黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体内的石油烃的测定

在１９９０－９７－１９９１－１２期间,监测了黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体内的污染物残留量,计算了沿岸软体动物体内石油烃含量的本底值为３．４７－１９．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ,用本底值的上限作为评价标准,对沿岸贝类的石油污染状况,按污染程度做了海区划分,结果是大连湾,长江口,锦州湾的经济贝类是石油烃污染严重的区域。     

PAHs in aquatic sediment in Hangzhou, China: Analytical methods, pollution pattern, risk assessment and sources

Eleven surface sediment samples, from Hangzhou section of Qiantang River and Jinghang Canal, west Lake the inland river were collected to investigate 17 polycycUc aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） pollution in aquatic sediments of Hangzhou. Accelerated solvent extraction（ASE） was used to extract PAHs from sediments with satisfactory recoveries. It was found that the total PAHs in the sediments ranged from 308.4 to 3037 ng/g dw, and PAHs pollution in sediments from Jinghang Canal were the heaviest. Lowest effect level（LEL） and severe effect level （SEL） sediment quality guidelines were introduced to perform risk assessment for PAHs pollution in aquatic sediments. Only one sample in Jinghang Canal had adverse impact on benthic organism. 2-3 ring PAHs had a noticeable contribution to total PAHs, especially NA, PHEN. A quantity method was used to determine the major source, the results showed petroleum origin was the chief source to PAHs pollution in all sediments with the exception of sediments from Jinghang Canal where combustion sources had a larger contribution.     

广州珠江表层沉积物中石油烃分布特征研究

对珠江广州段7个采样点的表层沉积物中的石油烃浓度进行了测定,结果表明广州珠江表层沉积物中的石油烃污浓度水平在288.62~725.13μg/g之间。市区南航道、后航道浓度相对较高,前航道黄埔涌口(Ⅶ号点)附近石油烃浓度已接近海洋第二类沉积物标准值;西航道至前航道和南航道、平洲水道至后航道沿程石油类浓度与有机质含量逐渐升高,说明广州市区是造成石油及有机污染的主要区域。与有机质含量及沉积物粒度的相关性分析发现,表层沉积物中石油烃浓度与有机质水平存在非常显著的正相关关系(相关系数r=0.987,P<0.01);与粘粒组分存在显著的正相关关系,相关系数(r=0.885,P<0.05),而与砂粒组分成非常显著的负相关关系(r=-0.919,P<0.01)。     

水和沉积物中石油烃的分析方法及污染特征研究进展

综述了近年来国内外有关水和沉积物中石油烃的分析方法和污染特征研究进展。对各类提取方法和测定方法的原理、适用范围、优缺点和应用进行了系统的总结和评述。目前,水样中石油烃的提取方法最常用的是液-液萃取,而沉积物样品最常用的是索氏萃取、超声波萃取,气相色谱是测定总石油烃浓度和石油烃特定组分浓度的主要发展方向。同时总结了石油烃在全球范围内水和沉积物中的污染水平、分布情况以及影响因素。结果表明:水中石油烃低污染浓度(0.05~4.13 μg/L)出现在泰国湾和马来西亚半岛东海岸,高污染浓度(1 581 541 μg/L)出现在澳大利亚新南威尔士州;沉积物中石油烃低污染浓度(未检出~1.71 mg/kg)来自波斯湾北部的海岸线和红树林,高污染浓度(300~16 500 mg/kg)来自珠江口;水和沉积物中石油烃污染主要分布在亚洲;石油泄漏、工业废水排放和城市径流是环境中石油烃污染水平升高的主要影响因素。最后,对今后水和沉积物中石油烃的研究重点进行了展望。     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage effluents in Beijing,China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for efluents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the effects of discharging MSTP efluent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 μg/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 μg/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage e uents in Beijing, China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for e uents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the e ects of discharging MSTP e uent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 g/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 g/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p < 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

大辽河口及其毗邻区域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及其风险评估

本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)检测了大辽河口及其毗邻区域(包括大辽河口毗邻的上游河道和近岸海域)表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平,并对其来源和生态风险进行评估。结果发现沉积物中多环芳烃总浓度(PAHs)的范围是36510-9~1158910-9 g/g干重,平均值为370010-9 g/g干重,总体为重度污染水平,与历史数据相比污染水平有所加重;从入海上游河道经河口至近岸海域各站位的PAHs浓度分布没有明显的规律性,可能是由于不同站位悬浮颗粒物的沉降特征不同,同时在咸潮作用下导致携带PAHs污染的表层沉积物发生重新分配所致。采用PAHs组成分析和特征比值法对该区域表层沉积物当中PAHs来源进行分析,结果表明,本研究区域表层沉积物中PAHs主要为石油源污染,其次为煤等生物质燃料的不完全燃烧;沉积物污染风险评价结果表明该区域PAHs污染水平对生物产生有害效应的概率较高,需要引起相关管理部门的重视。     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

Nonylphenol in bivalves and sediments in the northeast coast of China

To understand nonylphenol (NP) contamination in the northeast coastal environment in China, NP was determined in 19 sediment and 20 bivalve samples collected during November 2005. NP was identified in all sediment samples in the range of 8.8 to 1.0 × 10 3 ng/g dw (dry weight), with an average of 0.12 × 10 3 ng/g dw. Most of the bivalve samples (oysters and mussels) contained detectable amounts of NP that ranged from ND (not detected) to 7.6 × 10 3 ng/g dw, with an average value of 0.79 × 10 3 ng/g dw. These results indicated that NP is ubiquitous in sediments and bivalves from the northeast coast of China, and are even present in bivalves sold as seafood. Serious contamination with NP was recorded off the coast of Bohai Strait and in semi-enclosed coastal environment such as Jiaozhou Bay and Liaodong Bay. Possible environmental and human health implications were understood in this study.     

黄河入海口沉积物脂肪烃的分布特征及源解析

为探讨黄河流域生态环境变化对莱州湾生态环境的影响,本研究分析测试了黄河入海口70 cm沉积物柱状样的总有机质参数、脂肪烃组成及含量。结果表明：1968年前,黄河入海口沉积物中有机质含量较低,陆源高等植物源有机质和人类活动源石油烃在沉积物有机质中的占比都较低,藻类、细菌源有机质为沉积物有机质的主要来源;1968-2001年,黄河入海口沉积物中有机质含量逐年增高,沉积物中陆源有机质和人类活动源石油烃含量都呈增长趋势;2001-2010年,黄河入海口沉积物中有机质含量较低,其中,藻类、细菌源有机质占比增大,人类活动源的石油烃污染仍然明显;2010年后,黄河入海口沉积物中有机质含量又呈增高趋势,且沉积物中陆源有机质和人类活动源石油烃含量也呈增长趋势。综上所述,黄河入海口区域有机质污染程度较轻,沉积物有机质呈自然源和人类活动源混合输入特征,其中,人类活动源石油烃是该区域有机质污染的主要来源。     

渤海滩涂沉积物中石油污染物的迁移-转化规律研究

采用紫外分光光度法对2003年夏季渤海滩涂表层沉积物和海水中石油烃含量进行了分析,探讨了海水中可溶油在滩涂沉积物中的迁移转化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,沉积物中石油烃含量在(55.8~2563.4)×10-6,平均值为555.82×10-6,与海洋沉积物质量(GB18668-2002)500×10-6相比,超标率为50%,超标倍数为1.05~5.13倍;受潮流作用和沉积环境的影响,石油烃含量自岸向海呈由低到高的分布特征;研究区是典型的淤泥质海岸带,由于其沉积物颗粒细,有机质含量高,很容易吸附石油烃;沉积物中石油烃是难生物降解的多环芳烃类。     

辽河和太湖沉积物中PAHs和OCPs的分布特征及风险评估

于2009年6月分别采集辽河和太湖表层沉积物样品,测定了多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量.结果表明,辽河表层沉积物中∑PAHs含量(干重)为120.8~22120ng/g,平均值为3281ng/g,处于较高的水平;太湖∑PAHs的含量为256.6~1709ng/g,平均值为829.0ng/g,处于中等水平.两采样区的PAHs以4环和5~6环为主,荧蒽含量最高,PAHs主要因热解产生.辽河和太湖表层沉积物中OCPs的含量均处于较低水平,且均以β-HCH为主.利用相平衡分配法建立了15种PAHs和8种OCPs的沉积物基准值,对沉积物中PAHs和OCPs进行了生态风险评估,结果显示辽河流域的浑河段均有∑PAHs、∑DDTs和∑HCHs超标点位,具有较大的生态风险;太湖流域未发现超标点位,沉积物中各类污染物中含量均未超过基准值,生态风险较小.     

苏州河沉积物中的PCDD/Fs研究

用酶联免疫检测方法对苏州河沉积物PCDD/Fs进行分析,结果表明,PCDD/Fs水平在3.6～13.7TEQpg/gdw之间(平均值为8.4TEQpg/gdw)。PCDD/Fs含量的空间分布差异较大,中游含量高于上游和下游。对柱状沉积物的分析显示,沉积物PCDD/Fs含量在9.0～18.8TEQpg/gdw之间(平均值为13.8TEQpg/gdw),1996年前后达到峰值。通过对苏州河PCDD/Fs组成模式进行主分量分析发现,河流沉积物的PCDD/Fs为混合来源,其中污水排放的贡献较大。     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary, China

Surface sediment samples collected from twenty-one sites of Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary were determined for sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by isotope dilution GC-MS method. The total PAH contents varied from 10.8 to 252 ng/g in Yellow River Estuary sediment, and from 84.6 to 620 ng/g in Yangtze River Estuary sediment. The mean total PAH content of Yangtze River Estuary was approximately twofold higher than that of Yellow River Estuary. The main reasons for the di erence may be the rapid industrial development and high population along Yangtze River and high silt content of Yellow River Estuary. The evaluation of PAH sources suggested that PAHs in two estuaries sediments estuaries were derived primarily from combustion sources, but minor amounts of PAHs were derived from petroleum source in Yellow River Estuary. PAHs may be primary introduced to Yellow River Estuary via dry/wet deposition, wastewater e uents, and accidental oil spills, and Yangtze River Estuary is more prone to be a ected by wastewater discharge.     

千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

利用高效液相色谱法对采集于2012年12月的部分千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,千岛湖表层沉积物中共检出属于美国EPA优先控制16种PAHs中的15种,各采样点位PAHs总量的浓度范围在258~906ng/g(干重)之间,平均值为558ng/g,属低污染水平.空间分布特征受周边区域内点源污染和河流输入污染物影响.沉积物中的多环芳烃以高分子量组分为主,通过特征组分比例可确认其主要来源于周边地区煤炭、木材不完全燃烧及车船尾气排放.利用沉积物质量基准法、沉积物质量标准法分别对千岛湖表层沉积物中PAHs的风险评价表明,千岛湖沉积物中不存在严重的多环芳烃生态风险,但部分点位按照质量标准法评价已经超过临界效应浓度值,需加强监测查明污染源,并采取措施控制污染物输入.     

天津近岸海域表层沉积物中PAHs污染特征及风险

为掌握渤海湾天津段多条河流入海区和海滨旅游度假区的近岸海域表层(0~5 cm)沉积物中PAHs(多环芳烃)的污染状况,对该区域表层沉积物中16种US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)优先控制PAHs的分布特征及其来源进行了调查和分析,并评估了其潜在生态风险和概率致癌风险. 结果表明:渤海湾天津近岸海域表层沉积物中w(PAHs)(16种PAHs质量分数之和,以干质量计)为23.9~672.8 ng/g,平均值为228.1 ng/g. 表层沉积物中PAHs的污染程度与历史调查结果相比有所加剧,并且呈复合型污染,在天津港港区外海域主要为石油制品污染,在研究区域南部则主要源于燃煤和生物质的不完全燃烧. 风险评估结果表明,海河入海口附近和研究区域北部存在潜在生态风险;研究区域内概率致癌风险处于较低水平,∑₇TEQ_BaP(7种强致癌PAHs的苯并芘毒性当量浓度之和)占∑₁₆TEQ_BaP〔16种PAHs的苯并芘毒性当量浓度之和〕的96.8%,其中二苯并蒽的致癌风险最大,其次为苯并芘.      

桑沟湾贝类养殖海域石油烃污染状况及其对贝类质量安全的影响

2008年1～11月在桑沟湾贝类养殖海域分别采集表层海水、表层沉积物和养殖贝类样品,进行了石油烃含量分析.依据石油烃含量检测结果,分析了桑沟湾贝类养殖海域海水和沉积物中石油烃含量的分布和变化趋势以及贝类体内石油烃含量水平和种间差异,并对3种介质中石油烃的污染状况进行了评价,最后探讨了贝类体内积累的石油烃及对贝类质量安全...     

黄河口潮间带沉积物中木质素的分布和降解特征

本文以木质素为示踪物,认识陆源有机碳在黄河口潮间带的降解和输送特征。现场调查和样品采集进行于2012年5月、8月和11月,以及2013年3月。结果表明:黄河口潮间带有机碳含量为0.06%~0.40%,δ13C变化范围为-24.4‰~-20.4‰,表现为陆海混合来源特征;木质素Σ8含量范围为0.13~0.54 mg/10g dw,均值为0.23 mg/10g dw,由黄河口门向南北递减;Λ8为0.49~2.42 mg/100 mg OC,均值为1.35 mg/100 mg OC,由南向北逐渐降低;木质素主要来源为被子植物草本和木本组织,草本和木本组织的相对贡献呈现季节变化;木质素通过氧化和去甲基/甲氧基2种过程降解,其中去甲基/去甲氧基降解作用更强,降解水平处于中等偏强。     

锦州湾表层沉积物正构烷烃特征参数研究

研究了锦州湾沉积物中正构烷烃的含量、组成特征、特征比值及其来源.采集18个站位的表层沉积物样品,经正己烷/二氯甲烷（体积比1∶1）混合液索氏提取、净化浓缩后进行GC-MS分析.结果表明,正构烷烃含量（Σn-Alk）范围1.9～4.2μg.g-1,平均值2.6μg.g-1,各个站位组成特征相似,都表现为双峰型,显示了陆源与海源双重贡献特征.ΣC25～31贡献值为20%～32%,短/长链比值L/H均值为0.67,C31/C19均值3.06,类脂物比值TAR均值为2.02,3个参数显示锦州湾沉积物外来源陆源贡献值要大于海洋源,特别是2、3和7站位受到陆源河流输入影响较大.碳优势指数CPI范围1.19～2.63,均值1.73,接近于1;姥鲛烷和植烷比值Pr/Ph为0.91～1.28;样品中普遍存在不可分离化合物UCM,U/R比值为2.2～4.3,此3个参数显示出13和15站位有石油输入特征.多种特征参数比值综合分析表明该海域受到了陆源输入和石油烃污染的威胁,这可能与锦州湾地区河流排污、港口航运有关.     

海河及渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与来源

采集海河和渤海表层沉积物样品,测定16种EPA规定多环芳烃.海河∑PAH含量（干重）范围为445～2185 ng·g-1,平均值为964 ng·g-1;渤海∑PAH含量范围为171～290 ng·g-1,平均值为226 ng·g-1.海河塘沽区段和天津市区段沉积物中∑PAH含量比郊区段含量高.LMW/HMW(低分子质量/高分子质量)和异构体比值分析表明,生物质及煤的燃烧为海河表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源;对于渤海湾大部分区域来说,石油污染是其PAHs的主要来源,而热解来源的PAHs主要以生物质及煤的燃烧为主;滨海旅游度假村附近海域因受旅游活动影响而燃烧源的贡献较大.风险评价表明,海河及部分渤海海域存在潜在生态危害,滨海村附近海域存在潜在生态风险可能性较低.