在线超声作用下流化床膜生物反应器的膜污染机制

在流化床膜生物反应器中引用在线超声技术来控制膜污染,考察了在线超声对污泥混合液特性的影响,探讨了在线超声作用下的膜污染机制。结果表明：在线超声流化床膜生物反应器的跨膜压差（TMP）增长速度明显慢于普通流化床膜生物反应器,可延长膜清洗周期约51％。在线超声作用下,污泥平均粒径降低约70μm,污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）含量增加（14±5）mg／g,混合液溶解性微生物产物（SMP）有所降低;同时,在线超声使得污泥浓度和混合液粘度降低,从而改善了混合液的过滤性,有助于膜污染的控制。分析表明,在线超声能够减少膜表面不可逆污染的发生,膜的主要污染机制为泥饼层污染。     

复合式膜生物反应器膜污染机理研究

通过在膜生物反应器中添加填料,在保持良好出水水质的前提下可有效降低悬浮污泥浓度,从而减轻膜表面的污泥沉积,减轻膜污染。在处理生活污水的试验中,膜表面泥饼层阻力在总阻力中的比例下降到10％,而膜孔吸附阻力中由溶解性有机物所造成的阻力占到83．3％,这表明由于膜表面的污泥沉积降低,膜组件对溶解性有机物的吸附增加,因而应当选择合适的污泥浓度以得到最佳的综合效果。     

颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器的长期运行特性

在实验室条件下,从有机物去除效果、透膜压差、污泥颗粒粒径和污泥混合液过滤阻力等方面对颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器（HMBR）的长期运行特性进行了研究。结果表明,与普通MBR相比,HMBR可以显著减缓膜污染,延长稳定运行时间,减少膜组件的清洗频率,在本试验条件下,当膜通量分别为3.0、4.5和6.0 L/（m²·h）时,MBR的透膜压差增长率分别是HMBR的5.5、3.3和2.2倍;HMBR的有机污染物去除效果显著,COD平均去除率达到92.3%,但是由于颗粒填料对HMBR膜表面污泥沉积层的去除,HMBR对有机物的筛滤/吸附作用减弱,造成HMBR出水的COD浓度比MBR略高;随运行时间的增长,HMBR污泥颗粒粒径呈下降趋势,而污泥混合液的过滤阻力逐渐增大,由于颗粒填料对污泥絮体的剪切作用,以及污泥生物相的变化导致HMBR的污泥粒径下降趋势比MBR更为明显,粒径分布范围更窄,而且HMBR的污泥混合液过滤阻力增长速率略大于MBR。     

膜生物反应器中新型无纺布膜过滤特性及膜污染特征

通过无纺布和聚偏氟乙烯平板膜组件在相同操作条件下的对比实验,研究无纺布膜的过滤特性。结果表明,2种膜的膜生物反应器COD、氨氮平均去除率均＞90%。过膜压力变化表明在长期运行条件下,无纺布可适于作为膜生物反应器的过滤介质,其过滤机理为膜表面滤饼层形成动态膜,从而增强了膜截留能力。膜污染研究表明,无纺布膜阻力主要来自滤饼层（占总阻力的83.6%）,经清洗后膜通量可恢复至94%。扫描电镜显示膜表面滤饼层较厚,结合膜阻力分析结果认为,该滤饼层对膜污染和可逆性影响较大。对膜表面和膜孔中胞外聚合物（EPS）的红外分析证实,其中含有蛋白质和多糖物质,而且组分分析表明蛋白质是膜污染物EPS中的主要组分,在膜孔中的含量比滤饼层中还高。     

MFC-MBR耦合系统运行效果

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能有效降解污泥中的胞外生物有机质(EBOM)并回收电能.将MFC与MBR联用,建立了一套能够有效抑制膜污染同时回收电能的新系统——MFC-MBR耦合系统,MBR的剩余污泥经MFC处理后回流.以传统MBR为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况和污泥混合液的性质进行研究.研究表明,耦合系统的污水处理效果没有明显恶化,COD去除率为94％,NH4+-N的去除率为92％.耦合系统能够有效减缓膜污染的发生,清洗周期延长了28％.污泥混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在80％ ～ 88％,系统内几乎没有无机颗粒积累.松散结合态胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)降低了48％,使污泥混合液性质得到改善.较低的污泥比阻(2.69×1012m/kg)和标准化毛细吸水时间(1.67 s·L/g MLSS),证明耦合系统污泥混合液脱水性能提高了.     

活性污泥中EPS的2种测定方法及其对膜通量的影响

以动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）中养殖废水为研究体系,探讨活性污泥中细菌胞外多聚物（EPS）的2种测定方法,蛋白质多糖加合法（EPS PSP）、TOC法（EPS TOC）及其与膜通量之间的相关性研究。结果表明,EPS PSP与EPS TOC的相关性较好,相关系数R2为0.9183;EPS PSP约为EPS TOC的80%左右。EPS TOC和EPS PSP与膜通量的相关系数较低,仅为0.490和0.412,说明造成膜污染的因素很多,相比之下,EPS TOC比EPS PSP更适合说明膜生物反应器中的污泥状态,更能体现膜污染的状况。     

膜序批式反应器运行特性研究

膜生物反应器采取序批式运行方式,实验室人工配水,系统不排泥,运行220 d.结果表明,系统对COD、氨氮的去除率均在96%以上,细菌胞外多聚物(EPS)以蛋白质为主,污泥浓度达到10 g/L以上,污泥沉降性能得到改善时,跨膜压力(TMP)呈缓慢增长趋势,出现了相当数量的纤毛虫、轮虫等原后生动物.     

一体式膜-生物反应器中膜污染过程的动态分析

膜污染过程的动态研究对于有效地控制膜污染意义重大。结合膜过滤压差的上升和污染膜表面微观形态的变化 ,对不同污泥浓度和膜通量条件下 ,一体式膜 生物反应器中膜污染过程进行了动态分析。结果表明 ,膜污染初期主要是水中溶解性物质在膜表面附着 ,随后污泥在膜表面沉积。溶解性有机物在膜面的附着 ,对膜过滤压差即膜过滤阻力的变化影响不大 ,而活性污泥在膜表面的大量沉积将导致膜过滤压差迅速上升。污泥浓度愈高 ,膜通量愈大时 ,活性污泥颗粒愈易在膜面沉积。通过停止进出水维持空曝气、降低反应器内污泥浓度或延长膜的停抽时间可以使沉积在膜表面的悬浮污泥脱离膜表面 ,从而使膜过滤能力得到很好的恢复。采用经典的膜污染模型对各运行阶段膜污染模式进行了分析 ,模型拟合结果与电镜观察结果基本吻合。     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器性能和膜污染研究

实验研究了好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器AGMBR的处理性能,并将其与活性污泥膜生物反应器ASMBR进行对比,考察了颗粒污泥在减缓膜污染中所起的作用.好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器AGMBR连续稳定运行102 d,系统具有良好的去除有机物和同时硝化反硝化能力,在进水COD和NH+4-N浓度分别为500和200 mg/L时,COD、NH+4-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在86%、94%和45%以上.颗粒污泥有效减缓了膜污染,延长了膜清洗的周期,AGMBR中的膜污染以膜孔堵塞为主,占总阻力的64.81%;滤饼层的阻力为2.1×1012m-1,远小于ASMBR中的16.07×10"m-1;膜清洗周期是相同条件下ASMBR的2.43倍以上;而且AGMBR内不断有新颗粒生成,维持了AGMBR系统性能和运行的稳定.     

膜污染状态下的胞外聚合物、细菌数量及微生物群落结构研究

研究了膜污染状态下膜生物反应器(MBR)中混合液污泥和膜丝表面污泥的胞外聚合物(EPS)含量、细菌数量以及微生物种群结构的情况。结果表明:EPS主要由蛋白质组成,膜丝表面污泥中的EPS含量较高,高达68.3mg/g;MBR污泥中细菌的数量级基本达109个/g,其中膜丝表面污泥细菌数量较高;MBR混合液污泥和膜丝表面污泥微生物群落的Shannon-Weaver指数分别为2.639和2.303,两者微生物群落结构的相似性系数达到0.833,两者的优势菌均为黄色单胞菌,变形杆菌门和拟杆菌门是膜丝表面种类较多的菌群,可能与膜污染有密切的联系。深入分析膜污染形成原因和过程,对膜污染的防治具有重要的意义。     

钙离子对短期膜污染的影响

以处理生活污水的平板膜-生物反应器为依托,通过将进水调配成30、200和500 mg/L 3种不同的钙离子浓度,考察钙离子对短期膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着钙离子浓度的增加,TMP增长趋势变小,膜污染得到缓解;钙离子浓度为200 mg/L时,膜的渗透性最好,而过高的钙离子浓度并不利于降低膜污染。钙离子的投加强化了生物絮凝作用,可以降低SMP和LB-EPS的含量,主要通过降低外部阻力减缓膜污染;投加钙离子也可以增加絮体的大小,较大的絮体形成的泥饼有更好的过滤性,然而过高的钙离子浓度会使无机颗粒的量增加,造成平均粒径下降,将会加重内部污染,进而加剧膜污染。     

Effect of membrane type and material on performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor

This study evaluated the impact of membrane type and material on filtration performance in a submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) for municipal wastewater treatment. Three types of microfiltration membranes with similar pore size of 0.1 microm but different materials and types, phase-inversed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), track-etched polycarbonate (PCTE) and track-etched polyester (PETE), were used. Changes in permeability with time for the PCTE and PTFE membranes appeared similarly, whereas the PETE membrane exhibited the most rapid flux decline. Lower TOC in the permeate compared to the supernatant was probably due to a combination of biodegradation by the biofilm (cake layer) developed on the membrane surface and further filtration by cake layer and narrowed pores. The faster permeability decline and higher TOC removal rate of the PETE membrane were attributed to an initial permeate flux higher than an average design flux, which led to a faster rate of fouling and thicker cake layer. Therefore, an MBR should not be operated at a flux higher than the average design flux for a specific type of membrane. A gradual increment of biomass concentration did not significantly affect membrane permeability of each membrane investigated. Dissolved organic carbon fractionation results showed that the composition of each fraction between the supernatant and permeates did not change significantly with time, suggesting that membrane hydrophobicity was not a dominant factor affecting MBR fouling in this study. The organic foulants desorbed from the PCTE membrane contained approximately 60% of hydrophobic fraction, which was probably attributable to the extracellular polymeric substances proteins released from the biomass attached to the membrane. While the total filtration resistance of the PTFE membrane was influenced by a higher surface roughness, those of the PETE and PCTE membranes, which had a similar and lower roughness, were affected by the initial operating flux.     

好氧颗粒污泥动态膜生物反应器工艺参数及运行性能

以一体式尼龙筛网动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)为研究体系,与好氧颗粒污泥相结合,形成新的好氧颗粒污泥动态膜生物反应器(AGDMBR),探讨了在新工艺条件下对COD、氨氮的去除,以及出水浊度的变化,与活性污泥动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)做比较,研究了进水流量、曝气量等工艺运行参数与膜污染之间的关系,并对系统中污泥的EPS进行分析。结论表明,AGDMBR系统对COD和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为91%和95%,出水浊度为6 NTU,处理效果均优于DMBR系统;AGDMBR系统在运行过程中膜污染速度随进水流量的增大而加快;曝气量为125～150 L/h时,膜通量持续时间最长;AGDMBR系统比DMBR系统在膜污染的延缓上具有明显的优势。     

序批式膜生物反应器(SMBR)处理生活污水的研究

实验模拟生活污水,考察了连续式膜生物反应器(continuous membrane bioreactor,CMBR)和序批式膜生物反器(sequencing batch membrane bioreactor,SMBR)的膜污染和污染物去除效果.结果表明CMBR和SMBR出水COD的平均浓度分别为15.42 mg/L和...     

Investigation of the role of biopolymer clusters in MBR membrane fouling using flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy

The technique that employs flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilised for detailed investigation of the fouling materials in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The method involves the flash freezing of a wet sample in liquid nitrogen for 10 s to preserve its structure for direct ESEM observation with a high image resolution. ESEM images show that the sludge cake formed by simple filtration of the MBR bulk sludge has a highly porous, sponge-like structure with a fairly low resistance. However, the fouling layer attached to the membrane surface contains a thin gel layer under the main body of the sponge-like sludge cake, which is similar to that formed by filtration of a dispersion of biopolymer clusters (BPCs). It is apparent that BPCs tend to accumulate on the membrane surface, and the gel layer is largely responsible for the high filtration resistance of the cake layer on the fouled membranes.     

复合式膜生物反应器处理校园生活污水

采用投加悬浮填料的复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)中试装置处理校园生活污水,考察其对有机碳和氨氮的去除效果。实验结果表明,反应器具有较好的污染物去除效果,HMBR对COD的平均去除率为88%,对氨氮的平均去除率超过97.5%。采用比耗氧速率(SOUR)来表征活性污泥的生物活性,SOUR随着有机负荷的变化逐渐从80 mg/(kg.min)降到30 mg/(kg.min)。实验过程中,经历有机负荷率(OLR)和氨氮负荷率(NLR)的变化,结果显示,其对污泥特性和膜污染速率有较大影响。     

SRT对MBR污泥性质的影响

以浸没式膜-生物反应器(SMBR)处理模拟赖氨酸废水为研究体系,考察SRT在10、20和40 d条件下,SMBR中的胞外聚合物(EPS)组分和含量、污泥沉降性能和污泥相对疏水性等污泥性质的变化及其对膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着SRT的延长,混合液中EPS总量呈递减趋势,TBEPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值呈上升趋势,污泥的沉降性能变差,相对疏水性增强;膜通量下降速率变大,膜污染加重。污泥性质与膜污染的相关性表明,膜污染与蛋白质和多糖的比值、污泥沉降性能和相对疏水性呈正相关关系,而与EPS呈负相关关系。     

Influences of influent carbon source on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of activated sludge

It is necessary to understand the bioflocculation, settling and dewatering characteristics in the activated sludge process in order to establish more efficient operational strategies. The influences of carbon source on the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and flocculation, settling and dewatering properties of the activated sludge were investigated. Laboratory-scale completely mixed activated sludge processes were used to grow the activated sludge with different carbon sources of starch, glucose and sodium acetate. The sludge fed with acetate had highest loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) and that fed with starch lowest. The amount of tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), protein content in LB-EPS, polysaccharide content and protein contents in TB-EPS, were independent of the influent carbon source. The polysaccharide content in LB-EPS of the activated sludge fed with sodium acetate was lower slightly than those of starch and glucose. The sludge also had a nearly consistent flocs size and the sludge volume index (SVI) value. ESS content of the sludge fed with sodium acetate was higher initially, although it was similar to those fed with glucose and starch finally. However, the specific resistance to filtration and normalized capillary suction time fluctuated first, but finally were stable at around 5.0 × 10⁸ m kg⁻¹ and 3.5 s L g⁻¹ SS, respectively. Only the protein content in LB-EPS weakly correlated with the flocs size and SVI of the activated sludge. But there was no correlation between any other EPS contents or components and the physicochemical properties of the activated sludge.