林业持续发展与高效林业

王永安教授惠寄本刊的新作—“林业持续发展与高效林业”,从林业的生态效益、社会效益、经济效益的新角度出发,阐明了高效林业的基本概念,即高效林业的关键在高效;提出了高效林业是现代林业的重要标志,是21世纪环境发展中资源—环境—人口协调的重要方面,是林业溶于社会的必由之络;指出了发展高效林业应具备的基本条件,即在不同林种,不同功能,不同类型的时间、空间分配差异的森林实施不同发展途径和方法;论述了实现高效林业的途径和指标体系。这些新的观点对指导林业生产,发展高效林业、增强森林生态功能等具有重要的指导意义和现实意义。     

林业发展新模式:智慧林业的评述(Ⅰ)

介绍了智慧林业的概念、基本特征及形成背景、新观念,分析了数字林业、智慧林业与泛在林业的关系,阐述了中国及智慧林业发展战略,建议深入研究智慧林业定义、内涵、外延、特征、观点、问题及对策,以便形成一门崭新的科学——智慧林业科学.表3,参23.     

市民与城市林业

今天,美国许多林业工作者正在研究城市林业。城市居民和社会团体每天都要接触都市环境,管理和使用城市林业资源,因此,城市林业与市民的关系是非常密切的。其相互作用也是非常重要的。 城市林业资源的管理和使用与普通林业有广泛地联系,有时,市民们是直接按普通林业的方式来管理城市林业的。 本文论述了在城市环境中,市民与城市林业的关系、说明了城市林业的多种效益、提出了与城市林业有关的一些论点。     

林业发展新模式:智慧林业的评述(Ⅱ)

介绍了智慧林业的概念、基本特征及形成背景、新观念,分析了数字林业、智慧林业与泛在林业的关系,阐述了中国及智慧林业发展战略,建议深入研究智慧林业定义、内涵、外延、特征、观点、问题及对策,以便形成一门崭新的科学——智慧林业科学.     

新形势下的湖南林业高职人才培养

林业的发展前提是有一批专业技术人才作技术支撑,以高职林业专业技术人才培养为例,从专业培养方案的制定、课程教学、实习实训等方面论述了两者有机结合,从技术层面上促进湖南林业的发展.参5.     

热带林业实验中心森林病虫害防治对策

林病虫害已成为林业发展的一大难题,对中国林科院热带林业实验中心森林病虫害类型、危害特点等进行分析,并提出了具体有效防治措施与方法.参6.     

“温郫都”生态示范区建设战略

生态示范区建设是实现区域社会经济与环境协调发展的重大举措。本文系统介绍了“温郫都”地区的自然社会经济状况,根据生态示范区建设目标提出了相应的战略措施。     

怀化市深化集体林业综合改革实践与创新探讨

中共中央、国务院高度重视集体林权制度改革.近年来,怀化市在深化集体林业综合改革方面进行了探索和实践.本文分析了怀化市深化集体林业综合改革的必要性,研究了林地三权分置、金融支持林业发展、公益林经营管护、林业社会化服务等方面的改革情况,总结了改革中的创新和做法,分析了存在的问题与困难,提出继续推进林地三权分置改革,创新金融支持林业发展,完善公益林经营管护机制,提高林业社会化服务水平.     

保护森林资源 改善生态环境

作者论述了我国40年来林业建设的概况。重点介绍了五大林业生态工程的建设:1.三北防护林体系工程;2.长江中上游防护林体系工民;3.沿海防护林工程体系;4.平原绿化工程;5.太行山绿化工程。林业系统在自然保护区建设方面主要开展了七个方面的工作:1.确立林业系统自然保护区建设和科学管理的指导思想;2.保护自然环境和濒危物种;3.完成了自然保护区区划工作;4.开展科学研究和科学考察;5.探索保护区发展多种经营的路子;6.制定政策法规,加强法制建设;7.开展对外交流。林业部环境保护办公室在加强自然保护工作方面,采取如下具体措施:1.加强自然生态环境和自然资源保护;2.加强部门之间的配合和协作;3.解决自然保护区建设经费;4.给予保护区优惠政策;5.妥善处理与当地群众的关系。     

无性系林业的研究进展

介绍了无性系林业的基本理论及其发展状况,分析了无性系林业的优缺点,提出了无性系林业的发展方向。     

基于低碳经济的能源资源协调发展的研究

能源是经济发展的命脉。经济和能源的协调发展是社会发展的原动力。经济发展离开能源的基础,那将是无源之水,无本之木。所以,经济和能源应该协调发展,社会才能稳步前进。发展低碳经济是利用先进的技术和有效的管理方法与手段,保护资源,保护环境,实现社会和经济的可持续化发展的必由之路;是我国经济发展方式转型,产业结构调整过程中必须完成的紧迫任务之一。世界产业结构的变动,必然影响到开放度不断加大的我国,正是在这样的背景下,我国的煤炭及其他矿产品的出口不断增长。在我国融人经济全球化的过程中,要注意在接受国际产业结构调整对我国经济发展有利影响的同时,要用低碳经济的发展战略模式,避免消极影响危及我国经济的长期、根本利益。应该在这个大前提下,对我国自然资源进行有计划的开发和提高自然资源的有效利用。实现可持续发展已经成为中国社会经济发展的一个重要基本方针,可持续发展不仅要强调对环境的保护,而且应包括如何解决在人口已经高度密集,人均资源相对匮乏,自然生态环境已经十分脆弱的条件下,如何实现经济的长期高速发展,同时又要保护环境的这样一个史无前例的社会实践问题。低碳经济和能源资源的协调发展就成了解决这一问题的必经之路。能源既是重要的必不可少的经济发展和社会生活的物质前提,又是现实的重要污染来源,解决好我国的能源可持续发展战略问题,是实现我国社会经济可持续发展的重要环节。     

科学发展观的内涵与特征

概述了科学发展观的内涵；认为它是以人为本，以全面、协调和可持续为根本特征；它强调经济发展、社会发展和人的全面发展、人口、资源、环境等各方面的和谐与统一。这种新的理念应该转化成为政府的具体行动。     

The significance of social capital in local forest management in Laos: Overcoming latent conflict between local people and local forestry officials

Forest policies that devolve forest-use rights to local people have undergone development over the past few years in Laos. As collaboration between local people and forestry officials is seen as indispensable to effective and sustainable local forest management, the objective of this study is to clarify the issues pertinent to the resolution of latent conflict between these two stakeholders. The issues are examined by presenting two case studies in terms of forest management as perceived by local people and forestry officials; the first in a rich forest area and the second in a degraded forest. Issues relating to land and borders and social capital are identified as the most important in the degraded forest area, while social capital is a very important issue in the rich forest area. Our studies show that the problems of land and border issues in the degraded forest area were caused by an inappropriate resettlement policy. This can be interpreted as the mismanagement of social capital, and for effective local forest management it is very important to overcome problems of this nature. The effective use of social capital has so far been overlooked, however, in the establishment of collaborative forest governance at the local level.     

On eco-planning for an eco-demonstration park (EDP) and sustainability—Case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai, China

The background, concept, connotation, principles, and methods of eco-planning for an Eco-Demonstration Park (EDP) and sustainability were examined based on a case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai, China, which is an important part of Shanghai Eco-city planning and construction in the 21st century. By analyzing natural, social and economic conditions, calculating population using the land capacity eco-model, eco-function zoning, and eco-construction, an innovative eco-industrial structure and technical chain were formulated. A comprehensive eco-planning scheme for the EDP was proposed, including planning and management strategies for subsystems of efficient industry, good quality human settlement, high standard eco-construction and eco-tourism as well as effective environmental protection and attractive landscape. The EDP should be an area with coordinated and sustainable economic, social and environmental subsystems. Eco-planning for the EDP should be a very important part of eco-city planning and sustainability. The paper aims to set up a theoretical framework and practical basis for eco-planning and promoting harmony between human and nature.     

On eco-planning for an eco-demonstration park (EDP) and sustainability

The background, concept, connotation, principles, and methods of eco-planning for an Eco-Demonstration Park (EDP) and sustainability were examined based on a case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai, China, which is an important part of Shanghai Eco-city planning and construction in the 21st century. By analyzing natural, social and economic conditions, calculating population using the land capacity eco-model, eco-function zoning, and eco-construction, an innovative eco-industrial structure and technical chain were formulated. A comprehensive eco-planning scheme for the EDP was proposed, including planning and management strategies for subsystems of efficient industry, good quality human settlement, high standard eco-construction and eco-tourism as well as effective environmental protection and attractive landscape. The EDP should be an area with coordinated and sustainable economic, social and environmental subsystems. Eco-planning for the EDP should be a very important part of eco-city planning and sustainability. The paper aims to set up a theoretical framework and practical basis for eco-planning and promoting harmony between human and nature.     

Defining the balance point between conservation and development

In the face of the current global ecological crisis and the threats it poses to human survival and security, the fundamental solution is to resolve the deep contradiction between conservation and economic development. We considered the 3 key and basic questions of why to protect, how much to protect, and where to protect natural areas. Human survival depends on functioning ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. In this regard, conserving core biodiversity conservation priority areas (BCPAs) can provide maximum conservation benefit. The goals of protected area (PA) systems globally and nationally must be clearly defined so as to sustain the survival and development of people and to coordinate and balance other objectives with this goal at the center. There is an urgent need to study, calculate, and define the extent of the natural world to ensure the well-being of people. We call this area over which natural areas of land and sea extend across the world or a country nature proportion (N%). Especially, a minimum area that ensures human survival should be protected, and we suggest that this area should cover core BCPAs so that it can achieve the maximum conservation benefit. These recommendations could be applied at global or national levels. The Chinese government proposes “developing a protected-area system composed mainly of national parks,” and it has unified the administration of PAs into a central management authority. At this key time in the reform of the PA system, should this proposal be adopted, conservation will garner the greatest social consensus and support, and planning at the national level for BCPA coverage will be improved. We believe these recommendations are critical for China and other countries and extremely important for the world because they will pave the way toward a balance between nature conservation and human development as the projected human population reaches 10 billion by 2050.     

IUCN保护区分类系统与中国自然保护区分类标准的比较

通过对世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)和我国分类系统的比较,提出应该根据我国生物多样性、自然及其相关文化资源保护和维持的现状及特点,参照IUCN保护区分类系统,尽快制定出我国新的保护区分类系统。新分类系统应该以保护区主要管理目标为基本依据,同时综合考虑保护对象的特点及人类干扰程度来确定保护区类型,从而促进保护区的规范管理和进一步发展,实现自然保护与可持续发展的双重目标。     

生态林业站社会化服务刍议

基层林业站是开展林业社会化服务的主体,加强和促进林业站社会化服务体系建设,对发展和壮大“三农”经济、改变山区贫穷落后面貌、引导林农脱贫致富奔小康作用重大.从林业站开展社会化服务原则、服务主要措施、服务保障手段三个层面,对新时期基层林业站转变职能,加强社会化服务体系进行探讨,希望能对新的经济形势下林业站开展社会化服务提供参考.参6.     

西安市生态文明建设评价及预测

根据生态文明的涵义和生态市建设的总体思路,提出了生态文明建设3（系统层、子系统层、单项指标层）×3（经济发展,社会进步,环境保护）评价体系,其中包括25个单项指标。对西安市1998-2007年生态文明建设进行了定量评价研究,结果表明西安市生态文明建设处于整体上升的趋势;在此基础上,应用自回归预测模型对西安市经济、社会、环境和生态文明建设发展进行了预测,为西安市全面协调发展提供参考借鉴。     

目前医患关系现状及对策研究

医患关系是社会关系的组成部分，医患关系是医疗实践活动中最基本的人际关系，良好的医患沟通是实现以病人为中心，促进社会和谐的基础．医患关系作为一种最基本的社会关系，已普遍受到人们的关注，它随着医学模式的发展，不断发生新的变化．目前我国经济正沿着市场化的轨迹发展，医疗制度改革也在深入进行，这对构建和谐医患关系提出了新的挑战和考验，要想构建和谐的医患关系，必须医方、患方、社会三者共同努力，国家增加卫生投资力度，准确定位医疗机构的性质，确保广大中低档人群的基本健康等实际问题已摆在我们面前，只有从根本上解决群众“看病难、看病贵”的问题，才能实现医患关系真正意义上的融洽．同时我们还要看到，理想化的期待与非理想化的现实差距是客观存在，融洽医患关系是一个漫长的过程，需要我们在健全法制的同时提高自律的约束，只有以诚信为杠杆、人文为基石，才能真正实现理想状态下的医患关系，即充满同情心的医生和对医生充满信任的病人．参8．