泥石流暴发频率与其形成区块石粒径的关系

泥石流是山区常见的地质灾害之一,重大的泥石流灾害往往是由低频率泥石流造成的。通过对四川省西部地区17条泥石流沟的野外实地考察,测量了泥石流沟道内不同位置的块石粒径,研究了泥石流形成区、堆积区粗大块石粒径与泥石流暴发频率之间的关系。通过统计调查研究,得出坚硬岩石地区的块石粒径较大,泥石流暴发频率较低的结论,并初步给出由块石岩性、粒径来判定泥石流暴发频率的方法。用块石岩性和块石的平均粒径推测该泥石流沟的暴发频率,在低频泥石流的判断上简单可行,较为实用：可以通过查询地质图、判断主要岩性、对块石粒径赋值、选取影响因素进行修正、判定泥石流暴发频率。为深入研究低频率泥石流的形成机理提供了基础数据,为有效地预测和防治低频率泥石流提供了依据     

Impacts of climatic change and low frequency variability in reference series on daily maximum and minimum temperature in southern South America

Understanding the climate and its variability, in particular with regard to their socioeconomic impact, requires specific measurements of precipitation and temperature and their circulations. This becomes more important in applications to diverse systems. In order to improve knowledge about temporal changes and trends in temperature, we analyzed series of maximum and minimum daily surface temperatures at eight reference stations in southeastern South America during variable periods, with the longest periods of around 100 years. To study the evolution of the temperature series and to reduce the number of parameters, a nonhierarchical cluster analysis was performed. The algorithm assigns each day to one of four groups: warm, wet, cold and dry. Low frequency variations were found in these groups and their association with circulation structure, circulation patterns and precipitation. We concluded that the set of wet days is one of the main factors driving secular variations of maximum and minimum temperature and variations in precipitation. We also inferred that after 1920 till 1930, a low frequency oscillation is observed in the form of linear trends (increase of warm days and decrease of cold days).     

河南省汛期极端降水事件分析

利用河南1961～2006年50个气象站台站汛期（6～8月份）逐日降水量资料，定义95%降水分位数为极端降水事件的阈值，建立不同站近46年汛期极端降水事件发生频次的时间序列。在此基础上采用趋势分析、最大熵谱分析等统计技术方法，对河南降水事件发生频次的空间分布及年际变化特点进行了分析。结果表明：空间变化上总体具有北多南少的特点，而且汛期降水量的比重与极端降水事件发生频次的高低存在着很好的一致性；空间分布上主要有全省一致型、西北 东南型、南阳盆地型和中部分布型等4种类型，其中全省一致分布型为最主要的空间模态；年际变化趋势各地有所不同，豫西、豫南区为减少趋势，而豫中、豫北、豫东和豫西南区表现为增加趋势，而且在振荡形态上各有同异，以2~8年和10年左右的年代际变化最为普遍。     

1961～2010年江浙沪地区夏季高温热浪时空变化特征

利用我国江浙沪地区26个气象站1961～2010年夏季(6～8月)逐日最高气温资料,选择导致死亡率突然增加而确定的高温热浪指标,研究了江浙沪地区高温热浪日数、频次和强度的时空分布特征.结果表明江浙沪地区是高温热浪天气的高发区,高温热浪天气存在显著的地理差异.江浙沪地区平均高温热浪日数、频次和强度随时间的变化趋势极为相似:20世纪60年代至80年代前期呈现减少(弱)趋势,80年代后期呈现增多(强)趋势.总体上看,江浙沪地区受高温热浪袭击时间越来越长,频率越来越高.近50a江浙沪地区夏季高温热浪天气呈南转的趋势.高温热浪天气受全球变暖与城市热岛效应的共同影响而逐渐加剧.     

河南省汛期极端降水事件分析

利用河南1961～2006年50个气象站台站汛期（6～8月份）逐日降水量资料,定义95%降水分位数为极端降水事件的阈值,建立不同站近46年汛期极端降水事件发生频次的时间序列。在此基础上采用趋势分析、最大熵谱分析等统计技术方法,对河南降水事件发生频次的空间分布及年际变化特点进行了分析。结果表明：空间变化上总体具有北多南少的特点,而且汛期降水量的比重与极端降水事件发生频次的高低存在着很好的一致性;空间分布上主要有全省一致型、西北 东南型、南阳盆地型和中部分布型等4种类型,其中全省一致分布型为最主要的空间模态;年际变化趋势各地有所不同,豫西、豫南区为减少趋势,而豫中、豫北、豫东和豫西南区表现为增加趋势,而且在振荡形态上各有同异,以2~8年和10年左右的年代际变化最为普遍。     

近50年长江流域降水日数的演变趋势

通过分析不同强度降水量（大于75百分位和大于95百分位降水,下同）对应降水日数,研究了长江流域1951~2000年逐年和年代际降水日数变化趋势。大于75百分位的降水日数在上游以及中游的北岸增加趋势最显著,四川盆地是唯一显示减少趋势的地区。同样,大于95百分位的降水日数在中游和下游也表现出十分明显的增加趋势,呈现减少趋势的仍然是四川盆地,并略向其北方延伸。详细分析每10年的平均降水日数的距平发现,大于75百分位降水日数最大的正距平集中在中游的1980s、1990s和下游的1980s。最大的负距平也是在中游地区,发生在1950~1979年。因此,中游的降水日数增加的幅度最大。对于大于95百分位降水日数,长江流域中游和下游的变化趋势也是一致的,在1960s 和1970s的负距平后,都出现较大的正距平。上游降水日数的年际变化要小于中下游。比较不同百分位降水日数的变化趋势,可将长江流域1950~2000年降水日数的变化趋势分为3种类型：（1）在大于75百分位降水日数增加的同时,大于95百分位降水日数却有所减少;（2）大于75和大于95百分位降水日数同时呈减少的趋势;（3）大于75和大于95百分位降水日数同时呈增加趋势。     

从潮白河年径流频率分布变化看北京市水资源安全问题

密云水库是北京市生活供水的唯一地表水源,而潮白河流域又是密云水库的径流形成区,因此,潮白河流域年径流量的变化直接关系到北京市的水资源安全。根据变化环境下非一致性年径流序列的水文频率计算原理,对潮白河水资源分区年径流序列的确定性成分和随机性成分进行分解,并分别对确定性成分进行拟合计算,对随机性成分进行频率计算;将确定性的预测值和随机性的设计值进行合成,得到潮白河水资源分区在过去、现在和未来年径流量的频率分布;从年径流量的频率分布变化上,分析了北京市所面临的水资源安全问题。分析结果表明潮白河流域年径流量变化的总体趋势是逐年减小,密云水库在平水年和枯水年的入库径流量也将随之减小,因此密云水库不能成为北京21世纪可持续发展的水资源保障。     

1959～2008年湖北省暴雨的气候变化特征

利用湖北省17个气象站1959~2008年逐日降水资料,采用克里格插值法、线性趋势、累计距平、滑动平均及Mann Kendall、复Morlet小波函数等方法分析湖北省暴雨的空间分布规律和时间演变特征。结果表明：湖北省存在以鄂东南和鄂东北为两个暴雨高值高频中心、鄂西北为低值低频中心的多中心分布特征,整体呈现出从东南向西北递减的地域分布,且大暴雨高频区、特大暴雨多发区和暴雨极大值区均出现在鄂东地区。时间演变趋势上,近50年来湖北省暴雨日数呈弱的增长趋势,暴雨量经历了偏少 偏少 偏多 偏多 偏少的年代际变化过程,异常暴雨年中暴雨日数偏多年较偏少年出现的频率高,全省暴雨日数和暴雨量在1978年发生突变,且存在9 a和5 a的周期振荡,而各分区暴雨日数均表现出显著地8~10 a的年代际周期特征     

1960~2010年长江流域极端降水的时空演变及未来趋势

本文采用长江流域内分布较均匀、无缺测站点的1960~2010年逐日降水资料,借助趋势和突变分析、R/S分析和水文频率分析等方法,研究该流域极端降水的时空演变特征和未来趋势。结果表明：（1）长江流域区域平均气候平均降水量（PAV）、简单日降水强度（PINT）、强降水贡献率（PQ95）、强降水阈值（PF95）、最大1日-10日降水量（PX1D-PX10D）基本均呈上升趋势,中下游各极端降水指数均大于上游,同时,中下游的各指数年际变化比上游更剧烈。（2）PAV与PF95的空间分布类似,但前者在流域中部地区下降、两侧上升,而后者为中部上升、两侧下降;PINT与PQ95的空间分布相似,均为大部分地区呈上升趋势,仅西北部下降。PX1D-PX10D总体上以上升为主,但随着持续时间的增长,下降的区域有明显的扩大,而上升的区域有明显的缩小。（3）未来长江流域极端降水将以现有趋势继续发展,并将以上升趋势为主,流域洪涝灾害风险加大。（4）遂宁站PX1D、安化站PX10D极端降水的频率分析表明,直接采用整体数据计算设计降水量会使结果偏于不安全,对于较长重现期的设计降水表现更显著,因此对于极端降水量发生显著变化的情况需要深入研究,探讨更好的设计降水估计方法。     

高原夏季西风异常年500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料及中国596个测站日降水资料,采用带通滤波、小波功率谱、合成分析、相关分析等方法对青藏高原夏季西风异常年500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国降水和大气环流的关系进行了分析,结果表明：青藏高原夏季500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡以40～60 d周期为主;该季节内振荡在高原西风异常年份表现出异常的传播特征;且高原西风增强年份,我国30°N~40°N范围内的低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎为同位相,30°N以南地区的低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎为反位相,东北地区的低频降水落后于高原低频纬向风约1/4位相;高原西风减弱年份,江淮以北的我国北方大部分地区低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎同位相,江淮地区的低频降水落后于高原低频纬向风约1/4位相。低频降水与低频环流有较好的配置关系     

气候变化对西苕溪流域未来洪水影响研究——Ⅱ.情景分析

研究表明VIC模型在西苕溪流域具有良好的适用性,特别是对汛期洪水的模拟。应用陆面水文模型VIC与区域气候模式PRECIS耦合,探讨了西苕溪流域未来洪水对气候变化的响应。结果表明：横塘村水文站月平均流量与月最大洪峰流量的关系较为密切,相关系数均在0.85以上,在一定程度上可以表征洪水的变化特征;基于PRECIS生成的气候情景,未来时期西苕溪流域洪水对气候变化的响应比较明显,尤其是汛期流量增加趋势较显著;结合P-Ⅲ型分布频率分析,西苕溪流域2021~2050年发生洪水极值事件的频率及量级都较基准期增大,且A2情景比B2情景相对更容易触发较大洪水,基准期50 a一遇洪水在未来两种情景下分别缩短为27 a一遇和32 a一遇,说明流域洪水对于气候变化的响应程度增大。     

Vegetation restoration dynamics in the forest-steppe system of the middle Volga region

The current dynamics of ecosystems of the forest-steppe system is most adequately described via determining the probable trajectories of changes in its elements in a simple Markov chain. The obtained data have made it possible to determine the direction of succession and draw its scheme. Theoretically possible series of community development are presented. The succession of community restoration from the spread of shrubs over steppificated fallow lands to the formation of low forests of European bird cherry has been analyzed. The restoration cycle of ecosystem dynamics is described by eight age stages.     

淠河流域不同强度等级降水变化研究

淠河流域降水时空变率大,深入分析不同强度等级降水的特征和变化,对于全面揭示研究区气候变化、合理有效利用水资源、防治洪旱灾害具有十分重要的意义。基于淠河流域12个气象站1958~2012年逐日降水资料,分析年、季不同级别降水量(频次)的变化特点,以及主汛期(5~9月)连续3d最大降水量的概率分布。结果表明,淠河流域小雨量(频次)四季分布比较均匀,级别越高,降水频次越少,分布越集中,夏季暴雨多发。淠河流域年总降水量增加趋势不显著,总降水频次则显著减少。夏季各级别降水量(频次)均呈增加趋势,其中暴雨增加最显著,冬季总降水频次无明显趋势变化,小雨、中雨量增加显著,春、秋季总降水频次和小雨频次的减少趋势极其显著。淠河流域暴雨量、暴雨频次均在1968年发生增多突变,小雨频次在1975年有极显著减少突变,年总降水量有增多突变,总降水频次则有减少突变。自20世纪70年代后期以来,研究区主汛期连续3d极端强降水出现概率加大,不同重现期极值增大,洪涝灾害风险加剧。     

鄱阳湖出流水质2004~2014年变化及其对水位变化的响应:对水质监测频率的启示

通过对鄱阳湖湖口2004~2014年以周为单位的水质指标,包括溶解氧（DO）,氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）的变化特征及其与水位响应关系进行分析,并对合理的监测频率进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）就DO,NH₄⁺-N和COD_Mn而言,鄱阳湖出湖水质在2004~2014年没有显著恶化的趋势,然而在年内呈现明显的周期性变化,其浓度与湖泊水位波动有较显著的负相关性（p<0.01）,相关系数分别达到-0.63,-0.67和-0.36;（2）考虑水质指标在湖相状态与河相状态存在显著的差异（p<0.01）,概率密度分布曲线进一步表明,在鄱阳湖呈湖相时,湖口NH₄⁺-N浓度小于0.25 mg/L的概率为93%,而在河相时仅为32.8%。DO与COD_Mn浓度在河湖相的特征与NH₄⁺-N相似。因此,在湖相状态下,鄱阳湖出流水质良好的概率更大,而高水位下的稀释作用可能是影响湖泊年内变化的主要控制因素;（3）时间序列分析表明DO,NH₄⁺-N和COD_Mn存在明显的自相关性,1~2月一次的监测频率基本能够准确的描述NH₄⁺-N和DO的动态变化特征,而COD_Mn仍需要1~2周一次的监测,从而避免过多的损失动态信息。能够为将来更深入的研究湖泊水情与水质定量关系提供基础和思路,从而为湖泊水环境管理和调控提供对策和建议。     

长江中下游冬小麦春季湿渍害灾损风险评估

春季湿渍害对南方冬小麦生长发育和产量形成影响很大。选取能较好反映冬小麦湿渍害特征的降雨量、日照和作物需水量构建湿渍害气象判别指数,从春季湿渍害产量实际损失的角度,对受灾频率、因灾减产频率、产量损失风险强度进行分析,基于减产频率和产量灾损风险强度建立风险评估模型,并依据风险值大小进行分区。结果表明:沿江江南地区冬小麦春季湿渍害受灾频率最高,为风险高值区,约占全区台站27%;风险中值区范围较大,约占47%,分布在江淮东部、淮北大部、江汉平原以及鄂东南地区;低风险区约占全区16%,主要分布在湖北北部和淮北局部地区。     

基于内容分析法的土地利用总体规划目标偏好研究

土地利用总体规划需要统筹区域发展多元目标以增强对区域发展的指导力和约束性,因此全面了解我国土地利用总体规划的政策目标偏好,能为优化规划技术方法和改革规划管理体制提供政策参考。鉴于此,本文在分析我国土地利用总体规划多元目标及其关系的基础上,采用内容分析法基于全国土地利用总体规划纲要进行词频挖掘构建目标偏好测量维度及体系,进而对两轮省级土地利用总体规划文本进行目标偏好的定量测度,结果表明:(1)土地利用总体规划是多目标规划,通过内容分析法可以构建由经济、社会、生态三大目标构成的目标偏好测量体系;(2)从目标偏好排序来看,三大目标中社会目标始终是两轮土地利用总体规划的首要偏好目标,生态目标是土地利用总体规划的次要偏好目标,经济目标排在最后;同时相比上轮规划,本轮规划耕地保护子目标次序提前,土地整治子目标次序推后;(3)从目标偏好程度来看,社会目标的首位偏好程度有所下降,但其中耕地保护子目标的首位偏好度明显上升;生态目标和经济目标的首位偏好程度基本不变,总体而言本轮规划三大目标偏好程度的差异缩小。研究结果说明,我国土地利用总体规划始终坚持以耕地保护为核心的社会目标偏好,符合其是国土资源管理部门主导的部门规划的定位;虽然土地利用总体规划对经济、社会、生态三大目标的偏好程度差异缩小,但其若要在空间规划体系中发挥更大的作用,还需要通过优化规划技术和改革规划管理体制进一步均衡经济、社会、生态目标,以承担起统领全区域空间发展的要求。     

Solid-state controller for an IAG-based stand-alone wind energy conversion system

This paper deals with an implementation of voltage and frequency controller (VFC) for isolated asynchronous generator-based three-phase autonomous wind energy conversion system. The focus of the proposed work is to provide a feasible solution for rural communities to serve their electricity needs. The least mean square algorithm is used for the extraction of active and reactive power components of the load currents. A three-leg voltage-sourced converter with a battery energy storage system is used as a VFC. The control algorithm is implemented using a digital signal processor. The steady-state and dynamic performances of VFC are demonstrated through test results under static and dynamic loads.     

Agricultural productivity and environmental insecurity in the Usangu plain, Tanzania: policy implications for sustainability of agriculture

Sustainable agricultural development is a necessity for sustainable economic growth and social development in Africa. Sustainable agriculture largely depends on how effective natural and environmental resources are managed and utilized; it also depends on the security of continuous access to such resources. This research was aimed to look into trends in agricultural productivity, examine the persistence of the environmental insecurity, analyze the relationship between the two, and explore their links to the national development policies. The results are discussed in the context of relevance to national development policies and their implications on the sustainability of agriculture and rural livelihoods security. Literature survey, records collection from the stakeholders, village level participatory assessments (PAs), observations and questionnaire survey were tools used for data collection. The study shows significant (P < 0.01) declines in cereal crop yields, cattle milk yield and cattle calving rate, and increasing cattle mortality rate. Elements of environmental insecurity were found to account for decline in agricultural productivity; significant (P < 0.01) proportion (68%), of 266 households interviewed, reported land resources deterioration, declining soil fertility, and increasing drought frequencies as the causes of their low productivity. Declined fertilizer consumption and increasing variability in rainfall amount significantly (P < 0.01) accounted for 59% and 39%, respectively, of the variations observed in total annual production of rice and maize, which are major cereals in the study area. This study recommends measures to improve soil productivity such as improved fertilizer application and use of organic manures along with mineral fertilizers for maintaining soil productivity; education of farmers on sustainable use and management of land resources; and pro-poor rural policies in agricultural development and environmental governance. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Wind farm and fauna interaction: detecting bird and bat wing beats through cyclic motion analysis

Recent Government announcements have implied that wind power will play a major part in providing energy for the UK (BBC 2007 BBC. 2007. Wind ‘could power all UK homes’ [online], British Broadcasting Corporation. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7135930.stm [Accessed 20 January 2008] [Google Scholar]). However, there is much concern that wind farms can have a significant impact on flying fauna (bats and birds) using the area, particularly at night. As part of an Environmental Impact Assessment, thorough appropriate surveys are necessary for quantifying and minimising any risk wind farms may cause flying fauna. Manual surveys that are commonly used are not always cost‐effective, efficient or practical. Remote systems based on motion detection are increasingly being used to monitor wildlife.

Fast‐moving airborne targets such as aeroplanes can falsely trigger motion‐detection based remote systems. As birds and bats repetitively flap their wings, this oscillating motion can be used to distinguish them from other airborne targets. Time periods between wing oscillations are not always constant, and hence the motion is not periodic. A method to detect cyclic motion based on similarity matrices is proposed, and synthetic and real data are used.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.