“应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核监测技术对高层水箱的致突变性研究”通过鉴定

杭州市卫生防疫站自选课题“应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核监测技术对高层水箱水的致突变性研究”于1995年12月29日由市卫生局组织有关专家通过鉴定.随着城市高层建筑日益增加和工业的迅速发展,饮用高层水箱水的居民人口与日俱增,因此二次供水污染的     

植物床-沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能

采用原位实验验证植物床．沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能。结果表明：该系统能够有效拦截和捕获源水藻类。在水力梯度驱动下,约35％源水进入高位小沟流经植物床内部根孔结构而汇至低位小沟。低位小沟内叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度显著低于高位小沟（P=0．0239）,其降低比例为11．1％。以植物床．沟壕系统为结构形式的根孔净化区其出水Chl-a浓度较源水整体下降了27．0％。估算该片根孔净化区捕获藻类鲜生物量约122kg／d。石臼漾湿地共含根孔净化区11片,按供水25万t／d计,估算捕获藻类鲜生物量约1100kg／d。     

连云港市天然山泉水和井水调查

于2018年六五环境日期间开展便民服务,监测山泉水或井水。监测项目主要有:酸碱度、溶解性总固体、总硬度、氟化物、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、重金属等。参照《生活饮用水标准检验法》(GB/T5750-2006)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)对居民送样水监测分析后评价,80%的水样存在某一项或几项指标超标,其中一半水样硝酸盐超标,需予以重视,建议提高安全用水意识,不要作为饮用水使用。     

静态顶空气相色谱法测定工业废水中的甲醛和苯酚

建立了静态顶空取样，气相色谱直接分析水产中甲醛和苯酚的方法。该方法有良好的重现性，甲醛、苯酚连续监测定6次的相对标准偏差分别为1．9％和4．7％，甲醛、苯酚的检测限分别为0.50mg/mL和0.30mg/mL，方法简便，快速，基底干扰小，适用于工业废水中甲醛和苯酚的同时，快速测定。     

酶技术在栽培食用菌废弃物二次利用中的研究

本研究运用酶工程技术，采用以纤维酶为主的多酶系统强化降解经一方法预处理后的栽培食用菌废弃物（简称菌渣），以提高其作为饲料原料的营养水平和对畜禽的适口性，结果表明，采用预处理－酶解工艺可使菌渣中粗纤维含量从２８．１３％降低到１６．２３％～２１．２０％，可溶性精蛋白可从１．１１％提高到３．４％～４．５８％，可溶性还原糖从０．９１％提高到１．２７％～４．３８％。蛋白氨基酸提高１．１５％，总游离氨基酸提高     

地下水中农药的测定

自动测定技术为地下水中微量农药的监测提供了便利。S．Lacorte等报道了一种能测定万亿分之一浓度水平有机磷农药的方法。他们使用液相色谱和常压离子色谱进行自动固液革取和测定。将一个100mL的酸化水样通过液相色谱进入常压离子色谱而得以浓缩和洗提，操作在阳离子态或阴离子态。用选择离子监测方式，12种农药的定量测定限在5～37ng／L，测定的重现性为17％～25％，该方法的平均回收率大于95％。地下水中农药的测定@小刘     

多水源供水管网中铁释放规律

针对水源切换而引起的水质超标现象,开展了多水源联合供水条件下管网中铁释放规律的研究。分析了北方某城市2种水源(滦河水和长江水)的水质特点,利用实验模拟反应器分别研究了水源完全置换和供水分界线处水源混合区域的铁释放规律。结果表明,多水源供水管网的铁释放速率与水源水质密切相关,特别是水中含高浓度SO2-4和氯化物时会加快铁的释放。不同水源之间的频繁切换会破坏管垢表面的钝化层,使铁释放速率迅速变化,随后会有所缓解,但新的平衡的形成需要较长时间。供水分界线处的水源混合区域,由于水质的不断变化造成管垢表面很难形成稳定的钝化层,铁释放速率持续偏高,只有当长江水所占比例高达75%以上时才能得到抑制。     

不同水处理工艺对地表水中AOC的去除效果

研究了以A江水、B河水为原水的常规处理工艺和以C湖水为原水的两种深度处理工艺对有机污染物的去除效果。对水样的AOC、TOC和UV254进行了分析，结果表明，4个工艺对AOC的去除率分别是63．6％、-97．9％、84．2％和94．7％；对TOC的去除率分别是61％、6．6％、66．7％和75％；对UV254的去除率分别是17．9％、25．6％、83．3％和95．1％，与深度处理工艺相比，常规处理工艺不能保证饮用水的生物稳定性。     

紫外分光光度法监测矿物油的改进

对于紫外分光光度法监测矿物油，所用的石油醚溶剂，在萃取后作为废液处理，作者进行了从萃取液中回收石油醚的试验，并能使回收的石油醚溶剂的透光率大于８０％，可以继续使用，同时将氯化钠用量由２％提高到３％，并且分两次等量加入，可使油的乳化现象明显减弱，提高了监测分析的准确度。     

炼油厂废水回用的研究

研究了以活性碳纤维吸附净化炼油厂二次生化砂滤出水的规律，并在实验中摸索出一整套工艺参数，对活性碳纤维反复吸（脱）附使用寿命进行估算，为炼油厂废水处理、回用的工业化提供参考。实验表明，每千克活性碳纤维可净化１．５吨废水，各项指标均达到循环水回用之要求，其吸附－脱附５０次对废水的净化率为：ＣＯＤｃｒ５１．２％，浊度８０．５％，悬浮物８２．１％，对挥发酚、石油类、硫化物等污染物质的净化效率均在９０％以上     

中国南方某城市自来水厂处理工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果研究

讨论了中国南方某城市自来水厂饮用水中的多环芳烃残留规律以及现有净水工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果。研究结果表明,该自来水厂饮用水中检出多环芳烃以2~4环芳烃为主,强致癌性高环数多环芳烃均在检出限以下,且多环芳烃总量未超出中国供水行业标准(2000年)的相关限值。各处理工艺段中,砂滤过程对多环芳烃的去除效果最好,相较于原水对多环芳烃总量的去除率可达64%。     

Multivariate Statistics of the Pyrolysis Products of High Molecular Components in Pulping Wastewaters to Explain Their Toxicity (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope At present, large-scale paper manufacture involves delignification and bleaching by elemental chlorine free (ECF) or totally chlorine free (TCF) processes. The wastewater is purified by secondary treatment (mechanical, chemical and biological) which removes most of the toxic substances from the discharge. However, we found residual toxicity in the high molecular (> 1000 D) matter (HMWM) of the discharge by test of the RET (reverse electronic transfer) inhibition. This fraction consists mainly of polydisperse lignin (LIG) and carbohydrate (CH) macromolecules. Structural units in these molecules are studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). In the present work, our aim was to find out those structural units which could explain the RET toxicity of LIG or CH molecules. We compared statistically RET toxicity values of the HMWM samples from treated wastewaters of pilot pulping experiments and intensity variation of the pyrolysis product gas chromatograms of these samples. This application is a novel study procedure. Methods Pyrolysis products (Py-GC/MS results) and inhibition of RET (reverse electronic transport toxicity) as TU50 and TU20 of HMWM (High Molecular Weight Material; Mw > 1000 D) were compared by multivariate statistics. The samples were from laboratory pilot stages of TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) manufacture of softwood pulp. Py-GC/MS was done without and with addition of TMAH (Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide). The name and structure of each abundant fragment compound was identified from its retention time and mass spectrum compared to authentic reference compounds or literature. Four sets of Toxicity Units (TUs) and GC peak areas of the pyrolysis fragments were obtained. The data were normalized by division with LIG (lignin content of each sample). TU values were dependent and the fragment values independent (explanatory) variables in statistical treatments by SPSS system. Separate analyses of correlations, principal components (PCA) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) were performed from the four sample sets TCF and ECF with and without TMAH. Results and Discussion From the CH fragments, 2-furfural in TCF, and from the LIG fragments, styrene in ECF showed the highest probabilities to originate from source structures of toxicity. Other possible compounds in concern were indicated to be CH fragment 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one in ECF and LIG fragments 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol and 2-methylphenol in TCF.     

温州市区内河的水质毒性评价

采用分析水质理化指标及蚕豆根尖微核试验对城市内河水进行监测,并结合现场调查,评价温州市区内河水污染状况,结果表明市区内河水污染较重,并具有一定遗传毒性。     

Chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn in stormwater, roadway dust and stormwater pond sediments

This study evaluated the chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn from source to deposition in a stormwater system. Cu and Zn concentrations and chemical fractionation were determined for roadway dust, roadway runoff and pond sediments. Stormwater Cu and Zn concentrations were used to generate cumulative frequency distributions to characterize potential exposure to pond-dwelling organisms. Dissolved stormwater Zn exceeded USEPA acute and chronic water quality criteria in approximately 20% of storm samples and 20% of the storm duration sampled. Dissolved Cu exceeded the previously published chronic criterion in 75% of storm samples and duration and exceeded the acute criterion in 45% of samples and duration. The majority of sediment Cu (92-98%) occurred in the most recalcitrant phase, suggesting low bioavailability; Zn was substantially more available (39-62% recalcitrant). Most sediment concentrations for Cu and Zn exceeded published threshold effect concentrations and Zn often exceeded probable effect concentrations in surface sediments.     

城市生活污水及二级处理水中手足口病病毒及肠道病毒的赋存状态

手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的传染病,其主要病原体有EV71、CVA16及CVA10。为了研究污水处理厂的生活原污水及二级处理水中此类病毒的存活情况,实验利用手足口病3种主要病毒的通用引物对其进行分型检测,同时使用肠道病毒通用引物检测所有肠道病毒,并对常规水质指标进行分析。结果表明,原污水及二级处理水的手足口病病毒阳性率分别为83.3%与36.7%,而肠道病毒阳性率更高达100%及93.3%。说明生活污水中的肠道病毒可以稳定存在,且若未进行有效消毒处理,可能存在于二级处理水中。在3种手足口病主要病毒中,CVA10检出率最高,达45.0%,CVA16及EV71检出率分别为8.3%及10.0%。可推断,CVA10为实验阶段该地区主要的手足口病病毒。通过相关性分析,肠道病毒的存活与水质条件密切相关。     

Effect of surfactant-coated iron oxide nanoparticles on the effluent water quality from a simulated sequencing batch reactor treating domestic wastewater

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of commercially available engineered iron oxide nanoparticles coated with a surfactant (ENP_Fe-surf) on effluent water quality from a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor as a model secondary biological wastewater treatment. Results showed that ∼8.7% of ENP_Fe-surf applied were present in the effluent stream. The stable presence of ENP_Fe-surf was confirmed by analyzing the mean particle diameter and iron concentration in the effluent. Consequently, aqueous ENP_Fe-surf deteriorated the effluent water quality at a statistically significant level (p < 0.05) with respect to soluble chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, and apparent color. This implied that ENP_Fe-surf would be introduced into environmental receptors through the treated effluent and could potentially impact them.     

Heavy metal in sediments of Ziya River in northern China: distribution,potential risks,and source apportionment

The concentration partitioning between the sediment particle and the interstitial water phase plays an important role in controlling the toxicity of heavy metals in aquatic systems. The aim of this study was to assess the sediment quality in a polluted area of the Ziya River, Northern China. The contamination potential and bioavailability of six metals were determined from the concentrations of total metals and the bioavailable fractions. The results showed that the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb exceeded the probable effect concentration at several sites. The high geoaccumulation indices showed that the sediments were seriously contaminated by Cd. The ratio of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) to simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) was higher than 1, which indicated that the availability of metals in sediments was low. The risk assessment of interstitial waters confirmed that there was little chance of release of metals associated with acid-volatile sulfide into the water column. Values of the interstitial water criteria toxicity unit indicated that none of the concentrations of the studied metals exceeded the corresponding water quality thresholds of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Positive matrix factorization showed that the major sources of metals were related to anthropogenic activities. Further, if assessments are based on total heavy metal concentrations, the toxicity of heavy metals in sediment may be overestimated.     

The impact of a building implosion on airborne particulate matter in an urban community

In response to community concerns, the air quality impact of imploding a 22-story building in east Baltimore, MD, was studied. Time- and space-resolved concentrations of indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) (nominally 0.5-10 microm) were measured using a portable nephelometer at seven and four locations, respectively. PM10 levels varied in time and space; there was no measurable effect observed upwind of the implosion. The downwind peak PM10 levels varied with distance (54,000-589 microg/m3) exceeding pre-implosion levels for sites 100 and 1130 m 3000- and 20-fold, respectively. Estimated outdoor 24-hr integrated mass concentrations varied from 15 to 72 microg/m3. The implosion did not result in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM10 being exceeded. X-ray fluorescence analysis indicated that the elemental composition was dominated by crustal elements: calcium (57%), silicon (23%), aluminum (7.6%), and iron (6.1%). Lead was above background but at a low level (0.17 microg/m3). Peak PM10 concentrations were short-lived; most sites returned to background within 15 min. No increase in indoor PM10 was observed even at the most proximate 250 m location. These results demonstrate that a building implosion can have a severe but short-lived impact on community air quality. Effective protection is offered by being indoors or upwind.     

象山港网箱养殖对海域环境的影响及其养殖环境容量研究

以象山港海域的潮流模型和物质输运模型为基础,建立了各网箱养殖区的氮、磷污染物排放量与研究海域水质之间的响应关系,对该海域的养殖污染状况进行了模拟,讨论了该海域的网箱养殖环境容量.结果表明,象山港内的氮、磷浓度在养殖区密集的港顶海域超出一类水质标准;该海域的氮、磷养殖环境容量分别为670.74t/a和77.32t/a.目前,象山港内各网箱养殖区的污染物排放量已超出其容量,需进行削减.