有机改性蒙脱石负载巯基修复汞污染土壤

以蒙脱石作为原始材料,对其进行有机改性,将巯基基团负载在有机改性的蒙脱石上制备出重金属汞的稳定剂以稳定化修复汞污染土壤。考察稳定化时间、稳定剂添加量、浸出液pH及有机质含量对稳定化效果的影响,探究稳定化前后土壤汞形态变化。通过XRD、FTIR和SEM分析了蒙脱石、有机改性蒙脱石(Mont-OR)和负载巯基有机改性蒙脱石(Mont-OR-SH)的物理化学特征,通过原子吸收法测定汞浓度。稳定化修复结果表明,稳定化时间为30 d,稳定剂添加量为9%时,汞浸出浓度为0.066 mg·L~(-1),稳定率为98.3%,达到GB 5085.3-2007规定的汞限值0.10 mg·L~(-1)。添加不同质量的小麦秸秆作为有机质的来源,均对整个稳定化有促进作用,其中添加量为6%时,促进作用最明显,改变浸出液pH,在强酸性和强碱性条件下,利用此稳定剂对汞的稳定作用降低。TESSIER五步提取法结果表明,负载巯基的有机改性蒙脱石的添加导致可交换态汞、碳酸盐结合态汞、铁锰氧化物结合态汞含量下降,而有机结合态汞、残渣态汞含量增加。实验结果证明有机改性蒙脱石负载巯基能够有效地应用于汞污染土壤修复。     

羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(V)的去除性能

采用无机羟基铝及阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对天然蒙脱石进行无机及复合改性。在吸附过程中研究了反应时间、投加量和pH等变量对吸附性能的影响,同时进行吸附动力学及吸附等温线研究,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式。采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光、傅里叶红外光谱等表征手段对未改性及改性蒙脱石进行性能表征。研究结果表明,羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(V)具有良好的吸附性能,在pH为4～10,初始砷浓度为2 mg/L,改性蒙脱石对As(V)的去除率接近99%。吸附机理主要为羟基铝表面络合吸附和静电吸附。     

羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(Ⅴ)的去除性能

采用无机羟基铝及阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对天然蒙脱石进行无机及复合改性.在吸附过程中研究了反应时间、投加量和pH等变量对吸附性能的影响,同时进行吸附动力学及吸附等温线研究,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式.采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光、傅里叶红外光谱等表征手段对未改性及改性蒙脱石进行性能表征.研究结果表明,羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(Ⅴ)具有良好的吸附性能,在pH为4～10,初始砷浓度为2 mg/L,改性蒙脱石对As(Ⅴ)的去除率接近99％.吸附机理主要为羟基铝表面络合吸附和静电吸附.     

酸碱溶液改性竹基活性炭生物降解H2S

对竹基活性炭采用酸、碱溶液浸渍的方法改性,并用化学和表面形态分析等表征方法测试了其改性前后的特性,研究了不同溶液对改性竹基活性炭在微生物挂膜和滴滤塔去除H2S方面的影响。研究结果表明,用10％NaOH溶液改性后的竹基活性炭较未改性的竹基活性炭碱性基团含量增加了0．614mmol／L,平衡含水率增加了6．08％,碘吸附值增加了29．6mL／g,这些物化性能的改变更有利于生物竹基活性炭去除H2S。对比5种改性方法对生物降解H2S性能的影响,在H2S人口浓度为150～4500mg／m^3、循环液喷淋量0．2L／h、pH6．5—7．5、气体停留时间66s的条件下,经NaOH溶液改性后的竹基活性炭,对H2S的去除率达93．4％以上,效果好于其他改性方法的竹基活性炭。     

改性膨润土联合混凝剂处理微污染水中有机物

采用十二烷基多糖苷季铵盐作为改性剂制备改性膨润土,研究了改性膨润土联合混凝剂去除有机物的效果,考察了有机改性剂用量、微波辐射功率、辐射时间、膨润土投加量、pH值对有机物去除效果的影响,探讨了改性膨润土的改性和去除机理。结果表明,经微波改性后,实现了十二烷基多糖苷季铵盐阳离子对膨润土的插层,增大了层间距,提高了膨润土的吸附性能。联合混凝剂投加改性膨润土能够改善絮凝性能,显著提高有机物的去除效果。在最佳条件下,改性膨润土与PAC联合后的强化混凝,对初始浓度15.3 mg/L的微污染水中有机物的去除率达到95%以上,吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中的H2S

研究了以Cu2 离子活性溶液制备改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中H2S的相关问题,考察了改性活性炭制备过程中的浸渍液浓度、干燥温度和焙烧温度的影响,以及温度和氧含量对吸附的影响;并对空白活性炭、改性活性炭吸附前后做SEM表征.研究结果表明,浸渍液浓度0.05 mol/L、干燥温度120℃、焙烧温度250℃为改性活性炭制备的最佳条件;吸附反应阶段较适宜的温度为95℃,氧含量为1%;结合扫描电镜初步表明,改性后的活性炭S容量增加,吸附效果明显.     

改性天然沸石去除水中氨氮的研究

分别采用NaCl、KCl和CaCl2对黑龙江省某市天然沸石进行改性，考察了pH值、氨氮初始浓度以及温度对改性沸石交换性能的影响，并对改性沸石的交换动力学进行了研究。结果表明，NaCl和KCl改性对沸石原矿交换容量有不同程度提高，而KCl改性后容量有所降低。pH、NH4初始浓度以及温度对交换性能有明显影响，pH6．0附近沸石交换容量最大；NH4初始浓度越高，反应速度越快，相同初始浓度下，钾型沸石交换速度较快，而沸石原矿交换速度最慢。采用Langmuir型离子交换等温线进行非线性回归的结果显示，低温有利于交换反应的进行。溶液中NH4^＋在改性沸石上的离子交换反应可采用Vermeulen模型描述，沸石原矿拟合相关系数较差。改性沸石多次再生后，其交换容量均有所降低。     

过渡金属浸渍改性ACF去除H_2S研究

为探讨活性炭纤维（ACF）去除恶臭气体H2S的性能,采用过渡金属浸渍改性ACF吸附H2S,揭示出改性ACF前后吸附H2S的性能差异及浸渍剂的浓度和种类对ACF吸附性能的影响。结果表明,通过过渡金属改性后的ACF吸附性能有显著提高,对H2S吸附是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果,改性后的ACF硫容量大小依次为：5%硝酸铜改性ACF〉5%硝酸钴改性ACF〉5%硝酸锰改性ACF。不同浓度浸渍剂改性后的ACF吸附H2S性能有所不同,硫容量呈现出随着浓度升高先增大后减小的趋势。不同浸渍剂改性后的ACF吸附穿透曲线也不同,穿透时间依次为：TCu-ACF〉TCo-ACF〉TMn-ACF。混合金属溶液改性ACF吸附H2S,5%硝酸铜-3%硝酸钴溶液改性ACF吸附性能最佳,硫容量可达166.7 mg/g;而5%硝酸铜-3%硝酸钴-1%硝酸锰溶液改性的ACF效果最差,硫容量仅为83.3 mg/g。     

改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中的H2S

研究了以Cu²⁺离子活性溶液制备改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中H₂S的相关问题,考察了改性活性炭制备过程中的浸渍液浓度、干燥温度和焙烧温度的影响,以及温度和氧含量对吸附的影响;并对空白活性炭、改性活性炭吸附前后做SEM表征。研究结果表明,浸渍液浓度0.05 mol/L、干燥温度120℃、焙烧温度250℃为改性活性炭制备的最佳条件;吸附反应阶段较适宜的温度为95℃,氧含量为1%;结合扫描电镜初步表明,改性后的活性炭S容量增加,吸附效果明显。     

改性CMC聚合物吸附酸法地浸废水中的铀

在温度为70～80℃、单体质量浓度为30%～35%、羧甲基纤维素∶丙烯酸(质量比)为10∶2.5、反应时间为3.5～4 h条件下对CMC进行改性,接枝率可达68%以上。以改性前后的CMC为吸附剂,对模拟酸法地浸含铀废水进行了对比吸附实验研究。结果表明:改性CMC对铀吸附效果最佳的实验条件为:改性CMC质量浓度为0.10 g/L,温度为25℃,pH为5.0,吸附时间100 min,此时铀去除率达到了97.1%,比CMC改性后对铀的吸附率平均提高了近21%。影响吸附效果程度由强到弱的顺序为:改性CMC投加量、pH、吸附时间、温度。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.