Methanogenic community dynamics in anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable waste and food waste

A lab-scale continuously-stirred tank reactor (CSTR), used for anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and food waste (FW) at different mixture ratios, was operated for 178 days at the organic loading rate of 3 kg VS (volatile solids)/(m³.day). The dynamics of the Archaeal community and the correlations between environmental variables and methanogenic community structure were analyzed by polymerase chain reactions - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and redundancy analysis (RDA), respectively. PCR-DGGE results demonstrated that the mixture ratio of FVW to FW altered the community composition of Archaea. As the FVW/FW ratio increased, Methanoculleus, Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina became the predominant methanogens in the community. Redundancy analysis results indicated that the shift of the methanogenic community was significantly correlated with the composition of acidogenic products and methane production yield. Different mixture ratios of substrates led to different compositions of intermediate metabolites, which may affect the methanogenic community. These results suggested that the analysis of microbial communities could be used to diagnose anaerobic processes.     

笔谈:食物浪费

食物浪费是我们长期高度关注和社会发展迫切需要解决的问题,如何正确认识食物浪费并尽量减少食物浪费是研究的重点。文章认为食物浪费是一面折射社会文明的多棱镜,需要从多角度认识食物浪费产生的原因及后果,谨防减少食物浪费的努力变成更大的浪费,减少食物浪费要多管齐下,既要节约,又要推进健康饮食文化,借鉴国外研究方法和经验,填补中国食物浪费数据空白,构建资源智慧型食物系统。     

Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg亚致死浓度对三疣梭子蟹幼体的影响

为了解海洋重金属污染对三疣梭子蟹的危害,进行了Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg对三疣梭子蟹幼体影响的试验.结果发现,当Cu浓度为0.005mg·L-1(Cu渔业水质标准的1/2倍,简称1/2倍组,下同)以下时,蟹幼体能正常发育至2期幼蟹;Cu浓度为0.01 mg·L-1(1倍组)时蟹幼体也能发育至2期幼蟹,但在试验第19d全部死亡;Cu浓度为0.02 mg·L-1时(2倍组)蟹幼体仅发育至1期后就全部死亡;Cu浓度为0.04mg·L-1(4倍组)和0.08 mg·L-1(8倍组)时蟹幼体只能发育至大眼幼体就全部死亡.Pb浓度为0.025 mg·L-1(1/2倍组)、0.0125 mg·L-1(1/4倍组)时,蟹幼体能正常发育至2期幼蟹;Pb浓度为0.05 mg·L-1(1倍组)时蟹幼体能发育至2期幼蟹,但在试验的第20d全部死亡;Pb浓度为0.1 mg·L-1(2倍组)和0.2 mg·L-1(4倍组)时,幼体仅发育至1期幼蟹就全部死亡;Pb浓度为0.4 mg·L-1(8倍组)时,幼蟹仅只能发育至Z4就全部死亡.Cd浓度为0.00125 mg·L-1(1/4倍组)时,蟹幼体能正常发育至2期幼蟹;Cd浓度为0.0025 mg·L-1(1/2倍组)仅有1期幼蟹出现,至试验结束时虽未死亡,但未能变态为2期幼蟹;Cd浓度为0.005 mg·L-1(1倍组),仅只有1期幼蟹出现就全部死亡;Cd浓度为0.01mg·L-1(2倍组)、0.02 mg·L-1(4倍组)时,仅只能发育至大眼幼体就全部死亡;Cd浓度为0.04 mg·L-1(8倍组),幼体仅只能发育至Z4就全部死亡.Hg浓度为0.0005 mg·L-1(1倍组)时,三疣梭子蟹幼体均能正常发育至2期幼蟹;Hg浓度为0.001 mg·L-1(2倍组)只能发育至1期幼蟹就全部死亡;Hg浓度为0.002 mg·L-1(4倍组)、0.004 mg·L-1(8倍组)仅只能发育至Z4就全部死亡.以上结果说明,Cu浓度为0.005mg·L-1(1/4倍组),Pb浓度为0.025 mg·L-1(1/2倍组)、Cd浓度为0.00125 mg·L-1(1/4倍组)和Hg浓度为0.000125 mg·L-1(1/4倍组)以下进行三疣梭子蟹幼体培育比较安全.     

Urbanization and environmental policy effects on the future availability of grazing resources on the Mongolian Plateau: Modeling socio-environmental system dynamics

The rangelands of the Mongolian Plateau are dynamic socio-environmental systems that are influenced by a complex network of drivers, including climate, social institutions, market forces, and national-scale policies affecting land access and management. The sustainability and resilience of rangelands in this region depend on the ability of residents and policy makers to quickly respond by adapting livelihoods and land uses to changes in environmental and socio-economic conditions, but the responses of the system to these changes are often non-linear and difficult to predict. We developed a system dynamics model to understand how the human, natural, and land-use processes in the Mongolian rangeland ecosystem interact to produce dynamic outcomes in both grassland productivity and livestock populations. We developed two separate models based on a common integrative framework for two case study areas: Suhkbaatar Aimag in Mongolia and Xilingol League in Inner Mongolia. We used future scenarios for each region generated with stakeholder input to forecast trends in grassland area, livestock numbers, and biomass under alternative climate, socioeconomic, and land-use futures. By incorporating stakeholder-developed scenarios, we were able to explore future scenarios tailored to the particular questions and concerns relevant to the individual study areas. We find that while there are many similarities in the factors driving system dynamics in the two countries, the trajectories of key grassland resources are quite different, both between the two study regions and across the individual scenarios. Environmental policies play a key role in Xilingol, while economic development is a key driver in Sukhbaatar. Urbanization dynamics will be a major influence on the availability of grassland resources in the future.     

秦岭北麓平原对全球变暖的响应及其对果业发展的影响研究

论文分析了秦岭北麓8县的近41年的气候变化规律,发现该地区气候变化趋势与全国和全球相似,向暖干化方向发展。采用近41年气候特征值对苹果适宜性进行评价,发现该地区并不是苹果生长的适宜区。夏季高温、较高的相对湿度和较短的日照时数是苹果生长的不利因素。结合目前的气候变化趋势,推论出该地区苹果的病虫害将会加重,苹果质量将进一步下降。地区果业发展中,减少苹果栽种面积和优化果品生产结构仍然具有一定潜力。     

Time management and nectar flow: flower handling and suction feeding in long-proboscid flies (Nemestrinidae: Prosoeca)

A well-developed suction pump in the head represents an important adaptation for nectar-feeding insects, such as Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. This pumping organ creates a pressure gradient along the proboscis, which is responsible for nectar uptake. The extremely elongated proboscis of the genus Prosoeca (Nemestrinidae) evolved as an adaptation to feeding from long, tubular flowers. According to the functional constraint hypothesis, nectar uptake through a disproportionately elongated, straw-like proboscis increases flower handling time and consequently lowers the energy intake rate. Due to the conspicuous length variation of the proboscis of Prosoeca, individuals with longer proboscides are hypothesised to have longer handling times. To test this hypothesis, we used field video analyses of flower-visiting behaviour, detailed examinations of the suction pump morphology and correlations of proboscis length with body length and suction pump dimensions. Using a biomechanical framework described for nectar-feeding Lepidoptera in relation to proboscis length and suction pump musculature, we describe and contrast the system in long-proboscid flies. Flies with longer proboscides spent significantly more time drinking from flowers. In addition, proboscis length and body length showed a positive allometric relationship. Furthermore, adaptations of the suction pump included an allometric relationship between proboscis length and suction pump muscle volume and a combination of two pumping organs. Overall, the study gives detailed insight into the adaptations required for long-proboscid nectar feeding, and comparisons with other nectar-sucking insects allow further considerations of the evolution of the suction pump in insects with sucking mouthparts.     

Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from leaves and fruits of apple and peach trees during fruit development

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are widely involved in a variety of atmospheric chemical processes due to their high reactivity and species diversity. To date, however, research on BVOCs in agroecosystems, particularly fruit trees, remains scarce despite their large cultivation area and economic interest. BVOC emissions from different organs (leaf or fruit) of apple and peach trees were investigated throughout the stages of fruit development (FS, fruit swelling; FC, fruit coloration; FM, fruit maturity; and FP, fruit postharvest) using a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer. Results indicated that methanol was the most abundant compound emitted by the leaf (apple tree leaf 492.5 ± 47.9 ng/(g·hr), peach tree leaf 938.8 ±  154.5 ng/(g·hr)), followed by acetic acid and green leaf volatiles. Beside the above three compounds, acetaldehyde had an important contribution to the emissions from the fruit. Overall, the total BVOCs (sum of eight compounds studied in this paper) emitted by both leaf and fruit gradually decreased along the fruit development, although the effect was significant only for the leaf. The leaf (2020.8 ±  258.8 ng/(g·hr)) was a stronger BVOC emitter than the fruit (146.0 ± 45.7 ng/(g·hr)) (P = 0.006), and there were no significant differences in total BVOC emission rates between apple and peach trees. These findings contribute to our understanding on BVOC emissions from different plant organs and provide important insights into the variation of BVOC emissions across different fruit developmental stages.     

裸项栉鰕虎鱼仔鱼日摄食量及摄食节律研究

研究裸项栉鰕虎鱼早期发育阶段的日摄食量及昼夜摄食规律,为种苗培育提供技术依据.以孵化7 d的裸项栉鰕虎鱼仔鱼为研究对象,设自然昼夜组(对照组)、持续光照组和持续黑暗组三组,各组每隔2 h取样15尾仔鱼,检查并计算每尾仔鱼胃中的轮虫数,结果表明三组的轮虫日摄食量分别为36.5个/尾、70.7个/尾和1.57个/尾;白天摄食量比例分别为总摄食量的88.0%,67.6%和74.4%;对照组和持续光照组在傍晚(18:00)出现摄食高峰;黑暗组在正午(12:00) 出现一个摄食峰;持续光照组日摄食量为对照组的193.9%,而黑暗组仅为对照组的4.1%,另外,裸项栉鰕虎鱼仔鱼属白天摄食类型,光照对仔鱼摄食影响显著,仔鱼饲育的光照持续时间可比自然白昼延长4 h,投饵主要应在有光时进行.     

中国人口变化与食物安全：现实与出路

自有历史记载以来,由于食物安全与人类生存密切相关,因此食物安全成为了人类社会所关注的重大现实问题之一。近几十年来,人类居住的环境发生了重大变化,人口、耕地与粮食之间关系逐渐成为了人口资源环境领域的一个热点。尤其是随着人口规模、结构、分布等要素的变化以及全球经济一体化进程的推进,一个国家或者地区的食物安全问题也超出了国家或者地区的关注范畴,正在成为全世界共同瞩目的重要议题。     

Legislative effects on the development of surface water quality in rural areas in Northern Germany

The objective of this study was to document the development of the water quality in a rural catchment in Northern Germany as a result of the change of environmental legislation designed to achieve protection of water bodies. The selected lowland catchment ‘Honigau’ (14 km²) was extensively investigated during two monitoring campaigns from 1972 to 1974 and 1996 to 1998, respectively. The anthropogenically caused pollution level of the brook draining the study area was greatly reduced over time, because the number of households connected to waste water treatment plants was increased. In addition, new and improved wastewater treatment plants ensured a more efficient treatment. Furthermore, state-of-the-art storage capacities for manure at the farms reduced nutrient losses. The results showed that technical progress and an improved legislative framework have a greater effect on the reduction of nutrient losses from point than from diffuse sources resulting in much lower phosphorus concentrations, but there were still elevated nitrate concentrations, particularly caused by the tile-drainage of organic soils.     

两种化感物质联合抑藻的模型建立及数学最优化

在化感物质焦性没食子酸和亚麻酸单独抑藻的基础上,将两种化感物质按不同初始浓度组合进行联合抑藻的实验.根据实验过程中藻密度的变化趋势及特征,采用微元分析法,通过相应的偏微分方程,建立了化感物质复合抑藻时的数学模型.结果表明,该模型能够有效地分析和预测焦性没食子酸与亚麻酸在一定浓度范围内联合抑藻时藻密度随时间的变化规律.根据该模型还可以预测不同时间节点上,化感物质复合抑藻的半抑制浓度(EC50)、最小有效浓度(MIC),以及联合抑藻的最佳浓度组合和在成本控制下的联合抑藻最佳浓度组合等.该研究对指导制备高效、经济的复合生物抑藻剂及其应用均具有一定的理论意义和实用价值.     

北部湾城市群海洋环境与经济发展耦合特征及其时空格局分析

基于北部湾城市群七个沿海城市2005-2015年经济和环境数据,分析其海洋环境与经济发展的时空演变特征,并结合环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）和协调系数评估指标,揭示海洋环境与经济发展的耦合特征。结果表明:2005-2015年,在北部湾城市群主要沿海城市经济持续增长的同时,海洋环境状况总体上呈现恶化-改善-恶化的变化趋势;北部湾城市群海洋环境与经济发展的关系整体为正"N"型;协调系数显示北部湾城市群海洋环境与经济发展整体失调,仅茂名市为协调关系。环境库兹涅茨曲线和协调度分析结果均表明北部湾城市群海洋环境与经济发展整体呈不协调发展关系,该区应结合其资源环境承载能力,落实环境保护的相关政策,以实现经济与海洋环境的协调及可持续发展。     

Industrial development and land use/cover change and their effects on local environment: a case study of Changshu in eastern coastal China

The interactions among industrial development, land use/cover change (LUCC), and environmental effects in Changshu in the eastern coastal China were analyzed using high-resolution Landsat TM data in 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2006, socio-economic data and water environmental quality monitoring data from research institutes and governmental departments. Three phases of industrial development in Changshu were examined (i.e., the three periods of 1990 to 1995, 1995 to 2000, and 2000 to 2006). Besides industrial development and rapid urbanization, land use/cover in Changshu had changed drastically from 1990 to 2006. This change was characterized by major replacements of farmland by urban and rural settlements, artificial ponds, forested and constructed land. Industrialization, urbanization, agricultural structure adjustment, and rural housing construction were the major socio-economic driving forces of LUCC in Changshu. In addition, the annual value of ecosystem services in Changshu decreased slightly during 1990–2000, but increased significantly during 2000–2006. Nevertheless, the local environmental quality in Changshu, especially in rural areas, has not yet been improved significantly. Thus, this paper suggests an increased attention to fully realize the role of land supply in adjustment of environment-friendly industrial structure and urban-rural spatial restructuring, and translating the land management and environmental protection policies into an optimized industrial distribution and land-use pattern.     

典型酚类污染物内分泌干扰效应研究——对斑马鱼发育及核受体介导基因调控的分子影响

以斑马鱼为研究对象,观察2,4,6-三氯酚（2,4,6-trichlorophenol）、4-氯-3-甲酚（4-chloro-3-methylphenol）和4-硝基苯酚（4-nitrophenol）3种酚类污染物对斑马鱼胚胎发育早期阶段形态学指标的影响,借助q-RT-PCR方法对斑马鱼胚胎分别暴露于0.1,0.5和2.5mg/L至120hpf幼鱼8个重要受体（雄激素受体（AR）、甲状腺激素受体（TR）、芳香烃受体（AhR）、雌激素受体（ER）、糖皮质激素受体（GR）、孕烷X受体（PXR）、盐皮质激素受体（MR）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（PPAR））相关基因的转录水平进行了研究;进一步采用分子对接和分子动力学模拟的方法研究污染物与筛选出的影响受体（ER、AhR、PXR、GR以及MR）之间的相互作用过程.结果表明,在5和10mg/L的浓度下3种酚类污染物都显著影响斑马鱼的发育,造成脊柱弯曲、心包水肿等不良影响;基因结果显示2,4,6-三氯酚暴露导致ER的基因下调,雌激素受体α（er1）基因在2.5mg/L浓度下下调2.1倍.4-氯-3-甲酚显著影响ER、AhR以及PXR的相关基因,表现为在0.5和2.5mg/L暴露er1基因显著下调1.8和2.2倍,ahr2和pxr基因在0.1和2.5mg/L的浓度下分别下调1.7和1.8倍和上调3.5和3.2倍.4-硝基苯酚暴露使GR、MR核心受体基因发生调控变化,糖皮质激素受体基因（gr）在低中浓度下分别显著上调2.0和2.1倍,最高浓度下下调1.9倍.盐皮质激素受体基因（mr）在中高浓度下分别下调1.9和2.1倍,在最低浓度下显著上调1.7倍;分子计算结果显示它们与相关受体通过疏水和氢键等相互作用而稳定结合,且均方根偏差（RMSD）在5ns后稳定.这3个典型酚类污染物主要通过斑马鱼ER、AhR、PXR、GR、MR受体介导产生内分泌干扰效应并影响其早期生长发育.     

粮食生产中的养分管理:实现农业经济与环境目标

在过去一个世纪中,管理的概念已经发生了很大变化.今天,管理已经被认为是"实现目标的专门活动".管理技术是决定农业生态系统经济和环境行为的一个最重要的因素.养分管理是"为实现农业经济和环境目标的养分管理,"它需要对养分循环、小区和农场特定的指导方针和技术,通常是直接指导的准确认识.特别是在包括农作物和家畜的复合农场系统,这些活动是多样化而复杂的.为了达到有效性,经济和环境目标必须是连贯的、灵活的和可操作的.同样,在策略、战术和实践层面上,它们也必须是被详细阐明和可以定量完成.本文应用来自波兰和荷兰的农场数据资料,展示反映了两国政府提供政策和措施所产生的经济激励作用会怎样通过集约化管理的复合农场系统两个因素中的其一改善养分利用的效率.     

"21世纪的食物":寻找增进食物链可持续性的措施和工具的研究计划

"21世纪的食物",是一项包括整个农业食物链的跨学科研究计划,于1997～2004年在瑞典实施.该研究所面临的挑战是为整个食物链中存在的不可持续的活动提出环境分析工具和解决方案.这需要科学家和食物链利益相关人紧密合作.本文提出了一整套以可持续食物生产为特征的目标方案.综合和系统分析是用来分析拟定变化的可持续性的主要工具.在本文中我们对"21世纪的食物"的概念进行概述,同时着重说明一些结论.例如,我们发现:就环境影响和产品质量而言,总体上来说,有机农业及其产品并不比常规的产品和方法优越.项目所采用的一些管理经验非常独特,这也是项目成功完成的重要原因,所以本文中我们对此也进行了总结.