产卵（排精）期间紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis）软组织中多氯联苯（PCBs）的净化

分别测定了紫贻贝产卵(排精)期前后整体软组织、内脏和生殖腺中ΣPCBs和其中10种PCB化合物浓度的变化。产卵(排精)后!紫贻贝整体软组织、内脏和生殖腺的ΣPCBs浓度有不同程度的降低。生殖腺的ΣPCBs浓度由于富脂类的卵(精)子的排出而降幅最大。在10种PCB化合物中,含氯基数较少、分子量较低的PCB化合物浓度降低较多。研究结果表明,在产卵期间除了脂类物质消耗而造成PCBs浓度降低这一因子外,PCB化合物的Kow值也是影响PCBs浓度变化的重要因子。     

超细电气石粉吸附水体中的Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）

通过对吸附时间、电气石用量、初始溶液pH值、初始离子浓度和吸附温度等单因素试验,研究超细电气石粉对水中重金属离子Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的吸附性能。实验发现：超细电气石粉对3种重金属离子的吸附均符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。超细电气石粉对Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和zn（Ⅱ）的饱和吸附量分别是18．59、133．33mg／g和15．41mg／g。超细电气石粉对重金属离子的吸附量随着溶液的初始pH值和电气石用量的增加而增加,随着重金属离子浓度的增加而减小。超细电气石粉能够提高金属溶液的pH值。温度对超细电气石粉吸附重金属离子的影响较小。超细电气石粉对混合溶液中的Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的吸附属于竞争性吸附,其选择性吸附由大到小的顺序为：Pb（Ⅱ）,Cu（Ⅱ）,Zn（Ⅱ）。     

汇丰（中国）企业社会责任报告2008（环境部分）

汇丰银行（中国）有限公司（下称“汇丰中国”）于2007年4月2日正式开业，总行设于上海，是香港上海汇丰银行有限公司全资拥有的外商独资银行，其前身是香港上海汇丰银行有限公司的原中国内地分支机构。     

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对斑马鱼卵黄蛋白原mRNA水平的影响

为了研究环境低剂量全氟辛烷磺酸（perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS）对水生生物的内分泌干扰效应和可能的作用机制,测定了PFOS对斑马鱼（Brachydanio rerio）肝脏中卵黄蛋白原（vitellogenin,VTG）mRNA水平的影响.将斑马鱼暴露于4个PFOS的环境低剂量浓度组（0.1、1、10、100μg.L-1）中进行21d毒性试验,收集肝脏样品,提取RNA,采用荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）分别检测VTG1和VTG3的mRNA水平.结果表明：①PFOS暴露引起雄性斑马鱼肝脏VTG1和VTG3 mRNA水平升高,VTG1 mRNA水平升高与剂量呈正相关,在100μg.L-1暴露浓度处与对照组呈现显著性差异;VTG3的mRNA水平变化与剂量呈倒U型曲线,呈现典型的毒物刺激荷尔蒙效应,在10和100μg.L-1暴露浓度处与对照组呈现显著性差异;②PFOS暴露引起雌性斑马鱼肝脏中VTG1 mRNA水平升高,在10μg.L-1暴露浓度处与对照组呈现显著性差异,但在高浓度（10和100μg.L-1）处试验结果误差较大;VTG3 mRNA水平只在10μg.L-1暴露浓度处升高,但相比于对照组均没有显著性差异.试验结果表明PFOS暴露对斑马鱼的内分泌干扰作用明显,其毒性作用机制可能是类雌激素效应,而肝脏中VTG1和VTG3mRNA水平可能作为PFOS内分泌干扰效应评价的敏感生物标志物,但VTG1和VTG3 mRNA水平的响应曲线呈现基因亚型和性别差异.     

四种拟除虫菊酯类农药的环境雌激素活性研究

将金鱼(Carassius auratus)分别暴露于0.1mg/L甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯和0.5mg/L氯氰菊酯21d后,尾静脉取血,离心分离获得血浆,利用Western-blot方法检测金鱼血浆中是否有卵黄原蛋白产生,同时测定金鱼生殖腺指数、γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.结果表明,对照组雄性金鱼血浆中未检测到卵黄原蛋白,4种拟除虫菊酯农药均能诱导雄性金鱼分泌卵黄原蛋白,而且溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯明显降低了雄鱼生殖腺指数,4种农药均能够明显抑制精巢γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.由此可见,4种拟除虫菊酯类农药具有潜在的环境雌激素活性和生殖毒性.     

Assessing the anti-estrogenic activity of sodium pentachlorophenol in primary cultures of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus) hepatocytes using vitellogenin as a biomarker

Both pentachlorophenol and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin （TCDD） had been studied widely because of their probable anti-estrogenic activity. Sodium pentachlorophenol （PCP-Na）, as a industrial product used in many fields, usually contains a trace of TCDD. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-estrogenic effect of PCP-Na in juvenile goldfish （Gurassius auratus） hepatocyte cultures using vitellogenin （VTG） as the biomarker. The ID50 of PCP-Na was investigated and then a series of concentrations （0.001 0.5 μg/ml） of PCP-Na were evaluated to estimate the anti-estrogenic activity. Results showed that PCP-Na was cytotoxic for hepatocytes even at very low concentration 〈1.21 μg/ml, and it could not induce VTG at any concentrations tested. Since it failed to stimulate VTG production, the possibility of its anti-estrogenic effect was tested, and a well-known anti-estrogenic compound-tamoxifen was used as positive control. PCP-Na caused a reduction in VTG synthesis in juvenile goldfish （Carassius auratus） hepatocytes at concentrations 〉0.1μg/ml when co-exposure with 1μg/ml 17β-estradiol （E2）, making its anti-estrogenic activity approximately as potent as tamoxifen. Our results indicate that PCP-Na can act as negative modulators of estrogenic function in juvenile goldfish （Carassius auratus） hepatocytes.     

氟对斑马鱼生殖毒性研究

为了探讨氟对鱼类的生殖毒性效应,以成年斑马鱼为试验对象,氟化钠暴露45 d和90 d后,运用组织切片观察斑马鱼性腺组织的发育情况,采用酶联免疫分析法测定性腺中雌二醇（Estradiol,E2）、卵黄蛋白原（Vitellogenin,VTG）和睾酮（Testosterone,T）的含量,并使用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测斑马鱼生殖相关基因的表达水平.结果显示：氟暴露会阻滞成年斑马鱼性腺发育,造成卵泡发育不良,精巢生精能力下降;同时降低雌性斑马鱼性腺中E2和VTG的含量,增加T的含量;雌性斑马鱼孕酮受体（Prg）和糖皮质激素受体（GR）基因相对表达量随氟浓度的增加呈先降后升的趋势,随着染毒剂量与时间的增加,雄激素受体（AR）基因相对表达量逐渐增加,而CYP19a基因相对表达量逐渐减少.雄性斑马鱼性腺中E2、VTG、T的含量及生殖相关基因表达的变化趋势则与雌性斑马鱼相反.综上所述,氟暴露可以通过影响斑马鱼体内性腺发育、E2、VTG、T含量及生殖相关基因表达来影响其生殖功能.实验结果可为进一步研究氟化物对水生动物的生殖毒性效应提供理论依据.     

五氯酚对稀有鮈鲫卵黄蛋白原及p53的诱导效应

采用中国特有鱼种稀有鮈鲫为实验动物,研究五氯酚（PCP）对其肝脏卵黄蛋白原（VTG）、VTG基因及抑癌基因p53的诱导效应,评价PCP的内分泌干扰作用,并从蛋白和基因表达水平上筛选PCP检测的敏感生物标志物.1.5、15、40、80、120、150、160μg.L-1PCP暴露稀有鮈鲫,同时设置空白、溶剂对照和17α-雌二醇（EE2）阳性对照,运用SDS-PAGE,ELISA法检测经PCP暴露后稀有鮈鲫肝脏VTG蛋白的表达差异;克隆稀有鮈鲫新的VTG和p53基因序列片段,运用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测PCP暴露对基因表达的影响.结果表明,40、80、120、160μg.L-1PCP均能诱导雌雄稀有鮈鲫肝脏VTG蛋白的表达,具有显著的浓度-效应关系;1.5、15、150μg.L-1PCP暴露后,雄性稀有鮈鲫肝脏VTG和p53基因表达均明显升高,具有显著的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系.证明PCP具有雌激素效应,稀有鮈鲫肝脏的VTG蛋白、VTG及p53基因可作为PCP检测的敏感分子生物标志物.     

金鱼(Carassius auratus)对颗粒态镉的鳃吸收

采用水相平衡态镉浓度不变（0.01mg/L),增加水铝矿颗粒吸附态镉暴露的实验方法，研究了金鱼(Carassius auratus)对颗粒态镉的鳃吸收，结果表明，鳃中镉含量均随态镉暴露浓度增加，且镉／铝含量比明显高于水相，从而证实了颗粒态镉的鲁鳃吸收有效性，金鱼鳃吸收态镉的主要过程是：随水流流经鳃表面的颗粒态匐会着在鳃表粘液上，在鳃部微环境下，吸附的镉发生解吸而被鳃部细胞吸收，颗粒物及未被吸收的镉在鳃丝表面短暂停留后与脱落粘液一起随水流从鳃部排出。     

基于SCGE的五氯酚对稀有鮈鲫DNA损伤的研究

采用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术,研究了在不同的染毒时间内不同浓度的五氯酚(PCP)对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)血细胞和肝脏细胞DNA的损伤.结果显示,各PCP染毒组细胞彗星尾部DNA含量 (%DNAT) 和彗星尾长(TL) 显著增加,与空白对照组比较,差异极显著(P0.926,说明在实验浓度范围内, 存在显著的浓度-效应关系.在同一浓度下,随着暴露时间的增加,处理组%DNAT和TL逐渐增加,存在显著的时间-效应关系.由于PCP可引起稀有鮈鲫血细胞和肝脏细胞DNA的严重损伤,因此稀有鮈鲫血细胞和肝脏细胞DNA的损伤可作为PCP遗传毒性的指示.     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

Accumulation and elimination of iron oxide nanomaterials in zebrafish (Danio rerio) upon chronic aqueous exposure

A 52-day continuous semi-static waterborne exposure (test media renewed daily) regimen was employed to investigate the accumulation and elimination profiles of two iron oxide nanomaterials (nano-Fe₂O₃ and nano-Fe₃O₄) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult zebrafish were exposed to nanomaterial suspensions with initial concentrations of 4.0 and 10.0 mg/L for 28 days and then were moved to clean water for 24 days to perform the elimination experiment. Fe content was measured in fish body and feces to provide data on accumulation and elimination of the two iron oxide nanomaterials in zebrafish. The experiment revealed that: (1) high accumulation of nano-Fe₂O₃ and nano-Fe₃O₄ were found in zebrafish, with maximum Fe contents, respectively, of 1.32 and 1.25 mg/g for 4.0 mg/L treatment groups and 1.15 and 0.90 mg/g for 10.0 mg/L treatment groups; (2) accumulated nanoparticles in zebrafish can be eliminated efficiently (the decrease of body burden of Fe conforms to a first-order decay equation) when fish were moved to nanoparticle-free water, and the elimination rates ranged from 86% to 100% by 24 days post-exposure; and (3) according to analysis of Fe content in fish excrement in the elimination phase, iron oxide nanomaterials may be adsorbed via the gastrointestinal tract, and stored for more than 12 days.     

基于两步聚类的城市闸控河流水质时空变异特征研究

为探究典型城市闸控河流水质时空分布规律性差异,提供城市闸控河流水生态保护与精准调控依据,将两步聚类法应用于秦淮河南京段水质时空变异特征研究中。结果表明:近年来秦淮河南京段以氮、磷污染为主,且水质情况可分为3类(类型1-较优水质、类型2-中等水质、类型3-较劣水质);在空间分布上,河流流向与水质变化趋势存在密切关系,除入江口处断面,从上游至下游类型3水体的多年平均占比从15%增加至38%,水质污染程度逐渐增加;在时间分布上,年际间的类型3水体占比从31%(2008年)逐年降至1%(2015年),水质持续改善,且年内水质在夏秋季节较好。为改善城市闸控河段水质,可在保证城内河道不发生内涝的前提下增加入江口处闸门开启频次,同时加强冬春季节引调水力度。