夏季太湖草/藻型湖区N2O生成与迁移特征及其影响因素

多生态类型湖泊N_2O生成与排放的空间异质性给准确地估算湖泊N_2O通量及评估湖泊N_2O排放的重要性带来了很大的不确定性,有关多生态类型湖泊N_2O生成与排放特征及内在机制的研究相对较少.本研究对夏季太湖典型草/藻型湖区水-气界面N_2O通量、水体溶存浓度以及水-土界面N_2O通量进行了原位观测及室内分析,并针对影响N_2O生成与排放的主要环境因子进行了室内微环境实验.结果表明,夏季水-气界面N_2O通量、水体溶存N_2O浓度及水-土界面N_2O通量大致上呈现为挺水植物湖区藻型湖区沉水植物湖区,水-气界面通量分别为(115.807±7.583)、(79.768±1.842)和(3.685±0.295)μmol·(m2·h)-1;水体溶存N_2O浓度分别为:(0.051±0)、(0.029±0.001)和(0.018±0)μmol·L~(-1),水-土界面通量分别为:(178.275±3.666)、(160.685±0.642)和(75.665±1.016)μmol·(m2·h)-1;空间差异原因可归结为生长的植物以及水体中无机氮浓度的差异.水-土界面微环境实验结果表明,外加硝酸盐及有机碳源可以显著增加沉积物N_2O生成潜力,而上覆水中高浓度NH+4-N会抑制沉积物N_2O生成,随温度升高,沉积物N_2O生成速率显著增加,这表明夏季水-土界面N_2O的生成与排放主要受硝酸盐及有机碳的限制,同时也受温度的影响.     

香溪河秋季水-气界面温室气体通量日变化观测及影响因素分析

采用通量箱-气相色谱法对三峡水库香溪河库湾秋季水-气界面温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)交换通量进行了连续24 h昼夜观测.结果表明,水-气界面CO2、CH4、N2O的释放通量具有明显的日变化特征:水体除去下午17:00及凌晨05:00吸收CH4外,其余时刻均向外界大气排放CH4,且在凌晨01:00达到排放高峰.CO2和N2O通量的变化规律一致,两者全天均表现为向大气释放;且CO2和N2O通量的昼夜差异较大.CO2白天释放通量范围在20.1～97.5 mg.(m2.h)-1之间,夜间释放通量范围在32.7～42.5 mg.(m2.h)-1之间.N2O白天释放通量范围在18.4～133.7μg.(m2.h)-1之间,夜间释放通量范围在42.1～102.6μg.(m2.h)-1之间.通过相关性分析,秋季香溪河水-气界面CO2交换通量与风速呈显著正相关,与pH值显著负相关,与Chl-a有一定相关性;CH4交换通量与气压有一定的相关性;N2O交换通量与pH值显著正相关.     

南京典型水体春季温室气体排放特征研究

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对南京4条河流(内秦淮河、外秦淮河、金川河、团结河)和1座水库(丁解水库)的春季水-气界面CO2、CH4、N2O 3种温室气体通量进行包括昼夜变化的持续观测,对其变化趋势及影响因素加以分析.结果表明,春季团结河CO2和CH4的排放量最大,分别为1023.34,89.45mg/(m2·h),金川河两种气体排放量次之,内、外秦淮河CO2排放量相当,而内秦淮CH4的排放量比外秦淮小1个量级.丁解水库该2种温室气体排放量最小.金川河N2O的排放量最高,为151.31μg/(m2·h),团结河N2O排放量次之[111.74μg/(m2·h)],其他2条河流和丁解水库N2O的排放量均在一个量级上(101).水-气界面温室气体的排放受温度、压力、风速等环境因子影响.温室气体的昼夜变化分析结果表明,除了金川河N2O的排放趋势为昼间排放、夜间吸收外,其余河流及丁解水库均为温室气体的排放源.内秦淮和丁解水库的排放趋势受人为因素影响较大,外秦淮河的排放趋势主要受水位的高低变化影响,团结河的排放量受风速和温度的共同影响.金川河主要受微生物活性影响3种温室气体均呈明显的昼夜变化.5种水体在春季是大气3种温室气体的主要排放源.     

南京河流夏季水-气界面N2O排放通量

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对南京4条河流(内秦淮河、外秦淮河、金川河、团结河)和1座水库(金牛湖)的夏季水-气界面N2O气体通量进行24 h连续观测.结果表明,4条河流24 h内均为N2O的排放源,而金牛湖作为本底对照则表现为N2O的吸收汇.受水利条件变化的影响内秦淮河N2O在20:00达到排放峰值.金川河和团结河N2O排放通量均在夜间水中溶解氧饱和度极低的时候达到最低值.外秦淮白天的硝化作用和夜间的反硝化作用导致其N2O呈现出双峰的排放趋势.金牛湖N2O的排放量主要受风速影响,呈现出夜高昼低的排放趋势.在常规观测中,团结河、金川河、外秦淮河及金牛湖这4种水体能代表全天平均值的采样时间段均在08:00~12:00之间,但对于受外界影响较大的内秦淮其适宜的时间段则为14:00~16:00.     

滏阳河表层沉积物氮分布特征和界面无机氮扩散通量估算

为了揭示非常规水源补给河流沉积物-水界面氮交换过程及其特点,为非常规水源补给河流富营养化机制提供基础数据.选择典型非常规水源补给河流(滏阳河)为研究对象,分析河流沉积物中氮素空间分布及上覆水-孔隙水氮营养盐垂直分布特征,并估算滏阳河不同区段沉积物-水界面无机氮扩散通量.结果表明,滏阳河整体表层沉积物总氮含量范围在770~10590 mg·kg~(-1)之间,其中有机态氮为氮素的主要存在形式,占总氮比例达84.9%~99.3%.NH3-N为无机氮的主要形态,含量范围为3.23~1135.00 mg·kg~(-1).溶氧量作为影响沉积物-水界面无机氮分布的主要因素.邯郸段硝氮浓度在孔隙水中随深度逐渐升高,孔隙水平均硝态氮浓度达3.54 mg·L~(-1),为上覆水8倍之多.邢台、衡水、沧州段硝氮浓度随深度而逐渐降低;滏阳河下游衡水段和沧州段进入沉积物-水界面后氨氮浓度呈下降趋势.滏阳河上游邯郸段与邢台段沉积物-水界面NH3-N由沉积物向上覆水扩散,扩散通量为48.9~1471.0μmol·m~(-2)·d-1.下游河段部分点位NH3-N表现为上覆水向沉积物中扩散,扩散通量在-932~-456μmol·m~(-2)·d-1之间.非常规水源补给河流在氮营养盐外源得到控制后,仍存在内源释放风险,将会加大河流治理与修复的难度.     

桑沟湾和胶州湾夏季的沉积物-水界面营养盐通量研究

1999年8月通过原样培养研究了黄海的桑沟湾和胶州湾潮下带沉积物-海水界面的营养盐通量.结果表明,两个湾的沉积物均向水层释放NH4-N,通量为0.76(桑沟湾)和0.67 mmol/m2·d(胶州湾),对水层初级生产所需无机氮的贡献为14%(桑沟湾)和12%(胶州湾);桑沟湾的沉积物对PO4-P有净吸收,通量为-1.17mmol/m2·d,而胶州湾的沉积物释放PO4-P,通量为0.01 mmol/m2·d.与其他近岸浅海环境相比,桑沟湾和胶州湾的沉积物-水界面营养盐通量及对水层初级生产的贡献率均处于较低水平.回归统计分析表明,桑沟湾和胶州湾沉积物-水界面的NH4-N通量与沉积物表层的C、N含量正相关,PO4-P通量与沉积物耗氧率和上覆水PO4-P浓度相关.     

春季珠江口内营养盐剖面分布和沉积物-水界面交换通量的研究

2005年春季(4月)对珠江口内6个站位的营养盐剖面分布及沉积物-水界面的交换通量进行了全面研究。在获取该海域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面资料的基础上,估算了沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量,并且与实验测定的沉积物-水界面交换通量进行了对比。研究结果表明,珠江口内间隙水营养盐在不同站位间含量差异明显,呈现出由河口向外海逐渐降低的分布趋势。对于大多数站位营养盐,交换实验得到的通量大于利用间隙水浓度梯度法估算的结果,交换实验具有更高的分辨率。应用交换实验测定的沉积物-水界面交换通量,体现了营养盐扩散和界面反应的综合作用结果。研究区域的NH4+,NO3-,NO2-,SiO44-和PO43-的交换通量分别为-1.318 4~0.985 4,-0.558 3~0.469 2,-1.518 8~0.143 8,-1.967 3~3.883 1和-0.246 4~0.093 9 mmol.d-1.m-2。     

闽江口鱼虾混养塘水-气界面温室气体通量及主要影响因子

以闽江口区鳝鱼滩湿地分布的鱼虾混合养殖塘为研究对象,于2011年9月-2012年1月,采用悬浮箱-气相色谱法对养殖塘白天水-气界面CO2、CH4和N2O的通量进行观测,并同步测定地面气象及养殖塘表层水的物理、生物和化学指标.结果表明,观测期间养殖塘水-气界面CO2、CH4和N2O 3种温室气体通量变化范围分别为-22.15 ～74.79 mg·m-2·h-、0.08～6.62mg·m-2·h-1和-9.82 ～ 47.16μg·m-2· h-1,平均值分别为21.04、3.15 mg·m-2ˉh-1和16.58 μg·m-2·h-1,整体均表现为大气中3种温室气体的排放源.养殖塘水-气界面3种温室气体通量特征受到人类管理行为(水质管理和饵料投放等)、养殖鱼虾的觅食和代谢过程及气象因子和水体理化性质等诸多因素的共同影响.     

太湖水-气界面CO2交换通量观测研究

基于2003-01～2005-06利用静态箱法对太湖水-气界面CO2交换通量的观测,对太湖水-气界面交换通量的变化特征进行了分析研究.结果表明:太湖水-气界面CO2交换通量存在明显的日变化,春、夏、秋、冬4季日平均通量分别为-0.79 mg/(m2·h)、-4.89 mg/(m2·h)、-4.06 mg/(m2·h)和-2.56 mg/(m2·h),太湖均是CO2的汇.一般污染越重的区域,CO2通量值越大.藻型湖区水-气界面CO2交换通量季节变化不明显,草型湖区水-气界面CO2交换通量季节变化很明显,夏秋季高,冬春季低.CO2通量变化的可能相关因子还有天气情况、太阳辐射、风速及水温、pH、TA、Chla、TC、TN和TP等.     

闽江口养殖塘水-大气界面温室气体通量日进程特征

湿地围垦养殖是人类对于滨海湿地的主要干扰方式之一.以闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地围垦养虾塘和鱼虾混养塘为研究对象,利用悬浮箱-气相色谱法对养殖塘秋季水-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量日进程进行了观测并同步测定了地面气象及表层水的物理、生物和化学指标.养虾塘和鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CO2、CH4和N2O通量均具有明显的日变化特征,2种养殖塘整体上均表现为吸收CO2的汇,CO2通量平均值分别为-48.79 mg·（m2·h）-1和-105.25 mg·（m2·h）-1,排放CH4的源,CH4通量平均值分别为1.00 mg.（m2.h）-1和5.74 mg·（m2·h）-1,鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CH4排放量和CO2吸收量均高于养虾塘.养殖塘水-大气界面温室气体通量受到诸多环境因子的影响,多元逐步回归分析结果表明,对于养虾塘,叶绿素a是影响其水-大气界面CO2通量日变化的主要环境因子,PO34-和SO24-是影响水-大气界面CH4通量日变化的主要环境要素;鱼虾混养塘水-大气界面CO2通量主要受到水温、叶绿素a的影响,而溶解氧、PO34-和pH是影响其CH4通量的主要环境因子。     

植物影响陆地生态系统N2O产生和释放的研究进展

N2O是一种重要的温室气体。过去一直认为生物源N2O仅由土壤中的微生物过程所产生,但近些年来的研究表明,植物作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,也参与了N2O的产生、排放,对N2O的通量有着重要影响。本文以国内外相关研究为基础,综合报道了多年来植物排放N2O的研究进展。研究表明:植物本身可以产生N2O,某些植物排放量可达到与土壤排放相当的水平,影响N2O释放的因素有植物种类、生长发育阶段、养分供给、光照强度及N2O浓度等;植物影响土壤N2O的产生、传输、释放,植物通过影响土壤的理化性质从而影响到土壤微生物的活动进而影响N2O的产生、排放,同时对淹水土壤中N2O的释放起到了重要的通道作用;植物类型和不同环境因素对N2O产生、排放影响不同,尤其是豆科植物根瘤菌对N2O的影响应引起更大的关注。文章最后提出了当前研究的不足及需要进一步深入研究的问题。     

Aerobic N2O emission for activated sludge acclimated under different aeration rates in the multiple anoxic and aerobic process

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas that can be emitted during biological nitrogen removal. N₂O emission was examined in a multiple anoxic and aerobic process at the aeration rates of 600 mL/min sequencing batch reactor (SBR_L) and 1200 mL/min (SBR_H). The nitrogen removal percentage was 89% in SBR_L and 71% in SBR_H, respectively. N₂O emission mainly occurred during the aerobic phase, and the N₂O emission factor was 10.1% in SBR_L and 2.3% in SBR_H, respectively. In all batch experiments, the N₂O emission potential was high in SBR_L compared with SBR_H. In SBR_L, with increasing aeration rates, the N₂O emission factor decreased during nitrification, while it increased during denitrification and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). By contrast, in SBR_H the N₂O emission factor during nitrification, denitrification and SND was relatively low and changed little with increasing aeration rates. The microbial competition affected the N₂O emission during biological nitrogen removal.     

氮肥施用对紫色土-玉米根系系统N2O排放的影响

通过不同施氮水平与不同氮肥品种2个田间试验,结合静态箱-气相色谱法研究了川中丘陵区2005年5～9月石灰性紫色土-玉米根系系统的N2O排放变化.结果表明:1)施用氮肥显著地增加了N2O排放,在3个施氮水平下(0、150和250 kg·hm-2),N2O排放总量分别为0.88、2.19和2.52 kg·hm-2;施氮量越高,N2O排放量也越高.当施氮量超过一定水平后,施肥量高低对N2O排放总量的影响并不显著.由氮肥施用引起的N2O排放量占施氮量的0.87%(150 kg·hm-2)和0.66%(250 kg·hm-2).2)氮肥品种显著影响N2O排放,尿素(酰胺态氮肥)和硫酸铵(铵态氮肥)处理的N2O排放量分别为2.09和1.80 kg·hm-2,显著高于硝酸钾(硝态氮肥)处理(1.27 kg·hm-2),三者排放量分别占施氮量的0·80%、0.60%和0.27%.3)降雨是玉米生长季N2O排放的主要影响因子,而无机氮则是影响N2O排放的主要限制因子.     

Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in three full-scale wastewater treatment processes

Three full-scale wastewater treatment processes, Orbal oxidation ditch, anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic （reversed A^2O） and anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic （A^2O）, were selected to investigate the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases （GHG）, including carbon dioxide （CO2）, methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O）. Results showed that although the processes were different, the units presenting high GHG emission fluxes were remarkably similar, namely the highest CO2 and N2O emission fluxes occurred in the aerobic areas, and the highest CH4 emission fluxes occurred in the grit tanks. The GHG emission amount of each unit can be calculated from its area and GHG emission flux. The calculation results revealed that the maximum emission amounts of CO2, CH4 and N2O in the three wastewater treatment processes appeared in the aerobic areas in all cases. Theoretically, CH4 should be produced in anaerobic conditions, rather than aerobic conditions. However, results in this study showed that the CH4 emission fluxes in the forepart of the aerobic area were distinctly higher than in the anaerobic area. The situation for N2O was similar to that of CH4： the N2O emission flux in the aerobic area was also higher than that in the anoxic area. Through analysis of the GHG mass balance, it was found that the flow of dissolved GHG in the wastewater treatment processes and aerators may be the main reason for this phenomenon. Based on the monitoring and calculation results, GHG emission factors for the three wastewater treatment processes were determined. The A^2O process had the highest CO2 emission factor of 319.3 g CO2/kg CODremoved, and the highest CH4 and N2O emission factors of 3.3 g CH4/kg CODremoved and 3.6 g N2O/kg TNremoved were observed in the Orbal oxidation ditch process.     

添加磷对水稻-油菜轮作土壤N2O排放影响

我国南方红壤区域普遍属于缺磷土壤,种植作物需要施用较多的磷肥,但添加磷对水稻-油菜轮作土壤中N_2O的排放影响并不明确.以潜江、咸宁两处水稻-油菜轮作模式下的土壤为研究对象,添加不同浓度的磷(0、15和30 mg·kg-1)和不同浓度的氮(0和100 mg·kg-1)进行室内培养实验,探究添加磷对水稻-油菜轮作土壤N_2O排放的影响.结果表明,添加磷对土壤中N_2O的排放有较为显著的影响,但影响的方式有所不同:在土壤本身氮比较少的情况下,添加磷会促进土壤中微生物对氮的固定,降低N_2O的排放;在土壤中有充足的氮情况下,添加较少的磷会促进土壤中硝化微生物的活动,促进N2O的排放,但添加较多的磷同样会促进土壤中微生物对氮的固定,相比于添加较少的磷处理会抑制N_2O的排放;在土壤本身磷的含量较为充足的情况下,无论土壤中的氮源是否充足,添加磷仅对土壤中N_2O的排放起抑制作用.     

Nitrous oxide emission fromagricultural lands in Russia

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) atmospheric emission from differentagricultural soil types in Russia was evaluated based on published data onsingle input of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. For most of experiments the rates offertilization varied from 40 to 75 and from 160 to 264 kg/ha in activematter and they were considered separately. The higher rates ofsynthetic fertilizers (160 to 264 kg/ha) reduced relative gaseous loss ofN as N₂O (N₂O-N). Evidently, if nitrate (NO₃) concentrationswere high, the low content of organic carbon (C) and oxygen (O) restricted soilmicrobiological activity and consequently formation of N₂O. Themajority of gaseous loss of N₂O-N occurred within 140 days afterthe input of fertilizers. The N₂O emission factors derived forchernozem and soddy podzolic soil are 0.0126 and 0.0238 kgN₂O-N/kg N respectively. In 1990, the use of N fertilizers innational agriculture caused the release of 53 Gg N₂O-N thatconstituted 6% of global N₂O emission. Later on, the emissiondropped because of decreased use of N fertilizers, and in 1998 itwas almost 21% of the 1990 level.     

Uncertainty in Agricultural CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> AND N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Finland – Possibilities to Increase Accuracy in Emission Estimates

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland), due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement, and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH₄ emissions are more reliable than those of N₂O. N₂O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available national measurement data of N₂O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils, 2) climate-specific methods for N₂O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH₄ estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible systems of animals in more detail.     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O排放量估算:模型建立

我国水稻生产中往往采用多种水分管理方式,如持续淹水、淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉等. 水分管理方式的不同会引起水稻生长季N₂O排放的显著变化. 本研究收集和整理了2005年以前17篇国内外文献报道的有关我国稻田N₂O季节排放通量的71组田间原位测定资料,每组资料包括稻田氮肥施用的种类和施用量、水分管理方式、N₂O季节排放量等数据,旨在建立不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N₂O直接排放量的估算模型. 分析结果表明,持续淹水稻田N₂O季节排放量与施氮量无明显相关关系,在淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,两者呈极显著线性正相关关系. 持续淹水稻田N₂O季节排放总量相当于施氮量的0.02%. 基于普通最小二乘法（OLS）分析技术建立的线性回归模型估算结果表明,淹水-烤田-淹水的水分管理方式下稻田肥料氮的N₂O排放系数为0.42%,但N₂O季节背景排放量不显著. 在淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,水稻生长季肥料N的N₂O排放系数和N₂O-N背景排放量分别为0.73%和0.79 kg·hm^-2. 残差分析和效能分析显示模型具有较好的适切性. 综合3种水分管理方式,我国稻田水稻生长季N的N₂O排放系数和N₂O-N背景排放量平均分别为0.54%和0.43 kg·hm^-2. 相对于旱作农田而言,水稻生长季肥料N的N₂O排放系数较低,意味着水稻生产较旱地作物可能更有利于减缓我国农业N₂O排放. 本研究建立的模型可以用于我国稻田水稻生长季N₂O直接排放量的估算.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.