我国绿色电源结构建设对策

鉴于目前我国电源结构建设在环境保护方面存在的不足，依据我国各类发电资源蕴藏量及其分布．以及现代发电技术和西部大开发战略，提出以水电开发为主体、以火电优化配置为重点、以清洁生产为先导和以可再生资源开发为增长点的绿色电源结构建设构想。     

大气中的SO2污染与防治

煤炭燃烧是目前我国获取能源最主要的途径，富煤、少油和少天然气的特殊能源结构以及火电厂所具有的投资少、建设周期短等优点，决定了我国以煤为主的能源结构在未来很长时间内不会有大的改变。大量煤炭燃烧，导致我国大气出现严重煤烟型污染，其中燃煤烟气排放的SO2对环境污染尤为严重，控制其排放势在必行。     

输灰管灰垢声衰减系数的测定

叙述了火电厂水力输灰管道灰垢的形态和结构，介绍了超声波测量灰垢的原理及其系统组成。利用穿透法，配以铝试件作为对比试块，对灰垢在不同频率下的衰减系数进行了测量和结果分析，并讨论了影响灰垢衰减系数的因素。     

应用烟气脱硫技术控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染--中国燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染综合防治对策(七)

介绍旋流板塔及其在燃煤工业锅炉烟气脱硫中的应用。研究表明，旋流板塔以气液接触面积大、结构简单、压力降较小。操作稳定为其主要特点。但是，脱硫工艺过程不合理而生成不稳定化合物亚硫酸盐叉可造成严重的二次污染。     

板筋结构强度计算及最优化设计

板筋结构是除尘器的重要结构形式，其结构的强度与除尘器的安全性有着密切的关系。介绍了板筋结构在除尘器应用中的荷栽、强度计算方法，并利用VB软件进行板筋结构最优化设计。     

燃煤反烧制气技术及反火型煤气炉的应用

中国的能源结构中，煤炭约占75％，以煤为主的能源结构是造成我国大气污染物超量排放的主要原因。随着社会的进步和人民生活水平的提高，煤气将取代小煤炉成为居民和工矿企业生产的主要能源，但煤气厂存在建设投资高，运营成本高(而且规模越小运营成本越高)、净化设备复杂，污染严重等问题。近年来发展的“燃煤反烧制气技术”很好地解决了这些问题，为我国城镇居民和工矿企业煤气化普及创造了很好的条件，被国家列为“九五”期间重点推广的科技成果。     

负载金属改性活性碳纤维的制备及其脱硫性能

以粘胶基活性碳纤维（VACF）为原料，采用浸渍法制备了负载镍、钴、锰、镁等系列金属的粘胶基活性碳纤维（M／VACF），并通过测定试样在77K的氮气吸附等温线对M／VACF比表面积和孔结构进行了表征。考察了M／VACF的脱硫性能，分析了影响其脱硫性能的各种因素。结果表明，M／VACF的比表面积和孔结构不是影响M／VACF脱硫性能的主要因素，负载金属的种类是影响M／VACF脱硫性能的主要因素。     

活性污泥生物除磷数学模型研究进展

概述了活性污泥生物除磷过程的Comeau／Wentzel模式和Mino模式，以及以Wentzel和Smolders为代表的两类生物除磷数学模型，提出结合Smolders模型与ASM2、ASM2D模型的优点建立结构完整、参数较少、辨识简单的模型，是生物除磷数学模型发展的方向。     

我国袋式除尘器的技术进步

近十年来，我国袋式除尘产业获得迅速发展，技术不断进步，现分述如下：1袋式除尘器结构形式的改进袋式除尘器从小型单室结构发展到大型多室结构，过滤面积从几平米发展到几万平米，规模越来越大，耗钢量越来越多。因此，优化箱体结构，降低耗钢量已成为袋式除尘器技术进步的一个重要方面。1．1采用滤袋框架整体安装的单元组合形式，开发多种结构紧凑轻巧的袋式除尘器新产品。如KB型快装振打玻纤扁袋除尘器，利用玻纤织物抗拉伸，耐高温，易清灰的特点，将其来回搞折绷紧缝合在框架上，通过框架振打，实现清灰，耗钢量仅为15kg／m’，是我…     

中共北京市委北京人民政府印发《关于全面推进生活垃圾处理工作的意见》的通知

市委、市政府高度重视生活垃圾处理工作，近年来以筹办北京奥运会为契机，制定发布了《中共北京市委北京市人民政府关于进一步加强城乡环境卫生工作的若干意见》（京发[2003]30号），不断加大工作力度，生活垃圾处理水平得到显著提高。但随着人口不断增长，生活垃圾产生量持续上升与处理设施建设相对滞后、处理结构不合理的矛盾凸显，生活垃圾处理工作面临严峻形势。为切实提高生活垃圾减量化、资源化、无害化水平，促进经济社会发展与人口资源环境相协调，实现可持续发展，依据《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》、《中华人民共和国循环经济促进法》和《北京市市容环境卫生条例》，制定如下工作意见。     

Long-term Environmental Impact of Oil Spills

Oil contamination may persist in the marine environment for many years after an oil spill and, in exceptional cases such as salt marshes and mangrove swamps, the effects may be measurable for decades after the event. However, in most cases, environmental recovery is relatively swift and is complete within 2–10 years. Where oil has been eliminated from the scene, the long-term environmental impacts are generally confined to community structure anomalies that persist because of the longevity of the component species.     

Secondary materials transfer from Japan to China: destination analysis

China has been the largest importer of secondary materials for recycling from Japan during the past decade. In this study, we analyzed the transfer of major secondary materials (plastic, steel, copper, and aluminum scrap) from Japan to China. We identified specific destinations for secondary materials, and the characteristics of secondary materials transferred to China. The major destination for the transfer of secondary materials to China is Guangdong province and part of the Huadong area (Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu). Most scrap metal imported into China is of low quality. The destinations of most high-quality nonferrous scrap, imported as processed goods on consignment or through the transit improvement trade, are the northeast border provinces, especially Xinjiang Uighur province. The coefficients of specialization for Chinese cities were different from those for the provinces. Guangdong shows an average recycling structure for China. The structure gradually changes from south to north.     

A criticism of applications with multi-criteria decision analysis that are used for the site selection for the disposal of municipal solid wastes

The main aim of this study is to criticize the process of selecting the most appropriate site for the disposal of municipal solid wastes which is one of the problematic issues of waste management operations. These kinds of problems are pathological symptoms of existing problematical human–nature relationship which is related to the syndrome called ecological crisis. In this regard, solving the site selection problem, which is just a small part of a larger entity, for the good of ecological rationality and social justice is only possible by founding a new and extensive type of human–nature relationship. In this study, as a problematic point regarding the discussions on ecological problems, the existing structure of the applications using multi-criteria decision analysis in the process of site selection with three main criteria is criticized. Based on this critique, fundamental problematic points (to which applications are insufficient to find solutions) will be defined. Later, some modifications will be suggested in order to provide solutions to these problematical points. Finally, the criticism addressed to the structure of the method with three main criteria and the feasibility of the new method with four main criteria is subjected to an evaluation process. As a result, it is emphasized that the new structure with four main criteria may be effective in solution of the fundamental problematic points.     

Path analysis of factors influencing household solid waste generation: a case study of Xiamen Island,China

Comprehensive study of the factors influencing household solid waste (HSW) generation is crucial and fundamental for exploring the generation mechanism and forecasting future dynamics of HSW. A case study of Xiamen Island, China was employed to reveal the direct and indirect effects of demographic/socioeconomic factors on solid waste generation at the urban household scale. Based on a face-to-face questionnaire and two-stage survey of solid waste generation, a path analysis model was built. Results showed that the proposed path model exhibited good fit indices. Family size and dinning-at-home rate (DR), whose coefficients were ?0.40 and 0.43, respectively, were the two major factors influencing HSW directly. Moreover, family size, education level, employment rate and age structure played different degrees of indirect effects on HSW generation through respective paths, which should not be ignored. In terms of total effects, coefficients of family size, DR and employment rate were ?0.46, 0.43 and ?0.37, respectively, which were three most dominant factors influencing HSW generation. As for waste composition, organic waste was the most representative of HSW dynamics, and was the most sensitive to impact by the factors studied. Quantitative results of this study have important policy implications for sustainable municipal solid waste management.     

Nanocomposite Film Based on Gluten Modified with Heracleum persicum Essence/MgO/Polypyrrole: Investigation of Physicochemical and Electrical Properties

In this study, the wheat gluten film was prepared. Heracleum persicum essence, magnesium oxide nanoparticles and polypyrrole were used to modify the structure of the wheat gluten film. Physicochemical properties of the prepared films such as thickness, solubility, moisture absorption ability, antioxidant properties, and electrical conductivity of the films were investigated. Also, the mechanical, structural and thermal properties of the films were investigated by techniques such as SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, DTA and tissue analysis. SEM images showed that the essence and polypyrrole strengthened the gluten film structure and made it more resistant to the passage of gases. FTIR spectra confirmed the electrostatic interactions between gluten and essence and polypyrrole. XRD spectra showed the amorphous structure of gluten film and its composites. The results of thermal analysis showed that polypyrrole greatly increased the thermal resistance of the film and the nanoparticles had little effect on the thermal resistance. Thickness, solubility, moisture content and ability to absorb moisture were further affected by the essential oil. The antioxidant and electrical conductivity of the film was greatly increased in the presence of all three additives of essence, magnesium oxide nanoparticles and polypyrrole. The gluten–essence–MgO–PPy (Glu–E–MgO–PPy) composite film had the most antioxidant properties. Glu–E–MgO–PPy film with important electrical conductivity and antioxidant properties has the potential to be used as an active and intelligent film in the packaging of perishable food products.

     

Electrospun Protein Concentrate Fibers from Microalgae Residual Biomass

Currently there is a growing interest in developing novel bioproducts and biomaterials derived from renewable sources that can reduce the dependence on fossil fuel feedstock. In this study a protein concentrate from microalgae Botryococcus braunii residual biomass (MPC) from a biorefinery process was used as a biopolymer to develop ultrafine fibers by electrospinning. Experiments were designed to study the effect of different formulations of MPC, poly(ethylene oxide) and pH on morphology and diameter of fibers. The results indicated MPC fibers from acidic solutions prepared at pH 1 had smoother and smaller diameter than those fibers from alkaline solutions (pH 12). Moreover, under the conditions studied, it was conclude that pH and the concentration of MPC were the most significant factors in determining the diameter and morphology of the fibers obtained. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed there is a slight frequency shift for the secondary structure of MPC as induced by change in pH of the polymer solutions. Likely this change in the protein structure improved the physical chain entanglement in the polymer blend. The results of this work revealed a potential to develop fibers from MPC from residual biomass by a promising technique that may find many end-use applications.     

Microscopic synchrotron X-ray analysis of mercury waste in simulated landfill experiments

Mercury enters into the environment or waste streams because it is present as an impurity in natural minerals. Mercury must be appropriately managed as an hazardous waste. In this study, a waste layer of artificial mercury sulfide mixed with incinerator ash and sewage sludge compost in a simulated landfill experiment for 5 years was analyzed using microscopic synchrotron X-ray to obtain basic knowledge of mercury behavior in a landfill. Mapping by synchrotron X-ray revealed the distribution of mercury-containing particles in the waste layer. In most cases, the movement of mercury sulfide was not considered significant even within a microscopic range; however, water flows could enhance the movement of mercury sulfide particles. When disposing of mercury sulfide, “concentrated placement” or solidification, rather than mixing with other wastes, was more effective at preventing mercury leaching in lysimeters. The chemical form of mercury sulfide in each lysimeter was confirmed by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis, which showed that most of the mercury was present as metacinnabar and had not undergone any changes, indicating that it was extremely stable. The microscopic synchrotron X-ray analysis proved very useful for studying the behavior of mercury waste in a simulated landfill experiment.

     

Physical Determinants of Methane Oxidation Capacity in a Temperate Soil

Methane oxidation capacity of soil from an experimentalsite in Northwest England was strongly dependent on temperatureand percentage water holding capacity. The soil had a distincttemperature optimum of 25 °C, with capacity for net methaneoxidation being completely lost below 5 and greater than37 °C. Optimum percentage water holding capacity for methaneoxidation was in the range 30–60%, with significant reductions inmethane oxidation rates in soils outside this range. Organic andmineral layers within the soil showed differences in potentialmethane oxidation rate, with methane oxidation being most rapid inthe buried organic layer and least rapid in the surface organiclayer. The importance of soil structure and gas diffusionlimitation is underlined, as is the strong temperature dependenceof methane oxidation when such diffusion limitation is removed.     

Cell Wall Morphology, Chemical and Thermal Analysis of Cultivated Pineapple Leaf Fibres for Industrial Applications

A study on chemical, morphology, and thermal analysis of cultivated pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) were carried out. The chemical compositions were determined by using Technical Association Pulp and Paper Industries standards. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy analysis of PALF detect sharp band at 1,733?cm^?1, due to the absorption of carbonyl stretching of ester and carboxyl groups which is most abundant in pineapple leaf hemicelluloses. Cell wall ultra structure of PALF was studied by using Transmission electron microscopy. Transmission electron micrograph confirmed that cell wall structure of PALF consists of middle lamella, primary wall and secondary wall including S₁, S₂ and S₃ layers. X-Ray Diffraction indicated that PALF have crystalline nature. Thermal analysis of PALF shows that T_10% and T_50% weight loss occurred at temperature of 212 and 306?°C respectively. Differential Scanning Calorimetry of PALF showed the broad endothermic peak at a temperature of 80?°C. The relationships between these properties were discussed and relate it with industrial application of pineapple leaf fibers.     

Management of hazardous medical waste in Croatia

This article provides a review of hazardous medical waste production and its management in Croatia. Even though Croatian regulations define all steps in the waste management chain, implementation of those steps is one of the country's greatest issues. Improper practice is evident from the point of waste production to final disposal. The biggest producers of hazardous medical waste are hospitals that do not implement existing legislation, due to the lack of education and funds. Information on quantities, type and flow of medical waste are inadequate, as is sanitary control. We propose an integrated approach to medical waste management based on a hierarchical structure from the point of generation to its disposal. Priority is given to the reduction of the amounts and potential for harm. Where this is not possible, management includes reduction by sorting and separating, pretreatment on site, safe transportation, final treatment and sanitary disposal. Preferred methods should be the least harmful for human health and the environment. Integrated medical waste management could greatly reduce quantities and consequently financial strains. Landfilling is the predominant route of disposal in Croatia, although the authors believe that incineration is the most appropriate method. In a country such as Croatia, a number of small incinerators would be the most economical solution.