基于铝盐混凝污泥的新型LCFM吸附性能评价

利用自来水厂铝盐混凝污泥为主要原料开发出一种新型轻质陶粒滤料(LCFM),评价了LCFM在静态吸附及动态过滤条件下对污染物的去除效果。结果表明,在静态吸附温度为(25.0±1.0)℃、pH=7,t吸附=24 h条件下,LCFM对氨氮、总磷和有机物具有良好的吸附效果。在过滤系统中控制进水pH=7.0~8.0,过滤周期约10 h时,系统对氨氮、总磷和COD等污染物的去除效果较好,去除率分别为80%、95%和70%。比表面积分析仪分析显示,LCFM中的孔道以中微孔为主,集中分布在60.0 nm左右,比表面积为71.47 m2/g,同时,LCFM中含有的金属离子在吸附过程中与污染物可能存在的交换反应或沉淀反应(xPO43- +3Mx+=M3(PO4)x)强化了LCFM对污染物的吸附效果。     

聚合铝水解形态对混凝效果及絮体特性的影响

采用微量滴定法制备不同碱化度的聚合铝,并测定其铝形态分布,通过其对腐殖酸-高岭土水样进行烧杯实验,依据絮体的Zeta电位、浊度、UV254及絮体强度因子及恢复因子等参数,以综合评价聚合铝水解形态的混凝机理及其絮体特性。结果表明：聚合铝投加前后铝形态分布存在很大差异,碱化度越低影响越明显,碱化度为0.5的聚合铝中Ala含量由原来的69.57%变为4%左右,而其Alc由9.36%变为50%左右;预制铝的中聚体和高聚体形态在混凝过程中相对比较稳定,而低聚合度的Ala变化显著;Alb电中和能力强,对溶解性有机物去除效果好,其絮体成长速度慢但絮体强度高;Alc具有较强的吸附架桥能力,能促进浊度的去除;预制Alc的吸附架桥能力强于水解生成的Alc,但其絮体恢复性能差。     

PAC与粘土矿物混凝去除颤藻及残余铝形态研究

研究了PAC与不同粒径的天然粘土矿物复合混凝去除给水中的颤藻。结果表明,两者复合除藻效果显著优于单加PAC。当PAC浓度为12 mg/L,矿物浓度为24 mg/L,粒径为160目时,除藻效果最好,浊度和叶绿素a去除率分别为98.2%和100%。两者复合后PAC形态含量都发生了变化,悬浮态铝含量相对增加,溶解态铝含量相对减少,总残余铝量减小。     

水解-BCMBBR-混凝沉淀组合工艺处理低浓度污水的中试研究

采用水解-生物陶粒移动床(BCMBBR)-混凝沉淀组合工艺处理南方低浓度、低碳高氨氮生活污水(COD 110～140 mg/L、C/N 4～5),开展中试研究。结果表明,BCMBBR 20 d成功挂膜,快速启动;在水温25～29℃,HRT 8 h,气水比5∶1,混合液回流比150%,无混凝沉淀下运行,COD、SS和NH4+-N的平均去除率均在81%以上,TN平均去除率大于47%,而TP去除率较低;后接PAC+PAM强化混凝沉淀后运行,有效提高了TP去除率,出水TP在0.5 mg/L以下,稳定达到(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。曝气强度不同相应BCMBBR中的微生物相(微生物种类和数量)也不同,可根据微生物相来指导曝气强度的调节,实现BCMBBR的高效运行。该组合工艺处理废水运行的直接成本为0.24元/m3,是一种适合南方低浓度、低碳高氨氮生活污水的经济高效处理工艺。     

优化混凝处理低温低浊黄河水及对余铝的控制

考察了4种混凝剂,高效聚合氯化铝（HPAC）,聚合氯化铝（PACl）,硫酸铝（Al2（SO4）3）,混合PACl和氯化铁（FeCl3）,对低温低浊黄河原水的混凝效果与沉后水残留铝含量的关系。结果表明,当采用Al2（SO4）3或PACl做混凝剂时,在取得较好浊度去除的投药量下,水中余铝浓度会超过国家标准（0．2131g／L）。而采用HPAC或FeCl3和PACl复配药剂,在取得与Al2（SO4）3或PACl类似的浊度去除效果的同时,也能较好地控制水中的余铝含量。当HPAC投加量为21mg／L时,沉后水浊度降至1．3NTU,残留铝含量为0．147mg／L。复配投加PACl 15mg／L和FeCl3 12mg／L后,沉后水浊度为1．18NTU,残留铝含量为0．074mg／L。PACl和氯化铁的复配比例需要精确的调控,否则容易导致出水余铁余铝含量增加。而HPAC投加量小于21mtg／L时出水余铝浓度均低于国家标准。因此,在这4种混凝剂中,就混凝效果及余铝控制而言,HPAC更适合充当低温低浊水源水的混凝处理药剂。     

铁盐与铝盐对腈纶废水生化出水混凝特性的对比

针对腈纶废水生化单元出水,对比研究了Al2(SO4)3和Fe2(SO4)3在不同絮凝剂投量和pH时的混凝处理效果,并利用紫外-可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(EEM)、凝胶渗透色谱(HPSEC)等对混凝特性进行了初步探讨。研究显示,2种混凝剂在投量为63.5 mg/L时可获得30%以上的COD去除率,且最佳pH为中性附近。当投量小于32 mg/L时,Al2(SO4)3较Fe2(SO4)3具有更高的COD去除率,进一步增大混凝剂的投量很难提高Al2(SO4)3对COD的去除率,而Fe2(SO4)3则在有限范围内能持续提高COD去除率。EEM光谱分析显示,与Al2(SO4)3相比,Fe2(SO4)3对有机物具有更广的处理范围和更好的去除效果。HPSEC分析表明,Fe2(SO4)3相对于Al2(SO4)3在去除重均分子量为2 776、1 856和1 325 Da的有机物组分方面具有优势。铁盐或铝盐混凝是深度净化腈纶废水生化单元出水的可行方案之一。     

pH对铝盐絮凝剂形态分布与混凝除氟性能的影响

对比研究了AlC13和3种不同碱化度的聚合氯化铝(PACl)在不同pH与投量下除氟效果,并对不同形态铝盐除氟机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,pH对絮凝剂水解后铝形态分布及其除氟效果有重要影响.pH 5 ～6时,Al3+和Al2、Al3等低聚态铝为AlCl3主要形态,且AlCl3更易水解生成可将溶解态氟转化为颗粒态氟的Al(OH)3,从而较PACl具有更佳除氟效果.pH ＞7时,PACl较AlCl3具有更佳除氟效果,且增大PACl碱化度可促进氟的去除,这主要是由于具有较高Al13含量的PACl更容易与电负性F-结合所致;且絮凝剂混凝除氟絮体ζ电位越高,越利于F-在絮体表面吸附.     

改性秸秆-铝盐复合絮凝剂的制作与应用

以铝盐、作物秸秆为主要原料,用氢氧化钠、氯乙酸通过碱化和醚化对秸秆进行改性,在一定条件下与铝盐合成了一种新型的无机天然有机复合絮凝剂（定名为SPA）,研究了其对高岭土模拟废水的吸光度和浊度去除性能,并对几个主要影响因素作了考察。结果表明：SPA对该模拟废水有较好的处理效果,5 mL SPA/1 L高岭土悬液的投量就可以获得吸光度和浊度88%以上的去除率,室温即可达到最佳处理效果,且pH值适应范围广,大约为3～9。还进行了SPA和铝盐对市政污水的处理效果的对比分析,试验结果表明：对其出水的吸光度去除率、浊度去除率和SS去除率来说,SPA都比铝盐的处理效果好;SPA对COD的去除效果比铝盐略差,但是在低投量时其COD去除率为65%,可以满足污水初级处理的要求。     

盐液浸提辅助微波再生废油脱水树脂及机制分析

对用于废油脱水的聚丙烯酸钠树脂在盐液浸提辅助微波脱附再生过程中的脱附特性和再生使用性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,盐液浸提辅助微波处理的脱附速率是普通热处理的5～6倍,且能耗更低,脱附率更高,树脂床层温升速率更快,温度峰值却更低,说明盐液浸提对微波处理具有明显辅助效果;树脂再生性能测试结果表明,盐液浸提辅助微波处理的树脂再生使用性能最好,孔结构破坏更少。分析认为,微波选择加热特性以及盐液浸提导致树脂内外渗透压降低和方向改变是盐液浸提辅助微波处理具有良好脱附效果的关键机制。     

离子膜烧碱中盐泥的危害分析及控制对策

通过对离子膜烧碱企业盐泥的组分及浸出毒性进行分析,可判断盐泥不属于危险废物,其环境管理的重点在减量化和综合利用2个方面。目前中国盐泥主要的处置方式以堆存或填埋为主,大多数综合利用途径尚无法实现工业化,部分途径存在一定的环境风险。为消除盐泥带来的环境风险,从源头控制和工艺过程控制等方面提出了盐泥管理对策。     

Kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolysis of thiamethoxam

The degradation of thiamethoxam [(EZ)-3-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl-methyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene (nitro) amine] insecticide in buffers at different pH and temperature levels was investigated in laboratory studies. Acidic hydrolysis under conventional heating conditions and alkaline hydrolysis under both conventional heating and microwave conditions were carried out. Different hydrolysis products were found to form under alkaline and acidic conditions. Hydrolysis of thiamethoxam in acidic, neutral and alkaline buffers followed first-order reaction rate kinetics at pH 4, 7 and 9.2, respectively. Thiamethoxam readily hydrolyzed in alkaline buffer but was comparatively stable in neutral buffer solution. The main products formed under different conditions were characterized on the basis of infrared (IR), ¹H-NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The possible mechanisms for the formation of these hydrolysis products have also been proposed.     

Effects of feed solutions on refuse hydrolysis and landfill leachate characteristics

Tap water, aerobically pre-treated leachate, and anaerobically pre-treated leachate, were each fed into the top of a series of three simulated landfills columns, filled with municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China. Changes in leachate, including pH, total organic carbon (TOC), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the produced biogas were monitored over time. The tap-water-fed columns had a low hydrolysis rate that yielded an acidic environment (pH 4.8-5.4) in the leachate that inhibited methanogenesis reaction in the refuse. When aerobically pre-treated leachate was fed into the columns, the hydrolysis rate of total organic carbon fluctuated between 200 and 400 mg d-1 and methanogenesis in the refuse column was only partly activated. The hydrolysis rate of refuse fed with anaerobically pre-treated leachate was the highest among the three solutions. The high alkaline levels of the anaerobically pre-treated leachate and its methanogenic bacteria led to an early activation of methanogenesis in the refuse columns. The VFAs contributed approximately 40-60% of TOC in tap-water-fed columns, 60-80% of TOC in the columns fed aerobically pre-treated leachate, and up to 70-90% of TOC in columns fed with anaerobically pre-treated leachate. The feed solution had considerably affected leachate characteristics, and then the build-up of the methanogenesis in the refuse column and the composition of fermentation products in the leachate. The success of a bioreactor landfill depends on whether the recycled leachate could yield a favorable methanogenic environment in the top refuse layer, or whether an appropriate pre-treatment is adopted to modify the leachate characteristics.     

Behavior and stability of organic contaminant droplets in aqueous solutions

The behavior of several hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in water at concentrations close to and above their maximum solubility values was studied. For this purpose, solutions of benzene, toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene (TCE) and a mixture of them were prepared in excess in freshwater and in saltwater, and solution stability was examined. High organic concentrations were found to remain stable in both freshwater and saltwater. In saltwater, for example, toluene and xylene concentrations remained as high as 14 and 26 times their solubilities, respectively, over a period of 6 days, while in freshwater, their concentrations remained 8 and 30 times their solubilities over the same period. This phenomenon is attributed to the presence of stable organic droplets, which were observed using optical microscopy. In addition, the transport of HOC droplets through sand is demonstrated, using an experimental system consisting of a saltwater source reservoir connected by a porous inactive sand layer to a freshwater collector reservoir.     

The relationship between surface adsorption and the hydrolysis of amitraz in anionic surfactant solutions

The adsorption of amitraz to various adsorbents was studied in terms of the amount and rate of adsorption and the effect that adsorption had on the stability of amitraz in an aqueous environment. Adsorption results showed that in terms of their ability to adsorb amitraz from solution the adsorbents tested in this study can be ordered as follows: coarse carbon > cation exchange resin > or = anion exchange resin > fine carbon. Amitraz was not adsorbed on sand and potassium oxihumate. Adding sodium lauryl sulfate and potassium oxihumate to aqueous suspensions of suspended adsorbents containing adsorbed amitraz showed that both these anionic surfactants significantly increased the hydrolysis rate because the half-lives for amitraz was reduced from 27 days for a suspension to only 8 hours for amitraz adsorbed to a cation exchange resin and suspended in an aqueous buffer pH 5.8 containing 0.5% of the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate and 12 hours when 1% potassium oxihumate was added.     

Evaluation of photolysis and hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin in aqueous solutions and its degradation products in paddy water

This study evaluated the hydrolysis and photolysis kinetics of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection and identified the resulting metabolites of pyraclostrobin by hydrolysis and photolysis in paddy water using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. The effect of solution pH, metal ions and surfactants on the hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin was explored. The hydrolysis half-lives of pyraclostrobin were 23.1–115.5?days and were stable in buffer solution at pH 5.0. The degradation rate of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution under sunlight was slower than that under UV photolysis reaction. The half-lives of pyraclostrobin in a buffer solution at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and in paddy water were less than 12?h under the two light irradiation types. The metabolites of the two processes were identified and compared to further understand the mechanisms underlying hydrolysis and photolysis of pyraclostrobin in natural water. The extracted ions obtained from paddy water were automatically annotated by Compound Discoverer software with manual confirmation of their fragments. Two metabolites were detected and identified in the pyraclostrobin hydrolysis, whereas three metabolites were detected and identified in the photolysis in paddy water.     

Mild hydrolysis of 2-trifluoromethylphenol: kinetics, mechanism and environmental relevance

2-Trifluoromethylphenol was hydrolysed in a phosphate buffer at neutral pH. At mild temperatures ranging from 34 degrees C to 69 degrees C this compound liberates consecutively fluorine anions to form salicylic acid. This process is energetically driven by the hydration of the fluorine anions. No intermediates have been detected by HPLC and (19)F-NMR and this was confirmed by computer calculations which favor the first step in the whole reaction sequence being rate-limiting. Accordingly, the reaction energy of the first dehalogenation of the trifluoromethyl anion is 28.4 kcal mol(-1) higher than for the second dehalogenation. The pseudo-first-order kinetic was determined and from an Arrhenius diagram an activation energy of E(a)=25.1 kcal mol(-1) has been estimated. At 37 degrees C and a pH of 7.4 the half-life was 6.9 h. The rate of hydrolysis was favored at higher pH and it was not influenced by oxygen, sunlight or trace elements found in natural water. The latter was shown by incubations with lake water instead of distilled water.     

A^2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理

研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A2O）活性污泥工艺对生活污水中天然雌激素雌酮（Estrone,E1）、17β-雌二醇（17β-Estradiol,E2）以及17α-乙炔基雌二醇（17α-Ethynylestradiol,EE2）的去除性能。在对COD、N和P具有良好去除效果的前提下,对E1、E2和EE2的去除率可分别达到92.7%、100%和62.7%。通过对各反应单元内3种雌激素的物料平衡分析,表明A2O工艺对雌激素的去除主要发生在厌氧段和好氧段。以失活污泥作为对照组,好氧硝化过程中雌激素去除的小试实验发现,好氧过程中E1、E2的去除主要依靠生物降解作用,而EE2的去除则主要依赖于活性污泥对其的吸附作用。     

Electrooxidation of industrial wastewater containing 1,4-dioxane in the presence of different salts

The treatment of 1,4-dioxane solution by electrochemical oxidation on boron-doped diamond was studied using a central composite design and the response surface methodology to investigate the use of SO₄ ^2? and HCO₃ ^? as supporting electrolytes considering the applied electric current, initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) value, and treatment time. Two industrial effluents containing bicarbonate alkalinity, one just carrying 1,4-dioxane (S1), and another one including 1,4-dioxane and 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (S2), were treated under optimized conditions and subsequently subjected to biodegradability assays with a Pseudomonas putida culture. Electrooxidation was compared with ozone oxidation (O₃) and its combination with hydrogen peroxide (O₃/H₂O₂). Regarding the experimental design, the optimal compromise for maximum COD removal at minimum energy consumption was shown at the maximum tested concentrations of SO₄ ^2? and HCO₃ ^? (41.6 and 32.8 mEq L^?1, respectively) and the maximum selected initial COD (750 mg L^?1), applying a current density of 11.9 mA cm^?2 for 3.8 h. Up to 98 % of the COD was removed in the electrooxidation treatment of S1 effluent using 114 kWh per kg of removed COD and about 91 % of the COD from S2 wastewater applying 49 kWh per kg of removed COD. The optimal biodegradability enhancement was achieved after 1 h of electrooxidation treatment. In comparison with O₃ and O₃/H₂O₂ alternatives, electrochemical oxidation achieved the fastest degradation rate per oxidant consumption unit, and it also resulted to be the most economical treatment in terms of energy consumption and price per unit of removed COD.     

不同有机物对混凝过程和余铝的影响

为了考察不同有机物对混凝过程的影响,针对腐殖酸 (HA) 和牛血清蛋白 (BSA)2种有机物,研究了其在不同有机物含量(以DOC计),不同混凝剂(氯化铝(AlCl3)、聚铝十三(Al13)),不同pH值条件下混凝实验沉后水的总铝(TA)、总溶铝(TDA)以及不同混凝条件下形成的絮体情况,结果表明,不同有机物对沉后水中的余铝含量有重要的影响,在相同的混凝条件下腐殖酸体系产生较高的余铝.当使用AlCl3做混凝剂时,对腐殖酸和蛋白质体系而言,沉后水余铝浓度均随DOC含量的升高而上升;而使用Al13作为混凝剂时,腐殖酸体系的混凝沉后水中的余铝随有机物含量的升高而升高.当pH值高于7.0,DOC浓度高于4.0 mg/L时,总溶铝占总铝的比例达到90%以上,此时pH值对溶解态余铝的含量无明显的影响.腐殖酸和蛋白质的混合体系与其任一单独体系相比,混凝过程中会形成具有较大强度因子和恢复因子的絮体,且混合比接近1:1时,混凝出水总溶铝达到最低.絮体的破碎与再生长受搅拌强度的影响较大,当破碎强度提高到100 r/min以上时,絮体粒径出现明显的下降.相比而言,AlCl3形成的絮体拥有更大的强度因子,而Al13形成的絮体拥有更大的恢复因子.     

Evaluation of Al30 polynuclear species in polyaluminum solutions as coagulant for water treatment

Polyaluminum coagulant with a content of 76.8% of Al30 (PACAl30) was prepared. Its coagulation behaviors were compared with high Al13 content polyaluminum coagulant (PACAl13) and AlCl3. The species stability was studied using Al-Ferron method and 27Al NMR. The coagulation performances were investigated by studying the rate of flocs development, the turbidity removal efficiency and charge neutralization capacity under fixed pH conditions and uncontrolled pH conditions. The effect of pH on coagulation was also studied. The results show that PACAl30 are stable for using as coagulant. PACAl30 causes less pH depression than PACAl13. The charge neutralization capacity of PACAl30 is slightly lower than that of PACAl13 at pH6.8 and higher at pH 6.5. PACAl30 achieves the most effective turbidity removal in these three coagulants. And it acts effectively within a much broader dosage range and a wider pH range when compared with PACAl13. PACAl30 achieves the highest turbidity removal due to its strong flocs formation capacity. The results verify that Al30 is another highly active coagulation/flocculation species for turbidity removal.