江汉平原农地资源价值研究

农地价值的货币化计量为缓解我国农地流失形势。修订和完善农地分等定级成果、征地补偿制度，制定和实施农地生态管护政策提供理论与实践依据。在随机抽样调查的基础上．运用收益还原法及CVM对江汉平原不同类型农地资源的市场价值和非市场价值进行评估．研究表明：江汉平原包括耕地，圈地、林地及水域用地在内的农地资源的非市场价值现值达1246．82亿元，是农地资源价值构成中无法忽略的重要组成部分。其中．耕地资源整体价值达4563．28亿元，无法通过市场交易体现的非市场价值有545．30亿元．占耕地价值构成的11．95％；园地及水域用地的价值分别为623．09亿元和3210．06亿元，非市场价值所占比例份额分别为32．21％和8，57％；林地资源的非市场价值225．64亿元，折合非市场价值约85704元／hm^2。     

农地外部效益内在化与农地城市流转控制

农地比较效益低下，但具有显著的外部效益，不考虑外部效益的农地城市流转个体决策与考虑外部效益的社会决策不一致是实行农地保护的重要依据，其政策失灵部分在于保护区农民无偿提供外部效益而缺乏保护诱因，改进思路是在运用强制性管理手段的同时，农地外部效益经济内在化。提高农地效益．具体运作包括保证农民事有较大决策权、全面评价农地效益、增设农地外部效益财产权、赋予保护区农民并支付农地保护补偿专项基金以及使保护区获得更多的公平发展等。     

农地整理项目后期管护农民投资意愿及额度

农地整理项目后期管护资金筹措是保障后期管护效果的重要前提。利用武汉城市圈5个县区390份农户问卷调查数据,分析受访农民对后期管护的认知状况和投资意愿,采用Logistic模型对农民参与后期管护投资意愿的影响因素进行实证研究,采用条件价值评估法分析支付意愿分布,测算受访农民的平均支付意愿额度。研究结果表明,村干部身份、农业劳动力数量、家庭人均收入、耕地经营规模、非农收入比例、对后期管护工作内容的认知水平6个因素显著影响农户参与后期管护投资的意愿;研究区农户投资后期管护的年平均支付意愿金额为219.62元/户,7个农地整理区的农户投资后期管护的支付意愿总额数量可观。最后,提出要重视村干部的带头作用,培训农民提高其人力资本,发展农村经济提高农民收入,鼓励耕地流转和规模化经营,而筹措管护资金则必须同时考虑农民的支付意愿和支付能力。     

农地流转对农户农地投入影响的区域比较——基于江汉平原和太湖平原的实证分析

本文采用湖北省江汉平原6个县(市、区)和太湖平原5个县(市、区)的893份农户调查问卷,分析了农地流转对农户农地投入行为影响的区域差异。研究表明,在要素市场活跃的情况下,农户生产决策和消费决策是分离的,且生产决策优先于消费决策;在市场不活跃的情况下,农户生产决策和消费决策是相互作用的。农地流转规模和稳定性存在区域差异,因此农户农地流转的目标不同,进而使得农地流转对不同区域农户农地投入行为的影响不同。相对于经济较不发达的地区,经济发达地区的农户流转农地的规模相对较大,稳定性较高,其农业生产目标更多地表现为利润最大化,更有条件从事农业规模化经营,更有增加投入的动机。农地流转市场发育程度、农地流转的稳定性和规范性,对农户农地投入行为产生较显著的影响。因此,完善农地流转市场,规范农户农地流转行为,对引导农户对农地进行合理投入、促进农地可持续利用极其重要。     

基于CVM的武进港水环境综合整治工程环境价值支付/受偿意愿评估

引入了目前环境价值评估领域运用广泛的条件价值评估法(CVM)对武进港小流域水环境治理工程居民的支付/受偿意愿（WTP/WAP）进行调查研究。305份有效调查问卷的结果表明：（1）64%的受访者有支付意愿,用中位值法和平均支付意愿法计算得出武进区居民的支付意愿为40~555元/年,武进区2010年人口为1003万余人,居民的总支付意愿范围是4 012~5 56665万元/年,支付意愿与受教育水平呈显著正相关,与其他各变量在5%的显著性水平下均无相关关系;（2）62%的受访者有受偿意愿,平均受偿意愿为3462元/年,约为支付意愿的63倍,受偿意愿与受教育水平呈显著正相关,与年龄呈显著负相关,与职业存在负的弱相关性。对造成WTP与WTA巨大差异的原因进行了探讨,并综合考虑评估结果,对武进港流域的水环境改善提出建议,促进决策者更好的平衡当地的经济发展和水环境保护     

CVM研究中支付意愿问卷“内容依赖性”的实证研究——以上海城市内河生态恢复CVM评估为例

为检验意愿价值评估法(Contingent Valuation Method,CVM)中争论的焦点问题——支付意愿的问卷"内容依赖性",本文以上海城市内河生态修复为评估对象,构建CVM的假想市场,设计评估顺序、评估对象尺度、嵌套物品等四重方案,通过720份问卷平行调查对同一评估对象在不同问卷中获得的支付意愿,并进行估计值比较和t检验。研究结果显示:支付意愿的数值随评估尺度的增加并不显著增加;单独评估比作为嵌套物品评估具有更高的支付意愿值;在问卷中先被评估的物品居民给出的支付意愿较高;整体物品的支付意愿小于各部分的加总。研究结果验证了国外实证研究文献报道的"范围不敏感"、"嵌入效应"、"顺序效应"、"部分—整体效应"等现象的存在。对此现象的解释主要是收入效应和替代效应。因此,在将CVM研究结果应用于公共政策中应充分考虑上述因素引起的偏差。     

江汉平原东部地区地下水资源的开发利用与保护

根据国家科技攻关的结果，论证了江汉平原东部地区地下水资源的分区和地下水单元的富水性，水质，含水层的水文地质地征，地下水开发利用合理井距，单井开采水量，提出了地下水资源开发利用中的保护对策。     

农地资源舒适性价值评估--以江苏省为例

舒适性价值是农地资源价值的重要组成部分,但这种非市场价值往往容易在公共决策中被忽视,从而导致大量农地资源被过分占用及农地资源内部配置的低效率。合理完整地评估农地资源的舒适性价值是促进农地资源持续利用的关键。目前,对农地资源舒适性价值的认识与研究,国内尚处在起步阶段。以江苏省为例,通过意愿调查法,采用半结构问卷调查和电话访谈,对不同行业和年龄的1 000名调查者进行调查,评估了江苏省耕地、草地、园地以及林地舒适性价值。研究表明,江苏省不同类型农地资源舒适性价值差异较大,这种差异与区域经济发展水平和地区文化紧密相关。在此基础上,核算了江苏省农地资源舒适性价值总量,农地资源舒适性价值总量高达25.13亿元/年。因此,在农地资源综合利用决策中,要重视将农地资源的舒适性价值纳入决策体系,从而促进农地资源的持续利用和合理流转。     

江汉平原涝渍地农业生态环境恢复的对策与效益分析

由于长江流域日益严峻的外生态环境的压力，加上长期以来湖区不合理的围垦开发利用，使江汉平原涝渍地域的农业生态环境变得十分脆弱。主要表现为气候变率较大，分布不均，涝渍相随，旱涝并存，农业用水的水质劣化趋势加剧，涝渍地的土壤潜沼化仍在继续，土地生产力低下，涝渍地域相对贫困人口增加。要提高认识，更新观念，将水和涝渍地看成一种资源而非负担，从整个流域生态系统出发，用大农业的观点，走社会化自然顺应的生态环境恢复之路，要上防下截，蓄泄兼顾，控制围垦，退田还湖，通过工程，生物和农业措施使涝渍小生境得到改善；要加强理论研究和国际合作，使涝渍生态环境的治理恢复更加科学的可持续。不同类型的涝渍地农业生态环境的恢复实践表明，因地制宜地治理开发可以获取很好的生态经济效益。     

基于条件价值评估法(CVM)的农业废弃物污染防控非市场价值研究

农业废弃物污染防控是保护和改善农业生态环境的有效措施,但相关的实证研究却较为缺乏。运用条件价值评估法(CVM)估算了农业废弃物污染防控的非市场价值,并引入计划行为理论(TPB)模型分析了影响农户农业废弃物污染防控支付意愿的影响因素。结果表明:(1)农户对生态环境认知程度较低,但对农业废弃物污染防控的态度积极。(2)68.5%的农户愿意为农业废弃物污染防控所带来的生态福利付费,年平均支付意愿为130.08~189.84元/(a·户)。(3)农业废弃物污染防控蕴含较大的非市场价值。湖北省农户愿意支付的农业废弃物污染防控金额年现值总额为13.94~20.36亿元,相当于湖北省2011年农业生产总值的0.33%~0.48%。(4)农户的行为态度、主观规范、感知行为控制以及家庭年纯收入是影响农户农业废弃物污染防控支付意愿的主要决定因素。     

江汉平原土地资源诅咒效应研究

将资源诅咒的研究领域由传统的矿产资源转向土地资源研究问题域,以近10a江汉平原18个县(市)的统计数据为依据,运用诅咒系数对其进行资源诅咒的实证分析。结果显示,近年来发展滞后的荆州市所辖的监利县、江陵县以及其他7个县市的土地资源诅咒系数大于1,确实存在资源诅咒现象,且江陵县与监利县还属于严重诅咒区。通过对选取指标作进一步的计算分析,得出导致其产生资源诅咒的原因主要为:以土地资源为依托的农业没有得到高效发展,而受到发展观念与投入等束缚,其二、三产业发展同样滞后。根据影响资源诅咒地区产业发展的具体因素,有针对性地给出化解土地资源诅咒的对策建议,为今后资源诅咒地区打破诅咒束缚,持续快速发展指明方向。     

江汉平原涝渍地域农业生态环境特征与评价指标体系

江汉平原涝渍地域由于所处的特殊地理集团、地形条件和不当人为干预等原因,洪、涝、渍灾害频繁发生,农业生态环境受损严重。主要表现为气候资源丰富,但变率较大,分布不均;水资源相对充足,但涝渍相随,旱涝并存,且旱涝灾害有加重的趋势,农业用水的水质劣化趋势加剧;涝渍地的生物资源比较丰富,但生产力低下;涝渍地域相对贫困人口增加,血吸虫疫区不断扩展,在简要描述江汉平原涝渍地域农业生态环境主要特征的基础上,给出了涝渍地农业生态环境评价的主要指标体系,根据这一评价指标体系,可以将用于种植业的涝渍地分为基本适宜、比较适宜和不太适宜三种类型,为涝渍地的综合治理及合理利用与保护提供理论依据。     

江汉平原建设用地扩张的时空特征与驱动力分析

建设用地的迅速扩张已经成为当前中国土地利用变化的主要特征。以中国科学院土地利用数据库（基于1995、2000和2005TM影像）为基础,利用GIS空间叠加分析和缓冲区分析技术,提取建设用地变化及其空间分布信息,运用建设用地扩张速度和强度指数对江汉平原1995～2005年10 a来建设用地扩张的时空特征进行了研究。在此基础上,结合各县市的社会经济等信息,运用灰色关联分析,对建设用地扩张的驱动力进行探讨。结果显示：总体上江汉平原建设用地扩张速度呈现增大趋势,但各县市之间扩张差异显著;各县市建设用地扩张分布上呈现组团状特点;沿交通线扩张的特征较为突出,尤其是后一阶段增幅高于前一阶段,沿江扩张增幅明显;总人口的增长是江汉平原建设用地扩张最主要的驱动力;交通条件改善、经济发展与区域建设用地扩张也有明显的相关关系     

Residents'''' Willingness to Pay for Improving Air Quality in Jinan, China

Along with the progress of urbanization and environmental deterioration, residents' desire for improved air quality is increasing. In order to quantify an individual's willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved air quality in Jinan of eastern China, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed. A sample of 1,500 residents was chosen on the basis of multistage sampling methods with face-to-face interviews by using a series of hypothetical, open-ended scenario questions which were designed to elicit the respondents' WTP. Results showed that 59.7% of respondents were able to express their WTP and the mean WTP is 100 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person per year. A probit model on the probability of a positive WTP and a regression model were developed to find the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP. Most parameters in the econometric analysis had the expected sign. Annual household income and expenditure on treating respiratory diseases significantly influence WTP. The rates of positive WTP and the monetary amount are larger for men than for women. Results also showed that people who lived in more polluted areas were willing to pay more for clean air. Unlike developed countries, clean air may only be considered as a public good in China in that more than 40% of respondents had no incentive to bear the costs of attempting to achieve better air quality, which indicates the relatively low environmental consciousness.     

Residents’ Willingness to Pay for Improving Air Quality in Jinan, China

Along with the progress of urbanization and environ- mental deterioration, residents’ desire for improved air quality is increasing. In order to quantify an individual’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved air quality in Jinan of eastern China, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed. A sample of 1,500 residents was chosen on the basis of multistage sampling methods with face-to-face interviews by using a series of hypo-thetical, open-ended scenario questions which were designed to elicit the respondents’ WTP. Results showed that 59.7% of respondents were able to express their WTP and the mean WTP is 100 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person per year. A probit model on the probability of a positive WTP and a regression model were developed to find the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP. Most parameters in the econometric analysis had the expected sign. Annual household income and expenditure on treating respiratory diseases significantly influence WTP. The rates of positive WTP and the monetary amount are larger for men than for women. Results also showed that people who lived in more polluted areas were willing to pay more for clean air. Unlike developed countries, clean air may only be considered as a public good in China in that more than 40% of respondents had no incen- tive to bear the costs of attempting to achieve better air quality, which indicates the relatively low environmental consciousness.     

Residents' Willingness to Pay for Improving Air Quality in Jinan,China

Abstract

Along with the progress of urbanization and environmental deterioration, residents' desire for improved air quality is increasing. In order to quantify an individual's willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved air quality in Jinan of eastern China, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed. A sample of 1,500 residents was chosen on the basis of multistage sampling methods with face-to-face interviews by using a series of hypothetical, open-ended scenario questions which were designed to elicit the respondents' WTP. Results showed that 59.7% of respondents were able to express their WTP and the mean WTP is 100 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person per year. A probit model on the probability of a positive WTP and a regression model were developed to find the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP. Most parameters in the econometric analysis had the expected sign. Annual household income and expenditure on treating respiratory diseases significantly influence WTP. The rates of positive WTP and the monetary amount are larger for men than for women. Results also showed that people who lived in more polluted areas were willing to pay more for clean air. Unlike developed countries, clean air may only be considered as a public good in China in that more than 40% of respondents had no incentive to bear the costs of attempting to achieve better air quality, which indicates the relatively low environmental consciousness.