Spatial and temporal distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin in northeastern China

The Songhua River Basin is a burgeoning agricultural area in the modern times in China. Particularly in recent years, increasing chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been applied with the development of agricultural production. However, the situation of non-point source pollution (NSP) from agricultural production in this basin is still obscure. In order to solve the problem, the occurrence and distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin before rain season and after rain season were investigated. In addition, total organic carbon was analyzed. The result showed that the concentration of acetochlor ranged from 0.47 to 11.76 μg/kg in sediments and 0.03 to 709.37 μg/kg in riparian soils. During the high flow period in 2009, the mean concentration was 4.79 μg/kg in sediments and 0.75 μg/kg in riparian soils, respectively. Similarly, the mean concentration was 2.53 μg/kg in sediments and 61.36 μg/kg in riparian soils, during the average flow period in 2010. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of acetochlor and total organic carbon in surface sediments. Moreover, the distribution of acetochlor in sediments of the Songhua River was significantly correlated to land use and topography of the watershed. The investigated data suggested that the concentration of acetochlor in the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain was higher than that in the other areas of the basin, and riparian buffering zones in these areas had been destroyed by human activities. The optimal agricultural measures to alleviate the contamination of pesticides should be adopted, including controlling agricultural application of acetochlor and ecological restoration of riparian buffering strips.     

Occurrence and congeners specific of poiychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China

A total of 198 agricultural soil samples were collected from Zhangjiagang and Changshu in Southern Jiangsu for analysis of 13 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in order to assess the levels of pollution, sources, area distribution, and potential risk for the environment. All methods were rigorously tested and an adequate quality control was ensured. Only one site had no PCBs residues, and the highest total PCBs concentration in the surface soils was 32.83 ng/g. The average concentration in all the soil samples was 4.13 ng/g, signaling low-level pollution. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were dominant species in soil samples, accounting for more than 75% ofΣPCBs in the soil samples. PCB118 was the most abundant congener in all the samples. The PCB118 was about 20% ofΣPCBs. The soil organic matter content showed only a weak correlation with the levels of all PCB congeners, in which a better correlation was noted for the more volatile lighter PCB congeners than for the heavier homologues. To a certain extent, the sources and land use seemed to influence the levels of PCBs.     

Sulfur cycle in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The sulfur cycle and its compartmental distribution within an atmosphere-plant-soil system was studied using a compartment model in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain Northeast China. The results showed that in the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem, soil was the main storage compartment and current hinge of sulfur in which 98.4% sulfur was accumulated, while only 1.6% sulfur was accumulated in the plant compartment. In the plant subsystem, roots and litters were the main storage compartment of sulfur and they remained 83.5% of the total plant sulfur. The calculations of sulfur turnover through the compartments of the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem demonstrated that the above-ground component took up 0.99 gS/m2 from the root, of which 0.16 gS/m2 was translocated to the roots and 0.83 gS/m2 to the litter. The roots took in 1.05 gS/m2 from the soil, subsequent translocation back to the soil accounted for 1.31 gS/m2, while there was 1.84 gS/m2 in the litter and the net transfer of sulfur to the soil was more than 0.44 gS/(m2·a). The emission of H2S from the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem to the atmosphere was 1.83 mgS/(m2·a), while carbonyl sulfide (COS) was absorbed by the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem from the atmosphere at the rate of 1.76 mgS/(m2·a). The input of sulfur by the rainfall to the ecosystem was 4.85 mgS/m2 during the growing season. The difference between input and output was 4.78 mgS/m2, which indicated that sulfur was accumulated in the ecosystem and may cause wetland acidify in the future.     

Occurrence and congeners specific of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China

A total of 198 agricultural soil samples were collected from Zhangjiagang and Changshu in Southern Jiangsu for analysis of 13 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in order to assess the levels of pollution, sources, area distribution, and potential risk for the environment. All methods were rigorously tested and an adequate quality control was ensured. Only one site had no PCBs residues, and the highest total PCBs concentration in the surface soils was 32.83 ng/g. The average concentration in all the soil samples was 4.13 ng/g, signaling low-level pollution. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were dominant species in soil samples, accounting for more than 75% of ∑PCBs in the soil samples. PCB118 was the most abundant congener in all the samples. The PCB118 was about 20% of ∑PCBs. The soil organic matter content showed only a weak correlation with the levels of all PCB congeners, in which a better correlation was noted for the more volatile lighter PCB congeners than for the heavier homologues. To a certain extent, the sources and land use seemed to influence the levels of PCBs.     

Regional assessment of cadmium pollution in agricultural lands and the potential health risk related to intensive mining activities： A case study in Chenzhou City, China

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of cadmium （Cd） contamination in agricultural soil and its potential risk for people. Soils, rice, and vegetables from Chenzhou City, Southern China were sampled and analyzed. In the surface soils, the 95% confidence interval for the mean concentration of Cd varied between 2.72 and 4.83 mg/kg （P 〈 0.05） in the survey, with a geometric mean concentration of 1.45 mg/kg. Based on the GIS map, two hot spot areas of Cd in agricultural soils with high Cd concentrations were identified to be located around the Shizhuyuan, Jinshiling, and Yaogangxian mines, and the Baoshan and Huangshaping mines, in the center of the city. About 60% of the total investigated area, where the agricultural soil Cd concentration is above 1 mg/kg, is distributed in a central belt across the region. The critical distances, at which the soil Cd concentration were increased by the mining activities, from the mines of the soils were 23 km for the Baoshan mine, 46 km for the Huangshaping mine, and 63 km for the Shizhuyuan mine, respectively. These are distances calculated from models. The Cd concentrations in rice samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.43 mg/kg and the mean dietary Cd intake from rice for an adult was 191 μg/d. Results of risk indexes showed that soil Cd concentrations possessed risks to local residents whose intake of Cd from rice and vegetables grown in soils in the vicinity of the mine was 596 μg/d.     

Seasonal variation of nitrogen-concentration in the surface water and its relationship with land use in a catchment of northern China

Surface waters can be contaminated by human activities in two ways: (1) by point sources, such as sewage treatment discharge and storm-water runoff; and (2) by non-point sources, such as runoff from urban and agricultural areas. With point-source pollution effectively controlled, non-point source pollution has become the most important environmental concem in the world. The formation of non-point source pollution is related to both the sources such as soil nutrient, the amount of fertilizer and pesticide applied, the amount of refuse, and the spatial complex combination of land uses within a heterogeneous landscape. Land-use change, dominated by human activities, has a significant impact on water resources and quality. In this study, fifteen surface water monitoring points in the Yuqiao Reservoir Basin, Zunhua, Hebei Province, northem China, were chosen to study the seasonal variation of nitrogen concentration in the surface water. Water samples were collected in low-flow period(June), high-flow period(July) and mean-flow period(October) from 1999 to 2000. The results indicated that the seasonal variation of nitrogen concentration in the surface water among the fifteen monitoring points in the rainfall-rich year is more complex than that in the rainfall-deficit year. It was found that the land use, the characteristics of the surface river system, rainfall, and human activities play an important role in the seasonal variation of N-concentration in surface water.Keywords: non-point source pollution; nitrogen concentration; seasonal variation; land use; Yuqiao Reservoir Basin, China     

Contribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to diffuse pollution in a typical hilly red soil catchment in southern China

Atmospheric nitrogen （hi） deposition is currently high and meanwhile diffuse N pollution is also serious in China. The correlation between N deposition and riverine N export and the contribution of N deposition to riverine N export were investigated in a typical hilly red soil catchment in southern China over a two-year period. N deposition was as high as 26.1 to 55.8 kg N/（ha-yr） across different land uses in the studied catchment, while the riverine N exports ranged from 7.2 to 9.6 kg N/（ha-yr） in the forest sub-catchment and 27.4 to 30.3 kg N/（ha.yr） in the agricultural sub-catchment. The correlations between both wet N deposition and riverine N export and precipitation were highly positive, and so were the correlations between NH-N or NO2-N wet deposition and riverine NH4-N or NO3-N exports except for NH-N in the agricultural sub-catchment, indicating that N deposition contributed to riverine N export. The monthly export coefficients of atmospheric deposited N from land to river in the forest sub-catchment （with a mean of 14%） presented a significant positive correlation With precipitation, while the monthly contributions of atmospheric deposition to riverine N export （with a mean of 18.7% in the agricultural sub-catchment and a mean of 21.0% in the whole catchment） were significantly and negatively correlated with precipitation. The relatively high contribution of N deposition to diffuse N pollution in the catchment suggests that efforts should be done to control anthropogenic reactive N emissions to the atmosphere in hilly red soil regions in southern China.     

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some agricultural, industrial and urban areas along Xiamen coastal waters, China

An intensive investigation was conducted to study the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, to show firstly the level of pollution in the agricultural areas and analyses specifically the status of soil polluted by these persistent pollutants in some locations of Xiamen region. Soil samples collected from Jiulong agricultural catchment have been analysed for 16 PAH compounds, using gas chromatography flame ionization detection in order to determine the level of selected PAH components and to identify the factors that may control their distribution and persistence in the area. The main PAHs found in soil samples were the low molecular weight. The total PAHs detected in soil samples ranged from 0.50 to 0.95 μg/g soil. The highest values of PAHs were significantly detected in the orange tree leaves, which range from 236.1 to 249.3 μg/g soil showing recent atmospheric inputs of these volatile pollutants. The distribution of PAHs in vegetable were monitored and indicating that the concentration were high and ranged from 8.24 to 58.87 μg/g. Other sediment samples were also collected and analysed from urban sewage （5.26 μg/g dw）, aquacultural （0.52 μg/g dw） and industrial areas （from 0.62 to 2.09 μg/g dw）, during this investigation. The contamination of Jiulong river estuary and Xiamen Western Sea by PAHs has been then widely justified by wastcwatcr discharges and soil runoffs from these areas. The results, therefore, provide important information on the current contamination status caused by the atmospheric transport and point to the need for urgent actions to stop the release of these hydrocarbons to the environment. The necessity of implementing systematic monitoring of PAHs is also emphasized.     

Combined remediation of DDT congeners and cadmium in soil by Sphingobacterium sp. D-6 and Sedum alfredii Hance

Combined pollution of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern because they present serious risk to food security and human health.In order to develop a cost-effective and safe method for the removal of DDTs and Cd in soil,combined remediation of DDTs and Cd in soil by Sphingobacterium sp.D-6 and the hyperaccumulator,Sedum alfredii Hance was investigated.After treatment for 210 days,the degradation half-lives of DDTs in soils treated by strain D-6 decreased by 8.1% to 68.0% compared with those in the controls.The inoculation of strain D-6 into soil decreased the uptake of DDTs by pak choi and S.alfredii.The shoots/roots ratios of S.alfredii for the Cd accumulation ranged from 12.32 to 21.75.The Cd concentration in soil decreased to 65.8%-71.8% for S.alfredii treatment and 14.1%-58.2% for S.alfredii and strain D-6 combined treatment,respectively,compared with that in the control.The population size of the DDTs-degrading strain,Simpson index (1/D) and soil respiratory rate decreased in the early stage of treatment and then gradually increased,ultimately recovering to or exceeding the initial level.The results indicated that synchronous incorporation of strain D-6 and S.alfredii into soil was found to significantly (p 0.05) enhance the degradation of DDTs in soil and the hyperaccumulation of Cd in S.alfredii.It was concluded that strain D-6 and S.alfredii could be used successfully to control DDTs and Cd in contaminated soil.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soft system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The nitrogen(N)distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW)and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland(MMCW)in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model.The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m~2.a),and total inorganic N(TIN)was the main body (0.640 gN/(m~2.a)).The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m~2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m~2,respectively.In plant subsystem,the N was mainly stored in root and litter.Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively.The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m~2.a)and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m~2.a),the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m~2.a),and the soil(0-15 cm)N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m~2.a), respectively.The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N,and the status might induce the degradation of C.angustifolia wetland.     

Agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of dierent vegetation types in riparian wetlands: A case study in the Yellow River wetland in China

Riparian wetland is the major transition zone of matter, energy and information transfer between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and has important functions of water purification and non-point pollution control. Using the field experiment method and an isotope tracing technique, the agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of dierent vegetation types in riparian wetland was studied in the Kouma Section of the Yellow River. The results showed that the retention of agricultural non-point ...     

海河流域农业面源污染潜在风险识别方法

在综合分析农业面源污染风险源汇因子的基础上,筛选出影响海河流域农业面源污染的8个主要因子（年降水量、溶解态面源污染物入河系数、吸附态面源污染物入河系数、年植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤可侵蚀性因子、农田氮表观平衡量和农田磷表观平衡量）,建立了农业面源污染潜在风险识别指标体系,采用多因子综合分析法对海河流域农业面源污染潜在风险等级进行评价,并与DPeRS模型风险识别结果进行偏差分析.结果表明,海河流域有61.91%的区域存在农业面源污染潜在风险,集中分布在流域的中部和南部地区,高风险区主要分布在北京市东南部、天津市中部、流域山东段东北部和河南段南部等区域;与DPeRS模型识别结果对比验证,显示同一风险等级面积相差不超过12%,且高风险级别面积相差仅为0.12%,97.17%以上的区域均为偏差小或无偏差,表明该识别方法具有与DPeRS模型法同等水平的农业面源污染潜在风险识别精准度,可实现区域农业面源污染潜在风险的快速、高效识别.     

农业面源污染滨岸缓冲带控制技术BMPs体系研究

在综合分析国内外农业面源污染有关控制技术及其BMPs体系的基础上,结合上海市地方特点及区域农业面源污染特征,建立了农业面源污染滨岸缓冲带控制技术BMPs体系,主要包括:缓冲带布局,细化设计,施工建设,养护与管理,以及与之配合实施的前置工程性BMPs措施,并提供了一种基于水环境功能目标的不同坡度、不同草皮缓冲带的最佳宽度...     

太湖五里湖非点源污染物的来源与控制对策

现场调查显示,五里湖非点源污染物来源于城区道路、居民区、农业和绿化施肥等方面,在降雨时通过河道、湖周散流和大气沉降方式入湖.根据流域环境特点,将五里湖流域划分为西南山地风景旅游管理区,北部新城污染控制区和东南农业、渔业综合整治区3个区域类型,并对各区提出了如下的非点源污染控制对策:西南山地风景旅游管理区需采取陆上植被保护和滨水植被恢复工程;北部新城污染控制区需采取滨水区、河口区、河道区植被恢复工程以及人工湿地工程;东南农业、渔业综合整治区需采取有机农业工程、污水处理工程、植物塘净化工程和河道生态净化工程.      

滨岸缓冲带在水源地农业面源污染防治上的应用

饮用水水源地污染已成为全球共同遭遇的重大环境问题之一,为保证人们的饮用水安全,有必要对进入水源地内的农业面源污染进行防治。滨岸缓冲带能够有效的防治农业面源污染已经得到广泛的认可,并在水源地保护上有一定的应用前景。文章综述了缓冲带的定义、结构、功能以及农业面源污染防治方面的应用等基础上,提出了我国滨岸缓冲带在饮用水源地保护中的应用前景。     

青海湖流域河流生态系统重金属污染特征与风险评价

为进一步摸清青海湖流域河流生态系统重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni、As、Cd和Cr)的污染状况,通过沿青海湖流域主要河流上、中、下游采集河流水体、河岸土壤及河岸植物样品,对样品中的重金属含量进行测定,并分析重金属的来源、污染状况和潜在生态风险.结果表明:①青海湖流域各介质中重金属从上游到下游均呈明显的累积效应,重金属含量均表现为河岸土壤>河岸植物>河流水体.河流下游水体中ρ(Pb)、ρ(Zn)和ρ(Cd)的平均值分别为11.17、61.22和1.13 μg/L,符合GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅱ类水质要求;ρ(Hg)为0.06～0.49 μg/L,符合GB 3838—2002中Ⅱ类或Ⅲ类水质要求.河流下游河岸土壤中w(As)、w(Cd)和w(Hg)的平均值分别为65.61、0.33和0.20 mg/kg,均大幅超过青海湖流域相应环境背景值,但是w(Pb)在下游仅略微超过相应环境背景值.河岸下游植物中w(Ni)、w(Cu)、w(As)和w(Hg)的平均值分别为2.81、17.35、2.20和0.10 mg/kg,均高于《饲料工业标准汇编(下册)(第四版)》中风干草-牧草中重金属标准限值,但在中、上游均符合该标准要求.②Pearson相关分析、主成分分析和富集系数结果表明,河流水体、河岸土壤及河岸植物中Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr含量之间具有较强的相关性,主要受城镇生活、交通运输及岩石母质风化的影响;Hg、Cd、As含量之间具有较强的相关性,主要受流域旅游交通、农业生产活动和成土母质的影响.③潜在生态风险评价结果显示,河流水体、河岸土壤及河岸植物中Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb和Zn等单一重金属元素的潜在生态风险系数(E_ri)均较低,Hg、Cd和As对综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)的平均贡献率分别为62.9%、18.4%和11.0%,其余5种重金属的平均贡献率仅为7.7%.因此,青海湖流域河流生态系统各介质中Hg、Cd和As的潜在生态风险较高,应给予高度重视.      

高清质谱解析河岸带湿地溶解有机质分子组成特征及其环境意义

河岸带湿地土壤溶解有机质(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)对陆源污染物的迁移和对河流水体富营养化进程均具有重要影响.本研究以典型河口冲积岛——崇明岛河岸带湿地DOM为研究对象,采用液相四级杆飞行时间质谱(Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,LC-Q-TOF-MS)技术分析河岸带湿地土壤DOM的分子组成特征,探究河岸带湿地DOM可能的主要来源.研究结果表明:LC-QTOF-MS技术成功地解析了复杂混合物DOM的分子组成特征,其中脂类化合物是崇明岛河岸带湿地土壤DOM的主要组分,占到28.87%~43.87%,其次为蛋白类物质和羰基类化合物,分别占到总DOM的17.46%~36.54%和19.13%~31.28%,最少的是脂肪酸类、糖类和氨基酸类物质,其三者之和仅为12%左右.同时,崇明岛河岸带湿地DOM分子主要来源于河岸带湿地植物光合生产和陆上区域农业面源径流、生活污水和工业废水的排放,其空间分布受小流域土地利用类型影响.研究结果为复杂混合物的分子组成解析和河岸带湿地管理提供一种新思路.     

农田排水沟渠水体-底泥中溶质氮分布特征试验研究

沟渠系统"过程拦截"是现阶段农业非点源污染控制和管理的重要手段.针对当前农田排水沟渠水体-底泥-植物系统内各介质间非点源溶质迁移转化机制不清的现状,本研究以天然沟渠为对象,以非点源溶质氮为例,通过2014年3月~2015年2月现场监测试验,分析了农田排水沟渠水体及底泥中非点源溶质氮的分布特征.结果表明,沿沟渠纵向,试验沟渠水体中总氮质量浓度、底泥中总氮含量均呈现一定程度递减趋势,表现出沟渠系统对非点源溶质的净化作用;水体中总氮质量浓度、底泥中总氮含量在沟渠横断面分布存在较大不均匀性,其分布特征与断面形态、流量变化过程、流速分布等因素有关,其中水体中总氮质量浓度均衡度为76.89%,底泥中总氮含量均衡度为57.04%;试验期内,水体中总氮质量浓度呈"凹"形变化、底泥中总氮含量呈"凸"形变化,二者表现出相逆的变化趋势.     

滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失的作用和机理研究

农田面源氮磷的流失是导致河流湖泊等水体产生富营养化的主要原因之一,其带来的环境、经济及社会问题已引起国内外广泛关注。近年来,关于滨岸缓冲带截留污染物的效率和机理已成为研究热点。文章介绍了滨岸缓冲带在农业面源污染防治上的功能和作用,论述了滨岸缓冲带对氮磷养分的截留转化机理以及稳定同位素技术在机理研究中的应用,讨论了影响滨岸缓冲带截留转化氮磷养分的调控因子,在此基础上就目前滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失研究中存在的问题提出了未来的研究展望。     

生态工程综合治理系统对农业小流域氮磷污染的治理效应

以典型农业小流域——开慧河流域源区为研究对象,基于研究区农业面源污染的主要排放特征,建立以生态湿地为主的小流域面源污染生态工程综合治理系统,重点探讨其对水体氮磷污染物的去除效果.结果表明,畜禽养殖业是开慧河流域源区水体氮磷污染物的主要来源,需要重点防控.组合生态湿地处理工程对农村分散式生活与养殖混合废水总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的平均去除率为87. 1%和90. 9%;多级人工湿地拦截工程对农田排水与分散式养殖混合废水TN、TP的平均去除率为85. 7%和84. 9%;景观型生态湿地净化工程对末端汇水区水体中TN、TP的去除率在27. 1%～67. 4%和13. 3%～81. 5%之间.整个生态工程综合治理系统对流域TN和TP污染物的总拦截量分别为5 292 kg·a~(-1)和1 054 kg·a~(-1),占研究区农业面源TN、TP总污染负荷的35. 3%和43. 6%.因此,构建的生态工程综合治理系统对流域农业面源氮磷污染具有较好的治理效应,适合在我国南方小流域水环境治理中推广应用.