典型山地城市初期雨水径流特征研究

通过在典型山地城区重庆北碚区香溪美林区域选择屋面及道路、砖石、绿地3类不同下垫面进行降雨采样监测并结合现有资料,分析初期雨水径流特征。结果表明:2016—2017年重庆北碚区小雨占总降雨天数的80.4%,暴雨仅占1.3%,平均降雨量为9 mm,平均降雨强度为9.75 mm/h,降雨历时以中、短历时(1 h～6 h)为主,多为单峰降雨。降雨初期径流量变化较快,中后期变化平稳。降雨强度相同时,屋面及道路径流量最大,绿地最小。初次径流形成时间随屋面及道路、砖石、绿地依次递增,随降雨强度增强而缩短。     

杭州城区PM2.5和PM10污染特征及其影响因子分析

利用2013年12月—2014年11月杭州城区空气质量监测站PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度值结合气象、道路、人口数据以及站点周边绿地信息分析PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度时空特征及其影响因子。结果表明,杭州城区各监测站PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)晴天日浓度变化趋势基本一致,PM_(2.5)比PM_(10)污染严重;晴天日PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度值与对应的温度(-0.463,-0.281)、风速(-0.305,-0.332)呈负相关,与湿度(0.257,0.239)呈正相关;晴天有风时,杭州市区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染北部重于南部,东部重于西部,浓度极高值集中在风速小于5 m/s时段,且风速越小浓度值越高;温度为12℃左右,湿度在60%~80%时,颗粒物污染最严重;交通高峰时各监测站PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染程度存在明显差异。相关性分析表明,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染程度与道路密度成正比,与缓冲区内绿地覆盖面积成反比。PM_(2.5)污染程度与人口密度成正比,PM_(10)污染与人口密度成反比。     

基于多源大数据可视化的城市居民区绿地土壤环境监测点位布设及采样研究

为科学合理的监测城市居民区绿地土壤环境状况,对居民区绿地土壤监测点位布设和采样的方法进行研究,包括代表性居民区的选取、监测点采样位置的确定、点位数量的确定等.通过多源大数据可视化手段选取某城市代表性的居民区,对其居民区内绿地土壤重金属(镉、汞、砷、铅、铜、铬、锌和镍)进行监测.结果表明:多源大数据的应用对城市土壤监测布...     

城市交通干道绿地砷污染评价

为了研究城市砷污染的现状及不同区域砷污染的空间差异性,以吉林市表层土壤为研究对象,在交通干道的绿化带和磨盘山保护区采集35个土壤样本,进行pH、有机质及砷含量的测定。采用单项污染指数、污染累计指数法等对土壤砷污染进行评价,并运用方差分析的方法对不同区域的砷污染进行了差异比较。研究表明:吉林市街道砷含量为26.43 mg/kg,为磨盘山自然土壤砷含量的4.08倍,为吉林市砷土壤背景值7.26倍;吉林市砷总体超标率12.9%。江北工业区、吉林大街和解放大路的单项污染指数分别为1.34、0.95、0.87,整体达到轻微污染水平。江北工业区和吉林大街、解放大路的变异系数相差不大,依次为0.13、0.11、0.17。土壤砷的污染累积指数为3.21,且由北向南递减,因此,砷污染主要来自于江北工业区的工业"三废"污染。     

酒泉市城区环境结构的遥感分析及城市环境质量评价

本文采用遥感技术，利用彩红外片提取城市建筑，交通、绿地三大空间信息，最后从城市环境结构的非生态化角度进行城市质量评价。这是一种新的尝试，亦为环境研究引入了一种快速而有效的方法。     

都市中心建绿岛可以调节气温

都市中心建绿岛可以调节气温：最近在埃森召开的城市气候学国际会议主张，在人口稠密地区有计划建造公园、绿地或人工湖可使城市空气变得凉爽。例如美国的图森等干燥炎热地方，公园里的温度比邻近建筑密集ｊ＆带气温低７℃Ｚ像伦敦这样气候宜人的城市，温差也相差２℃。都...     

武汉市热岛强度分区与规划应对策略

城市热岛强度分区是城市通风环境改善的前期准备工作。通过空间信息技术方法,提取不同土地类型,并结合建成区热岛强度指数划分武汉市热岛及冷空气生成区。结果表明:用地类型与地表温度存在明显的相关性,大部分水域处于低温区及次低温区,高温区不存在林草地和耕地,城市建设用地主要分布在高温区内;热岛区域大部分分布在武汉市主城区范围内,冷空气生成区位于城市热岛的周边,主城区范围内的大型湖泊、河流和公园绿地对热岛进行分隔。由此提出,对武汉市各个气候功能片区采取分类规划改善策略。     

双波长法及离子浮选／双波长法测定水中不同数量级的Cr（Ⅵ）的实验研究

双波长法及离子浮选／双波长法测定水中不同数量级的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的实验研究王燕，武翠屏，王淑仁（山东济南市环境监测站，２５００１４）（山东大学，济南）在进行污染追踪和环境治理时，涉及到各种不同的水样，如测定水源本底值时，Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）含量可能低于０．１μｇ／Ｌ...     

4─氨基安替比林各种提纯方法的比较

对４─氨基安替比林氯仿萃取比色法测定水中的挥发酚，如何更好地降低空白值作了介绍，阐述了对显色剂不同的提纯方法，并对各种方法作了合理的分析、评价．找出了一种既能降低测定空白值，又不影响方法的灵敏度，并保证分析结果精密度和准确度的方法．     

COD测定方法对照

分别采用经典的重铬酸钾回流法、空气冷凝回流法、快速测定仪法对不同类型的水样进行测定．经过对所得数据的精密度、准确度、检出限的分析，验证3种测定方法均无显著性差异，并总结出各种方法的优缺点。     

德阳市农用地土壤中镉的分布特征及异常来源分析

通过龙门山区域的德阳市6个县市农用地土壤中镉的采样监测,分析了该区域镉的分布特征及区域分异原因,并对其环境生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,德阳市农用地土壤中镉含量总体水平为0.11~4.68 mg/kg,呈现西北到东南逐渐降低的分布特征;西北部绵竹和什邡市农用地土壤中镉出现超标的范围较广,2个城市约62.5%的监测点土壤中镉出现超标,且绵竹市农用地土壤中镉超标程度和生态风险程度最重,绵竹地区约25%的监测点土壤中镉出现了轻中度超标;监测区域土壤中镉出现较重生态风险点共有4个,均出现在绵竹;但较高含量的镉在该区域并非大范围连片存在;区域农用地土壤中镉异常的来源主要为龙门山中段的地质背景和部分以矿石为原料企业的综合影响。     

Patchy Distribution Fields: An Interleaved Survey Design and Reconstruction Adequacy

A mathematical model was used to compare the effects of a regular (one-pass) or interleaved (two-pass) acoustic survey on the adequacy of reconstructing patchy distribution fields. The model simulates fish or plankton patches of different shapes and spatial orientations, and a set of parallel or zigzag transects forming a regular or interleaved acoustic survey. The efficiency of a survey is determined by the adequacy of a reconstructed field to that originally generated, which is evaluated by calculating their correlations. Regarding the immovable fields, the efficiency of a regular or interleaved acoustic survey was tested with the following two alternative assumptions: (1) the entire survey was completed; (2) the survey was interrupted for some reason at the moment when one transect remained non-accomplished. In the former case, the efficiencies of both acoustic surveys were nearly the same; in the latter case, the efficiency of an interleaved survey was superior to that of a regular one. With respect to movable fields, the efficiency of the completed interleaved surveys was even higher than that of the regular ones. Thus, the results obtained allow us to conclude that an interleaved survey is expedient in cases where there is no preference regarding the position of a vessel for further work.     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

Plant Bioassays for an in Situ Monitoring of Air Near an Industrial Area and a Municipal Solid Waste – ŽILINA (SLOVAKIA)

The process of a bioindication of genotoxic effects of complex mixtures on the environment using higher plants is very appropriate and effective. We present the results of an in situ indication of the genotoxic effects of polluted environment near Žilina city. For a more complex monitoring we used: the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay, the Tradescantia microspore test and an evaluation of the abortivity of the pollen grains of native plant species. We found significant differences in the frequency of the micronuclei when using the Trad-MCN test in local of Dubeň. The Tradescantia pollen abortivity test showed significant differences in the frequency of the abortive pollen grains between the exposed groups and the control group. By using native plant species in the pollen abortivity test we found significant differences in both of the two locations for the four following species during two consecutive years: Artemisia vulgaris, Melilotus albus, Trifolium pratense, Typha latifolia.     

重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜中Hg、Pb的污染特征及相关性分析

通过对重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb的含量分析 ,发现土壤 Hg含量远远大于背景值 ,并且土壤 Hg的含量与菜地周围的环境密切相关 ;土壤 Pb的含量同背景值相差不大。Hg、Pb在土壤和蔬菜中的污染特征表现为主城区 >近郊区 >远郊区 ;并且不同蔬菜品种中 Hg、Pb的含量差异较大 ,在不同蔬菜种类表现为叶菜类 >果菜类 >根菜类。相关性分析表明同一菜地土壤和蔬菜中 Hg、Pb含量无相关性 ;不同菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb含量不具有相关性。     

水样中双酚A检测技术研究

介绍了水样中双酚A检测技术的最新研究进展,评述了光谱分析、传感器检测、免疫检测及生物检测等四种方法的特点及实际应用情况,探讨了水样中双酚A检测技术的发展方向.     

Sampling Scale Effects in Random Fields and Implications for Environmental Monitoring

The concept of a sampling scale triplet of spacing, extent and support is used to define the spatial dimensions of a monitoring network or a field study. The spacing is the average distance between samples, the extent is the size of the domain sampled and the support is the averaging area of one sample. The aim of this paper is to examine what is the bias and the random error (uncertainty) introduced by the sampling scale triplet into estimates of the mean, the spatial variance and the integral scale of a variable in a landscape. The integral scale is a measure of the average distance over which a variable is correlated in space. A large number of two dimensional random fields are generated from which hypothetical samples, conforming to a certain sampling scale triplet, are drawn which in turn are used to estimate the sample mean, spatial variance and integral scale. The results indicate that the biases can be up to two orders of magnitude. The bias of the integral scale is positively related to the magnitude of any of the components of the scale triplet while the bias of the spatial variance is different for different components of the scale triplet. All sampling scale effects are relative to the underlying correlation length of the variable of interest which is closely related to the integral scale. The integral scale can hence be used for sampling design and data interpretation. Suggestions are given on how to adjust a monitoring network to the scales of the variables of interest and how to interpret sampling scale effects in environmental data.     

我国城市噪声污染现状与特征

通过对8个大城市功能区噪声监测数据的分析,阐述了我国城市噪声主要污染区域、主要超标时段、噪声时间分布及季度变化等特征,为管理部门制定噪声防治政策提供参考.     

土壤背景值数据差异的来源分析及土壤类型对背景值的影响

本文阐述了在我国共８６０多个土壤样品、４１种土类中的４８种元素背景值调查研究中，元素含量差异的来源并估计了各部分来源的差异所占比例；同时采用单因素方差分析法，研究了土壤类型对４８种元素背景值的影响。结果表明，土壤背景值数据的伯差主要来源于样品本身固有的差异；常量元素的采样偏差大于分析测试过程产生的偏差；而微量元素的分析测试偏差大于采样偏差。     

Knowing, Mapping and Understanding st. Lawrence Biodiversity, with Special Emphasis on Bird Assemblages

Environment Canada and the Québec Department of the Environment, partners in the St Lawrence Vision 2000 Action Plan, set out to prepare a compendium of knowledge of the flora and fauna of the St Lawrence and to identify potential conservation sites. The resulting Portrait is an Internet site that presents the current knowledge base of the river's ecological and biological diversity (http://lavoieverte.qc.ec.gc.ca/faune/biodiv/index.html). The Portrait provides information on over 5,000 species of flora and fauna. On the website, you will find a detailed ecological analysis of the richness, rarity and vulnerability of several broad groups of plant and animal species. Furthermore, you will find a list of species for each of the 700 survey units and a distribution map for 2,500 species recorded along the St Lawrence., in atlas form, along with a detailed conservation plan. The plan encompasses the most unique and heterogeneous landscapes of the St Lawrence, some of which have no protection at present. The Portrait provides an overview of the sites that are currently protected by public agencies and private-sector organisations and identifies new sites of interest for conserving biodiversity and protecting species at risk. This paper exposes the content of this extensive compendium on the biodiversity of the St. Lawrence. For conciseness, it presents some of the analyses conducted on birds to illustrate a few of the analytical approaches that were used. Then, the information on species richness and concentration areas for priority species of vascular plants, breeding birds and herpetofauna will serve to identify the terrestrial sites of significance for biodiversity. Finally, a similar approach having been applied to the aquatic environnement, we will conclude with a conservation plan that identifies the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and the geographic sites where the most important elements of St. Lawrence biodiversity are concentrated. Our analysis of the biodiversity of the most thoroughly studied taxa of the St. Lawrence clearly shows the importance of wetlands, particularly those located at the mouths of rivers or within archipelagos or delta complexes, such as the groups of islands and channels found at both ends of the Montréal Archipelago. These aquatic landscapes are sites of intense biological production, combining in a small geographical area spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for a large number of fish species and breeding, rearing and foraging areas for aquatic birds. Variable flooding conditions, associated with seasonal flooding or daily tidal fluctuations, create a complex mosaic of wetland and aquatic habitats. Although wetlands occupy only a small area in comparison with terrestrial habitats, they support a large number of rare plant and animal species in relation to their size. At present, 10% of the vascular flora and 27% of the herpetofauna of the St. Lawrence are at risk. In the case of reptiles and amphibians, the situation is especially worrisome because nearly all of the most threatened species live in a narrow band along the river corridor. Not only is this the sector that is under the greatest pressure from human development, very little public land remains here, making it difficult to create protected areas. Increased participation by non-governmental organisations and individuals, through private stewardship arrangements, is an essential precondition for completing the network of conservation areas in this part of the St. Lawrence. Along the estuary and the Gulf, habitat integrity has not been affected as much by the expansion of Québec's human population. This is a vast territory, and sites have been identified with a view to making up for the deficiencies in the present network of protected sites in terms of representing biodiversity.