中国八大湖泊冬季水-气界面CO2通量

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对中国不同地区八个湖泊(洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、巢湖、南四湖、洪泽湖、抚仙湖、洱海、滇池)冬季水体的水-气界面CO2通量进行了24h连续观测。结果表明:冬季洞庭湖、巢湖、洱海和滇池24h均为大气CO2的汇,其通量分别为-23.78、-16.08、-24.38、-17.94mg·m-2·h-1;鄱阳湖、南四湖水体则为大气CO2的源,其通量分别为35.76、27.64mg·m-2·h-1;洪泽湖和抚仙湖在晴天时为大气CO2的汇,夜间或阴天为大气CO2的源,但从24h的平均通量来看,洪泽湖为大气CO2的汇,通量为-26.56mg·m-2·h-1;抚仙湖为大气CO2的源,通量16.01mg·m-2·h-1。     

太湖梅梁湾磷化氢气体浓度和通量日变化

以太湖梅梁湾湖区为研究对象,考察水面上空磷化氢浓度和水-气界面磷化氢释放通量的习变化.结果表明,白天大气中磷化氢浓度(7.39±7.00)ng·m-3显著低于夜间(37.05±22.74)ng·m-3,光照是影响大气中磷化氢浓度的主要因素.磷化氢通量全天正负交替,白天平均通量(11.41±23.76)ng·m-2·h-1,水体为磷化氢的释放源;夜间平均通量为(-37.62±26.45)ng·m-2·h-1,水体表现为磷化氢的汇;一天内平均日变化为(-13.11±35.04)ng·m-2·h-1,磷化氢总体为从大气向水体迁移的过程.磷化氢通量与水温显著正相关,而与大气中磷化氢浓度显著负相关.相关性分析表明磷化氢与温室气体(甲烷、二氧化碳和氧化亚氮)均呈现负相关.     

基于IRGA通量箱法的草坪夏季晴天CO_2净交换量日动态

利用红外气体箱式法(Infrared Gas Analyze,IRGA),于2008年8月晴天对福州市马尼拉草坪(Zoysia matrel-la)的生态系统CO2净交换(NEE)和环境因子进行观测,阐明NEE及其组分的昼夜动态变化特征和影响因子。马尼拉草坪NEE的昼夜变化呈现为单峰型曲线,昼间其变化规律较强,夜间呈波动状态。NEE(取绝对值)最大值出现在10:00,最小值出现在16:00左右。太阳辐射、腔室内空气相对湿度和气温与NEE的相关性均为极显著(p<0.01),太阳辐射、腔室内空气相对湿度和5cm土壤温度共同解释NEE速率昼夜变异的89.30%。太阳辐射和腔室内空气相对湿度是影响草坪生态系统CO2净交换量日动态的主导环境因子;其中,太阳辐射可以单独解释NEE速率昼夜变化的79.70%,腔室内空气相对湿度可以单独解释NEE速率昼夜变化的50.40%;夏季晴天草坪生态系统在日尺度上表现为净吸收,平均CO2净交换速率为-4.11μmol/(m2.s)(负值表示吸收),平均日总通量为-0.18 mol/(m2.d)。     

北京灵山草地土壤CO2源汇和排放通量与温度湿度昼夜变化的关系

大气中温室气体含量不断升高是造成目前全球变暖的主要原因,而土壤CO2是大气CO2的重要来源之一。研究表明温度、湿度是土壤CO2最主要的气候影响因素,通过对植物夏季雨后次日对土壤CO2排放过程中的源(不同深度土壤CO2体积分数)、汇(大气CO2体积分数)和中间CO2气体交换通量(土壤CO2排放通量)、气温、土温以及表土湿度进行同步连续的昼夜观察,研究日和小时变化尺度上温度和土壤湿度对CO2地气交换的影响。结果表明土壤CO2排放通量、大气CO2和土壤CO2体积分数的昼夜变化特征不一致,只有土壤CO2排放通量与气温变化存在明显的正相关关系,在日变化尺度上随表土湿度增加而增加;表土湿度在日变化尺度和小时变化尺度上与草丛空气CO2体积分数正相关;土壤CO2体积分数则在日变化尺度上当表土湿度较小时与表土湿度正相关。气温主要影响土壤CO2向大气的扩散和对流过程,而不是昼夜尺度上影响土壤CO2体积分数变化的主要环境因素。     

稻鸭鱼共栖生态系统CH4排放规律研究

首次对稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统中的甲烷排放通量进行了系统研究。结果表明:甲烷排放通量日变化呈现一定的规律,排放高峰出现在下午14:00~16:00,晚上0:00~4:00达到最低值。稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统生态种养期间甲烷排放通量表现出一定的规律,甲烷排放出现2个峰值分别出现在水稻生长返青期、幼穗分化期,第1个峰值为15.813mg/(m2·h),第2个峰值为9.485mg/(m2·h)。其次在水稻分蘖盛期,甲烷的排放通量最高可达8.227mg/(m2·h)。稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统中,土壤氧化还原电位增加10.98mV,还原物质总量、活性还原物质总量分别降低1.46cmol/kg、1.25cmol/kg。稻田甲烷排放与土壤氧化还原电位呈极显著负相关,与还原物质总量、活性还原物质总量呈极显著正相关。     

黄河三角洲养殖塘水-气界面CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量特征

随着经济的增长和人口的增加,沿海地区养殖业迅速发展,故养殖区水-气界面的CO_2、CH_4和N_2O交换通量对大气中温室气体浓度的影响不容忽视。以黄河三角洲神仙沟(桩11)南部的养虾塘为研究对象,于2013年6月—2014年4月,采用漂浮箱-气相色谱法对养殖塘白天水-气界面CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量进行观测,并同步测定养殖塘部分环境因子。结果表明,黄河三角洲养殖塘CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的通量范围分别为-71.140 3~7.278 6、-0.005 8~0.016 5、-0.002 0~0.007 9 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均值分别为-36.347 5、0.005 9、0.002 7 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),整体上表现为从大气吸收CO2的汇和向大气排放CH_4和N_2O的源。养殖塘温室气体通量存在明显的季节变化特征,在温度较高的夏秋季,CH_4和N_2O排放通量较大。相关性分析结果表明,温度、盐度、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-和磷水平对养殖塘温室气体具有一定的影响,且盐度与N_2O通量、SO_4~(2-)浓度与CO_2通量之间的相关性达到显著水平。黄河三角洲养殖塘温室气体通量与自然水体和其他地区养殖塘存在较大差异,其中,地理位置的差异、养殖方式、杀菌剂的使用等环境因子和人为因素的作用显著。此外,养殖塘作为受人为干扰严重的水体,表现为多因子共同作用的结果,这一结论还有待于进一步的研究。研究结果对于综合评价水产养殖对区域气候变化的影响,深化人类活动对全球变暖的影响认识具有一定意义。     

城市生态系统-大气间的碳通量研究进展

城市生态系统对全球碳收支具有显著的贡献,城市化进程促进城市向大气排放碳。随着观测手段和仪器的发展,涡动相关法已成为陆地生态系统碳通量观测的主要手段,并广泛应用于中心城市碳通量观测;城市CO2浓度和通量变化具有日、周、季节变化特征,不同城市之间CO2浓度和通量也有很大差异,其主要原因是由于城市生态系统的下垫面类型不均一,土壤、植被、路面、交通、人呼吸等对碳通量都有贡献,绿地（树木、草坪）对燃料燃烧、人呼吸等的碳排放起着一定的抵消作用;由于多种因素对碳通量起作用,在对城市通量数据进行分析时必须开展贡献区即碳足迹分析。本文综述了城市生态系统-大气间碳通量研究的历程;分析了城市生态系统碳通量的时空变化特征及其主要控制因子;探讨了复杂下垫面条件下城市生态系统-大气间碳通量研究的特点和难点,并提出了未来研究的重点。     

南四湖表层沉积物重金属的赋存形态及底部界面扩散通量的估算

采用"SOFIE"模拟装置,研究了南四湖污染程度不同的两个湖区(南阳湖及独山湖区)表层沉积物中重金属元素的形态组成,间隙水及界面上覆水中重金属浓度的变化特征.结果表明,南阳湖区沉积物间隙水及界面上覆水中Cr,Cu,Ni,Zn和Pb的浓度均高于独山湖区,这与沉积物中重金属元素的有效结合态含量变化一致,主要与人为污染有关.南阳湖及独山湖区沉积物-水界面±0.5 cm范围内重金属元素具有较高的浓度梯度,间隙水中Fe与Mn浓度明显高于界面上覆水;Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb的浓度均低于界面上覆水;独山湖区沉积物间隙水中Cr浓度与界面上覆水相似,而南阳湖区沉积物间隙水中Cr浓度略高于界面上覆水.采用Fick第一定律,计算得到南阳湖及独山湖区沉积物-水界面附近Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb的扩散通量,分别为-0.23,-1.47,-2.57,-0.04 mmol.m-.2d-1和-0.34,-0.67,-0.48,-0.01 mmol.m-.2d-1,沉积物表现为重金属元素的"汇";而Cr的扩散通量分别为0.03 mmol.m-.2d-1和-0.02 mmol.m-.2d-1,说明污染较重的南阳湖区沉积物中Cr已表现出向上覆水体扩散的特征.     

太湖水土界面氮磷释放通量的流动培养研究

运用一种新的水土界面释放通量研究方法--流动培养法,对太湖不同湖区不同季节条件下水土界面氮磷释放通量进行研究.结果表明,太湖水体沉积物是其上覆水体氮磷的内源,不同湖区间铵态氮、磷酸盐交换速率差异显著,其中,受入湖河道污染输入影响较大的梅梁湾北部、竺山湾、西部沿岸带湖区铵态氮释放速率[(103.35±13.17)mg·m-2·d-1]显著高于太湖其他湖区[(11.87±12.03)mg·m-2·d-1].磷酸盐空间释放规律与铵态氮相似,但释放的高值还出现在西南沿岸带、贡湖湾和东太湖.与静态培养方式下获得的结果相同,流动培养方式下梅梁湾铵态氮和磷酸盐释放速率也表现出季节性和空间差异,即夏季水土界面氮磷释放速率高于春、秋季,且污染严重湖区的释放速率高于其他湖区.由于流动培养的气密性减少了上覆水铵态氮以NH3的形式挥发,使得铵态氮释放速率高于敞口的静态培养方式;而就非挥发性磷酸盐释放速率而言,2种培养方式下得到的结果基本一致.     

鼎湖山典型森林土壤苯系物通量对模拟氮沉降的响应

苯系物(BTEX)是一类重要的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),能参与大气光化学反应,并对人体健康有重要影响。土壤能释放或吸收BTEX,氮沉降会影响土壤生态过程,从而可能影响土壤BTEX通量。有关森林土壤BTEX通量对氮沉降响应的研究十分有限。运用静态箱采样、利用大气预浓缩仪-GC-MS研究了鼎湖山两种典型森林——马尾松林(Pine forest,PF)和季风常绿阔叶林(Monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest,BF)土壤BTEX通量对模拟氮沉降增加的响应。结果表明:自然氮沉降条件下,PF土壤吸收BTEX,乙苯吸收速率最大(-51.52±10.94)pmol·m-2·s-1,低氮抑制了PF土壤对BTEX的吸收,中氮主要使土壤由"汇"变为"源";BF土壤释放BTEX,甲苯释放速率最高(7.11±0.12)pmol·m-2·s-1,施氮降低了BF土壤BTEX释放量或使土壤由"源"变"汇",且低氮和高氮的影响效果更显著。施氮条件下,PF土壤甲苯与乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯通量显著相关,BF土壤苯与甲苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯显著相关。土壤BTEX通量无明显日变化规律,对照和高氮样地最大释放均出现在7:00,最大吸收出现在19:00(对照样地)和13:00(高氮样地)。自然氮沉降条件下,BF土壤CO2通量(29.46±3.27)mg·m-2·h-1显著高于PF土壤(11.02±0.96)mg·m-2·h-1,两个水平氮处理均促进了两种林型土壤CO2的释放。土壤BTEX通量与土壤温度、大气温度和CO2浓度无显著相关性;邻二甲苯和乙苯通量与土壤湿度呈显著相关。     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

The impact of the Jonglei Canal on the economy of the local people

The idea of saving the water lost in the ‘Sudd’ swamp through evaporation was conceived by Egypt and Sudan for their own interests, but not for those of the Nilotic peoples living in the flood plain. Concern for the local development was only taken into consideration after the 1974 Juba riots, when three people were killed and 200 arrested. The canal has caused displacement of people from their settlements and is blocking the seasonal movement of livestock and wildlife. Conflict may arise over the use of land for grazing or irrigation. The Nilotics are concerned about the possible negative environmental impact, and the loss of their cultural identity. They maintain that Egypt should pay them monetary compensation for the disruption that the canal has caused to their livelihood.

This paper assesses the impact that the Jonglei canal project will have on the economy of the Nilotics; traces the historical development of the project; outlines the social, political and economic organization of the Nilotics; and assesses the impact the project will have on the local population. The paper concludes by casting doubt on the benefits the canal will bring to the Nilotics.     

浅谈校园网ARP欺骗攻击与防御

ARP欺骗木马病毒是校园网络中经常出现的病毒攻击形式．基于ARP协议的概念和工作原理,并通过分析ARP欺骗的工作原理,提出了几种可行的解决ARP欺骗攻击的实用方法,以达到防范并解决ARP欺骗的目的．参5．     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明,目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。