大鼠全身曝露N,N-二甲基甲酰胺蒸汽后血液中N-甲基氨基甲酸硫酯动态研究

报道了经恒定气相浓度Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基甲酰胺（ＤＭＦ）蒸汽曝露的雄性ＳＤ大鼠血液中以Ｓ－（Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酰）谷胱甘肽（ＳＭＧ）为代表的Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯的代谢生成及体内消长．实验所用封闭曝露系统内ＤＭＦ蒸汽恒定浓度分别为φ＝２４×１０－６（直至４８ｈ）；φ＝８４×１０－６及φ＝２１３×１０－６（均为７２ｈ）．经（φ＝２４×１０－６）×２４ｈ处理后，大鼠血清中Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯达到稳态浓度４７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，当ＤＭＦ稳态蒸汽浓度φ＝８４×１０－６时，体内血清Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯稳态浓度为２２７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，在环境蒸汽浓度φ＜８４×１０－６时，大鼠体内Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯稳态浓度与环境中ＤＭＦ蒸汽浓度呈线性关系．所产生的Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯类物质体内半衰期在２．２～２．８ｈ之间，体内半衰期值主要是由其生成速率决定的．高浓度ＤＭＦ（φ＝２１３×１０－６）的曝露并未导致体内产生可检出水平的Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯类物质，这可能是由于体内高浓度的ＤＭＦ对其本身代谢的抑制作用所致．     

一株高浓度苯胺降解菌的分离

通过驯化培养,从含苯胺的化工废水处理厂生化曝气池污泥中分离出一株高效苯胺降解菌 Ｈ６２ ,在苯胺浓度低于３ ０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的无机盐培养基中均可生长． Ｈ６２ 利用苯胺的最适温度为３０ ℃,最适ｐ Ｈ 为８ ．０ ,当苯胺浓度在６００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以下时,对该菌不表现出明显抑制作用．在含苯胺８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的无机盐溶液中,通气量为０ ．４ Ｌ／ｍｉｎ ,３０ ℃,培养１５ 小时可使苯胺去除率达１００ ％ ．经鉴定,该菌株为不动杆菌属（ Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐ ．） ．     

不同消毒剂对水中脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活的比较

将脊髓灰质炎病毒（ Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ） 及不同消毒剂投加到模拟水样中,按不同接触时间１ ,３ ,１０ ,３０ ｍｉｎ 取样,空斑定量． 当模拟水有机质含量 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 为２０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,病毒浓度ｎ（ Ｐ Ｆ Ｕ） ≈１ ×１０５ ｍ Ｌ－ １ 时,分别投加氯制剂有效氯ρ（ Ｃｌ）１６ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,接触３０ ｍｉｎ ;ρ（ Ｃｌ Ｏ２） ＝ ８ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,３０ ｍｉｎ ; Ｃｌ＋ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ 联合消毒剂（５ ．０ ＋ ５ ．０） ｍｇ／ Ｌ,３０ ｍｉｎ ;ρ（ Ｏ３） ＝ １ ．２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,１０ ｍｉｎ 时;可使病毒彻底灭活． 它们使 Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ 达到９９ ．９９ ％ 灭活的浓度时间乘积（ ρ×ｔ） 值分别是６６２ ．５ ,１２９ ．５ ,２００ ．０ 和３ ．２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ ｍｉｎ ． 消毒效果（ 顺序） 为 Ｏ３ ＞ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ ＞ Ｃｌ＋ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ ＞ Ｃｌ． 联合消毒灭活 Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ 的效果为 Ｃｌ 的３ ．３ 倍,表明将 Ｃｌ 与 Ｃｌ Ｏ２ 联合应用具有协同效应,优于传统的单一加氯消毒方式     

炼油废水中乳化态石油的生物处理可行性研究

对炼油废水中乳化态石油进行了生物除油研究．分离筛选了一组降解石油的微生物,并培养形成性能良好的活性污泥菌剂,在２ Ｌ的好氧反应器中用６ ～１０ ｈ 时间把废水中１４０ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的乳化态石油降解到３０ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 以下,同时去除６０ ％ 左右 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ;整个处理过程不产渣、不排泥,处理效果良好．本研究为生物除油代替絮凝浮选除油提供了实用方法和科学依据     

美达棉纤维挂载生物膜法处理石化废水中油

本文介绍了利用美达棉纤维持载生物摸法处理石化废水中油的试验结果。当废水在柱内停留时间为６．３ｈ，废水中油的处理效果是令人满意的。在同一含停留时间下入流水的ＣＯＤｃｒ从４２０ｍｇ／Ｌ变到１８３２ｍｇ／Ｌ时，出流水的ＣＯＤｃｒ在１６８．５ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。     

泥炭净化含油污水的技术和方法

泥炭比重小，重量轻，富含有机质，是一种吸附能力很强的吸油。本文通过大量试验论述了泥炭净化含油污水的实验条件和方法。结果表明，泥炭经热加工处理后，由原来的亲水性变成疏水性，在含油污水中实现吸油而不吸水；采用不同的净化方式效果不同，静态方式泥炭可吸附其自身重量的５－１０倍的油，动态吸油高达１０倍以上。藓类泥炭，草本泥炭及木本泥炭对油的吸附效果不同，分别可吸附油６Ｌ／ｋｇ－９．５Ｌ／ｋｇ，４Ｌ／ｋｇ－８     

Fe~(3 )、Mg~(2 )对跨界融合子Foaz中β-类胡萝卜素水平的影响

测定了由光合细菌 Ｐ９４７９ 株与酵母 Ｙ９４０７ 株经原生质融合构建的跨界融合子 Ｆｏａｚ 及其亲株在净化豆制品废水反应中０ 、０ ．１ 、５ ．０ 、１０ ．０ 、１００ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ Ｆｅ３ ＋ 质量浓度和０ 、１５０ 、３００ 、４００ 、８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ Ｍｇ２ ＋ 质量浓度下的β－类胡萝卜素色素含量及 Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５ 去除效率．结果表明, Ｆｅ３ ＋ 对融合子 Ｆｏａｚ 及光合细菌中β－ 类胡萝卜素的合成有明显的促进作用,当ρ（ Ｆｅ３ ＋ ） 为５ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 时,融合子 Ｆｏａｚ 及光合细菌中β－ 类胡萝卜素的质量分数ｗ 达到最高水平,分别为４ ．９ ｍｇ／ｇ 和２ ．４ ｍｇ／ｇ ．而 Ｍｇ２ ＋ 对融合子及其亲株中β－ 类胡萝卜素的合成有一定抑制作用     

生物滤池对气相与液相中污染物质的净化

通过实验室研究探讨了生物滤池同时处理废水和废气的可行性。试验结果表明：在２５℃－３７℃条件下,甲苯废气的流量为９０Ｌ／ｈ,甲苯浓度为５００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３;废水的流量为０．４Ｌ／ｈ,ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度为４００－７５０ｍｇ／Ｌ,甲苯与ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率分别是７０％－７２％和８６％－８９％。     

原生质体转化构建有机磷农药降解工程菌

降解有机磷农药甲胺磷、敌敌畏和对硫磷的菌株地衣芽孢杆菌 Ｐ１２（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经溶菌酶处理获得原生质体,加入降解乐果的供体菌 Ｇ１ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ,经ρ（ Ｐ Ｅ Ｇ６ ０００） ＝ ３００ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 诱导,在液体再生培养基中振荡培养ｔ＝ ２０ ｈ ,使其恢复细胞壁后,离心收集菌体,涂布于含乐果的基础培养基上,经筛选得一转化子 Ｊ Ｐ Ｚ．其菌落形态明显不同于出发菌株,乐果平板连续传代１０ 次,性状保持稳定．在θ＝ ３０ ℃,１００ ｒ／ｍｉｎ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对ρ（ 甲胺磷） ＝ ０ ．５ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 敌敌畏） ＝ ０ ．２ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 对硫磷） ＝ ０ ．１ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 乐果） ＝ ０ ．３ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 的降解率分别为 Ｒｄ ＝ ７９ ．１ ％ ,４６ ．７ ％ ,２９ ．４ ％ 和４６ ．４ ％ ．     

TCC&TCS对废水生物处理中原生动物的毒性研究

本文研究了ＴＣＣ（２，２，４’—Ｔｒｉｃｈｌｏｒｏｃａｒｂａｎｉｌｉｄｅ）、ＴＣＳ（２，２，４’—Ｔｒｉｃｈｌｏｒｏ－２－ｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｄｉｐｈｅｎｙｌ）对废水生物处理中的原生动物的急性毒性作用，结果表明：（１）ＴＣＣ对原生动物的４８ｈＬＣ５０为２５０００μｇ／Ｌ，ＴＣＳ４８ｈＬＣ５０为２３０００μｇ／Ｌ；ＴＣＣ＆ＴＣＳ浓度与原生动物的半数致死时间ＬＴ５０呈明显的负相关。（２）ＴＣＣ＆ＴＣＳ对原生动物的最大无作用浓度分别为１５ｍｇ／Ｌ和１１ｍｇ／Ｌ，这提示污染源排放的废水到达曝气池时ＴＣＣ＆ＴＣＳ的含量应低于１５ｍｇ／Ｌ和１１ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.