分步解吸率表明,随着环数的增加,第一步解吸率逐渐降低,第二、三步的解吸率则逐渐增大,第二、三步的解吸作用对高环PAHs更为明显。pH值对混合溶剂解吸土壤中PAHs有显著影响,pH值在5 5～7之间时,对土壤中PAHs的解吸影响最明显,碱性环境(pH>7)有利于土壤中PAHs的解吸,酸性环境则不利于解吸实验的进行。     

ASE-GC/MSMS多离子反应监测(MRM)测定土壤中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)

采用加速溶剂萃取-凝胶色谱净化-三重四极杆串联气相色谱质谱多离子反应监测技术建立了土壤中16种多环芳烃的分析方法.通过优化试验条件,方法线性关系良好,16种多环芳烃的最低检出浓度在0.055～0.585μg/kg之间.回收率在72.1%～101.4%之间,相对标准偏差在2.9%～9.5%之间.大量实际样品的测定结果表明,该方法定性定量准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,能够满足实际土壤分析工作的需要.     

重金属离子-二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠螯合体系的HPLC分析方法研究

采用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(NaDDC)为螯合剂,对Cu(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)六种重金属离子进行了螯合萃取分离体系的方法研究,用HPLC方法建立了上述金属离子的最佳分离条件及定性定量分析方法.结果表明,用C18反相柱(5μm,150×4.6mmi.d.)和流动相(V(乙腈):V(甲醇):V(水)=55:15:30)能有效分离上述重金属离子,最低检测限在0.1～1.6ng范围内,线性范围及线性关系满足定量分析要求.     

Quantitative determination of gibberellins by high performance liquid chromatography from various gibberellins producing Fusarium strains

High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for analysis of seven gibberellins, i.e., GA₃, GA₄, GA₇, GA₃ methyl ester, GA₇ methyl ester 3,13 diacetate, GA₇ methyl ester, and fusaric acid, using an isocratic system. Method was used for estimation of gibberellins from different Fusarium strains. Gibberellins were extracted from 28 strains of Fusarium, out of which six strains of Fusarium were isolated from soil of different parts of India and 22 strains were procured from the Indian Type Culture Collection, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Extracts were analyzed for qualitative and quantitative estimation of gibberellins by thin layer chromatography and HPLC, respectively. On the basis of quantitative analysis of produced gibberellins by HPLC, they were categorized as low, moderate, and high gibberellin producing strain. For the first time, Fusarium solani was also reported as high GA₃ producing strain.     

ASE萃取—HPLC法测定烟气中多环芳烃

通过试验建立了加速溶剂萃取—高效液相色谱法测定烟气中15种多环芳烃的方法,优化了实验条件。方法线性关系良好,15种多环芳烃的检出限在0.003~0.1 ng/m3之间,空白加标实验的相对标准偏差RSD在2.7%~8.9%之间,基质加标回收率在62.5%~107.5%之间。实际样品的测定结果表明,该方法分离效果好,能够满足烟气中多环芳烃分析的要求。     

微波萃取-高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定土壤中16种多环芳烃的研究

建立了微波萃取一高效液相色谱测定土壤中多环芳烃组分的方法,详尽地叙述了土样预处理过程。当土壤样品取样量为10g时,在荧光检测器上响应的组分检出限为1-10ng／kg,在二极管阵列检测器上响应的组分检出限为0．25-0．5μg/kg。加标回收率为84．3％-93．3％,回收率较高,相对标准偏差为2．8％-5．8％,精密度较好。方法简便、灵敏。     

加速溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱法测定小麦中多环芳烃

建立了小麦中8种多环芳烃的分析方法.样品通过加速溶剂萃取,经全自动在线凝胶渗透色谱-浓缩联用系统和硅胶柱净化,最后用GC-MS测定.实验中优化了加速溶剂萃取条件和凝胶渗透色谱净化条件.结果表明,在120℃用正己烷-丙酮(V∶V=1∶1)提取8min,萃取3次的提取效果最好,1000～1800s是凝胶渗透色谱净化的最佳收...     

Association of Streptomyces community composition determined by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis with indoor mold status

Both Streptomyces species and mold species have previously been isolated from moisture-damaged building materials; however, an association between these two groups of microorganisms in indoor environments is not clear. In this study, we used a culture-independent method, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), to investigate the composition of the Streptomyces community in house dust. Twenty-three dust samples each from two sets of homes categorized as high-mold and low-mold based on mold-specific quantitative PCR analysis were used in the study. Taxonomic identification of prominent bands was performed by cloning and sequencing. Associations between DGGE amplicon band intensities and home mold status were assessed using univariate analyses as well as multivariate recursive partitioning (decision trees) to test the predictive value of combinations of bands intensities. In the final classification tree, a combination of two bands was significantly associated with mold status of the home (p?=?0.001). The sequence corresponding to one of the bands in the final decision tree matched a group of Streptomyces species that included Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces sampsonii, both of which have been isolated from moisture-damaged buildings previously. The closest match for the majority of sequences corresponding to a second band consisted of a group of Streptomyces species that included Streptomyces hygroscopicus, an important producer of antibiotics and immunosuppressors. Taken together, the study showed that DGGE can be a useful tool for identifying bacterial species that may be more prevalent in mold-damaged buildings.