纳米零价铁对水中芴的去除研究

研究了实验室自制的纳米零价铁在不同投加量、初始浓度、pH及温度条件下,对芴溶液的吸附效果、吸附等温线及吸附动力学.结果表明,随着纳米铁投加量的增加,芴的去除率升高;增加芴的初始浓度,去除率则相应下降,同时平衡吸附量增加.另一方面,纳米铁对芴的吸附能力随pH的升高而下降;温度为15~35℃时,芴的平衡吸附量随温度的升高而增加,但变化不大.纳米铁对芴的吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程;纳米铁对芴的吸附过程很好地符合准二级速率方程,吸附速率随芴初始浓度的增大而减小,平衡吸附量随芴初始浓度的增大而增大.除上述结果以外,本文还对此反应体系的吸附机理进行了初步探讨.     

新型离子交换纤维去除水中砷酸根离子的研究

制备了一种新型离子交换纤维。研究表明,该离子交换纤维对砷酸根离子具有较高的吸附容量和较快的吸附速度,吸附动力学数据完全符合Lagergren二级速度方程,在所研究的砷浓度范围内,Freundlich型吸附等温式能很好地描述吸附平衡数据,去除砷酸根离子的最佳pH值范围是3．5－7．0。离子交换纤维柱吸附实验表明了较好的动态附特性,稀NaOH溶液是砷酸根离子的有效洗脱剂,30mL 0.5mol/L NaOH溶液可定量将96．0mg/g吸附量的砷从纤维柱上洗脱。     

氨基改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水中Cr(VI)

以聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）为功能单体,玉米秸秆生物炭为载体,制备了氨基改性生物炭负载型纳米零价铁（nZVI@PEI-HBC）,并利用扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对材料进行了表征,分析了溶液pH、温度、材料投加量等因素对其去除Cr（VI）的影响及其去除机理.结果表明：在投加量为0.5 g·L^-1,温度为20℃,pH值为5,Cr（VI）初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1条件下,各材料对Cr（VI）的去除率大小为nZVI@PEI-HBC > nZVI > PEI-HBC > HBC.SEM显示nZVI颗粒较均匀地分散在生物炭表面,FTIR分析表明PEI改性后材料表面增加了氨基等重金属配位基团,这可能是nZVI@PEI-HBC去除Cr（VI）效果更好的原因.影响因素研究表明,材料具有较好稳定性,老化28 d后其Cr（VI）去除性能变化不大;酸性环境、升温、增大材料投加量均有利于nZVI@PEI-HBC对Cr（VI）的去除.机理研究发现,水中溶解氧加速了nZVI的腐蚀和Fe（II）的释放,促进Cr（VI）还原为Cr（III）,然后通过共沉淀作用和氨基等基团的吸附作用被去除.     

表面改性秸秆生物质环境材料对水中PAHs的吸附性能

300~700℃下热解炭化芝麻秸秆8h后,再用H3PO4溶液进行表面改性,制备了芝麻秸秆生物质环境材料.测定了生物质环境材料比表面积及其对亚甲基蓝和碘的吸附能力,并以多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标污染物,探讨了生物质环境材料对水中不同固液比(0.01g/32ml和0.02g/32mL)下单一PAHs菲以及复合PAHs萘、苊、菲的吸附性能.结果表明,随热解温度升高,秸秆生物质环境材料比表面积增大,对碘和亚甲基蓝的吸附能力也增强,700°C时比表面积、碘值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的最大值分别为269.95m2/g、434mg/g和150mg/g.生物质环境材料吸附水中PAHs的能力强,700℃时0.01g材料对32mL水中萘、苊、菲的去除率分别高达94.44%、95.47%和100%,均比相同条件下未经H3PO4改性的秸秆生物质环境材料高.     

Removal of high concentrated ammonia nitrogen from landfill leachate by landfilled waste layer

The landfill of municipal solid waste(MSW) could be regarded as denitrification reactor and involved in ammonia nitrogen biological removal process. In this research, the process was applied to municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China, which was characterized by high food waste content. The NH4^ removal efficiency in the system of SBR nitrifying reactor followed by fresh and matured landfilled waste layer in series was studied. In the nitrifying reactor, above 90% of NH4^ in leachate was oxidized to NO2^- and NO3^- . Then high concentrated NO2^- and NO3^- were removed in the way of denitrification process in fresh landfilled waste layer. At the same time, degradation of fresh landfilled waste was accelerated. Up to the day 120, 136.5 gC/(kg dry waste) and 17.9 gN/(kg dry waste) were converted from waste layer. It accounted for 50.15 % and 86.89 % of the total carbon and nitrogen content of preliminary fresh waste, which was 4.42 times and 5.17 times higher than that of reference column respectively. After filtering through matured landfilled waste, BOD5 concentration in leachate dropped to below 100 mg/L, which would not affect following nitrification adversely. Because the matured landfilled waste acted as a well methanogenic reactor, 23% of carbon produced accumulatively from fresh landfilled waste degradation was converted into CH4.     

Removal of high concentrated ammonia nitrogen from landfill leachate by landfilled waste layer

IntroductionBiologicalremovalofammonia ,i.e.nitrification denitrificationprocesses,isthemosteffectiveandeconomicmethodfortreatingwastewaterwithhighammonianitrogenconcentration ,suchaslandfillleachate .Buttheleachatefrommaturedlandfillischaracterizedwithlowbiodegradablecarbonconcentration .Sothesupplementaryexternalcarbonsourcehastobeaddedtofacilitatedenitrification .Consequently ,theoperationalcostincreases(Carley ,1991) .Thereisnotonlyabundantorganiccarbon ,butalsoagreatdealofanaerobicandfac…     

铸铁在流动海水中的腐蚀行为

总结了笔者曾经进行过的3次有关铸铁在含沙流动海水中的腐蚀试验研究工作.研究结果表明：在腐蚀速率方面,铸铁与普通碳钢相似;但在腐蚀形貌方面,局部腐蚀倾向比普通碳钢明显减轻.灰铸铁添加3%的镍,不能改善其在含沙流动海水中的腐蚀行为,反而增大了局部腐蚀敏感性.镍的质量分数超过7%的铸铁在含沙流动海水中的耐蚀性能显著提高.其腐蚀率随镍含量的增加而明显降低,且没有点蚀发生.添加铬虽然能降低其腐蚀率,但局部腐蚀敏感性显著增大.     

运用涂铁砂粒进行分散式饮水除砷的效果

采用铁盐处理普通河砂研制成涂铁砂粒(IOCS),通过静态和动态吸附试验观察其分散式饮水除砷效果,并选取地砷病现场进行了验证.结果表明,IOCS性质较为稳定,扫描电镜下可见铁氧化物呈片状分散的覆盖在砂粒表层;IOCS无需活化处理,其对砷的最大吸附发生在30min～60min;pH5～9时,五价砷的去除率随着pH值的升高而下降,三价砷的去除率变化不明显.IOCS对砷的吸附符合朗格缪尔(Langmuir)吸附方程;5次滤柱循环中,75g(50ml)的IOCS分别处理含砷1.0mg·L^-1的水样408～426床(三价砷),390～412床(五价砷),用0.2 mol·L^-1NaOH进行再生处理,砷回收率均在94%以上.充填IOCS 3.0kg的家庭用模拟装置处理含1.0mg·L^-1的五价砷209L和198L,三价砷196L和185L,并在现场实验期间,连续处理含砷0.202～1.733mg·L^-1的水样200L,对水质亦无不良影响.无论是经济上还是技术上,IOCS均是适合于分散式饮水除砷的一种新型除砷剂.     

铁矿渣去除水中砷实验研究

铁矿渣是常见的廉价固体废弃物之一,以铁矿渣为吸附材料,运用环境扫描电子显微镜和X-射线衍射仪分析其形貌和矿物成份,进行静态批实验和动态土柱吸附实验。研究表明铁矿渣对高砷水中五价砷的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温曲线,温度对吸附砷效果影响明显,较高温度有利于砷的吸附(40℃30℃20℃),温度主要影响吸附过程中孔隙扩散阶段的吸附速率,高砷水呈酸性时吸附效果优于碱性条件。土柱吸附实验当进水砷为1829.2μg/L时,进水体积比为1200倍时,出水浓度仍低于50μg/L,且出水的铁、铜、银、锌等金属离子均未超标。该论文为进一步探究铁矿渣对高砷水中砷的去除提供了实验研究支撑。     

生物滤池净化含铁锰高氨氮地下水试验研究

以中试有机玻璃滤柱反应器进行伴生高浓度氨氮含铁锰地下水生物同步净化试验研究,结果表明,进水氨氮浓度高于2.0mg/L时,溶解氧浓度是限制锰与氨氮去除的主要原因.下向流底部曝气过滤运行(气水逆向)可解决溶解氧不足的问题,但滤柱滤水能力有限;上向流底部曝气过滤(气水同向)同样可以满足铁锰氨氮氧化需氧量,然而曝气扰动作用削弱了滤池过滤截留能力造成铁锰氧化物穿透滤层,致使滤层出水铁锰浓度无法满足标准要求,曝气量越大,其滤池截留能力越弱.     

有机凹凸棒石负载纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬

以黏土为载体负载纳米零价铁（nZVI,nanoscale zero-valent iron）可改善零价铁颗粒的团聚行为,增强其反应性.在负载过程中铁和黏土用量比例不同,对nZVI颗粒团聚和反应性的影响也不同.以有机凹凸棒石（CTMAB/A）为载体,采用液相还原法在1：3和1：5两种铁土质量比条件下制备负载型纳米零价铁复合材料CTMAB/A-nZVI-3和CTMAB/A-nZVI-5.利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征了两种负载样品和不添加黏土载体时nZVI的分散差异,并通过X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）分析样品与Cr（VI）反应后的产物分布.结果表明：降低负载反应时的铁土比能明显改善nZVI粒子的团聚现象、减小nZVI平均粒径、提高小粒径颗粒占比、增强其反应活性.小于10nm的nZVI颗粒在CTMAB/A-nZVI-3和CTMAB/A-nZVI-5负载nZVI总数中占比分别为3.60%和7.60%,在不负载的nZVI样品中占比为0.铁的投加量同为0.75g/L时,CTMAB/A-nZVI-5中铁对Cr（VI）去除率为86.20%,CTMAB/A-nZVI-3中为78.00%.     

Ultrasound enhancement of the reduction of the Basic Green dye in wastewater by cast iron

Dyes in wastewater are of particular environmental concern since they give an undesirable color to the waters, dye and their derivatives are harmful to human health and the environment （ Annadurai et al., 2002）. Due to their biological persistency, conventional biological treat-ment processes such as activated sludge process are ineffective for their removal（Shaul et al., 1991）. There is a need to develop effective methods for the degradation of such persistent organic pollutants, either to less harmful compounds or, more desirable, to their complete mineralization.     

Fe2+EDTA络合-铁屑还原连续脱除烟气中NO

研究了铁屑塔式反应器连续脱除烟气中NO的过程,建立了该过程的数学模型,并对其主要影响因素进行了讨论.结果表明,铁屑塔式反应器可连续稳定地脱除烟气中NO,进气NO浓度的变化对脱硝效率没有影响,脱硝效率随烟气流量的增加而下降,随脱硝溶液流量和填料层高度的增加而增加.所建模型的计算值和实测值能够很好地吻合,该模型可用于预测脱硝过程参数对脱硝效率的影响.     

Simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenate from contaminated groundwater by ferrous sulfate: Batch uptake behavior

Chromium and/or arsenate removal by Fe(II) as a function of pH, Fe(II) dosage and initial Cr(VI)/As(V) ratio were examined in batch tests. The presence of arsenate reduced the removal e ciency of chromium by Fe(II), while the presence of chromate significantly increased the removal e ciency of arsenate by Fe(II) at pH 6–8. In the absence of arsenate, chromium removal by Fe(II) increased to a maximum with increasing pH from 4 to 7 and then decreased with a further increase in pH. The increment in Fe(II) dosage resulted in an improvement in chromium removal and the improvement was more remarkable under alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions. Chromium removal by Fe(II) was reduced to a larger extent under neutral and alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions due to the presence of 10 mol/L arsenate. The presence of 20 mol/L arsenate slightly improved chromium removal by Fe(II) at pH 3.9–5.8, but had detrimental e ects at pH 6.7–9.8. Arsenate removal was improved significantly at pH 4–9 due to the presence of 10 mol/L chromate at Fe(II) dosages of 20–60 mol/L. Elevating the chromate concentration from 10 to 20 mol/L resulted in a further improvement in arsenate removal at pH 4.0–4.6 when Fe(II) was dosed at 30–60 mol/L.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, e.g., naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residues was investigated to develop low cost biosorbents for organic pollutant abatement. Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles and pine bark were selected as plant residues, and acid hydrolysis was used as an easily modification method. The raw and modified biosorbents were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption isotherms of PAHs to raw biosorbents were apparently linear, and were dominated by a partitioning process. In comparison, the isotherms of the hydrolyzed biosorbents displayed nonlinearity, which was controlled by partitioning and the specific interaction mechanism. The sorpfion kinetic curves of PAHs to the raw and modified plant residues fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The sorption rates were faster for the raw biosorbents than the corresponding hydrolyzed biosorbents, which was attributed to the latter having more condensed domains （i.e., exposed aromatic core）. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose component under acid hydrolysis, the sorption capability of the hydrolyzed biosorbents was notably enhanced, i.e., 6-18 fold for phenanthrene, 6-8 fold for naphthalene and pyrene and 5-8 fold for acenaphthene. The sorpfion coefficients （Kd） were negatively correlated with the polarity index [（O＋N）/C], and positively correlated with the aromaticity of the biosorbents. For a given biosorbent, a positive linear correlation between logKoc and logKow for different PAHs was observed. Interestingly, the linear plots of logKoc-logKow were parallel for different biosorbents. These observations suggest that the raw and modified plant residues have great potential as biosorbents to remove PAHs from wastewater.     

双表面活性剂修饰下纳米零价铁对水中Cr(Ⅵ)污染去除研究

为解决纳米级零价铁（nZVI）在环境中易团聚、易氧化的问题,强化其去除水中Cr（VI）的能力,选择非离子型表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）和阴离子表面活性剂油酸钠（NaOA）同时对nZVI进行修饰.同时,通过对比不同pH值、材料干湿状态、初始浓度及共存离子条件下的反应效果,结合材料的XRD和XPS表征、动力学实验和25℃等温线的拟合进行机理分析.结果表明：酸性条件有利于Cr（VI）的去除;材料的干湿状态对去除效率影响较大;材料去除水中Cr（VI）可在3 h内达到反应平衡,去除效率在90%以上,实验条件下最大去除量为183.1 mg·g^-1,反应过程符合准二级动力学模型及Langmuir模型;反应过程中Cr（VI）大部分转化为Cr（Ⅲ）.     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠固定化菌小球处理猪场沼液

采用包埋法,以海藻酸钠-壳聚糖为载体、自行筛选的高效脱氨氮菌为目标菌制备固定化菌小球,用于去除猪场沼液中的氨氮.优化了固定化小球的制备条件,考察了废水处理条件对氨氮去除效果的影响.结果表明,固定化菌小球的最佳制备条件为：壳聚糖投加量20g/L、海藻酸钠投加量10g/L、目标菌种包埋量2：5（V/V）.处理含氨氮废水时,在不调节废水pH值的条件下,当固定化菌小球投加量为15g/L、反应时间为4h时,氨氮的去除率为93.9%,其中吸附作用对氨氮的去除率为64.3%,微生物作用对氨氮的去除率为29.6%.扫描电镜表征结果表明,处理废水后,固定化菌小球外部及内部微生物数量明显增多.动力学与等温线拟合结果显示,固定化菌小球对废水中氨氮的去除过程符合准二级反应动力学方程（R²=0.9252）和Langmuir等温线方程（R²=0.9578）.     

零价纳米铁吸附去除水中六价铬的研究

利用液相还原法制备的零价纳米铁(nZVI)进行了去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的实验研究.结果表明,nZVI对Cr的去除效果明显优于还原铁粉和粉末活性碳;pH值越小、初始Cr浓度越低、nZVI放置时间越短及投加量越大均有利于水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,最佳去除率近100%;反应动力学拟合结果表明,nZVI去除六价铬符合准二级动力学模型;反应后nZVI颗粒的扫描电镜及电子能谱结果显示Cr占12.02%(wt),结合对反应溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)分析,说明吸附、还原与共沉淀可能是nZVI去除水中六价铬的主要机理.     

煤矸石酸浸除铁实验研究

煤矸石已成为不容忽视的工业废弃物,以其为原料制备Sialon材料具有良好的生态效益和经济价值。煤矸石中铁含量过高将影响其煅烧粉的白度,故需将有害组分铁除去。文章在水浴加热的条件下,以盐酸为浸取液,以原子吸收光谱仪测定酸浸液中的溶铁量,逐一考察盐酸质量分数、浸出液固比、浸出温度和浸出时间对煤矸石除铁率的影响。每个因素在不同设值下平行测定3次并求其平均值,之后进一步验证最优工艺的稳定性。实验得出最佳工艺条件为:盐酸质量分数20%、浸出液固比4∶1、浸出温度60℃和浸出时间0.5 h,在该条件下煤矸石除铁率均值达94.4%。     

废铁屑强化污泥厌氧消化产甲烷可行性分析

有关全球气候变化的《巴黎协定》落槌,预示着污水处理追求碳中和运行的时代已经来临.碳中和狭义理解即能源自给自足,这就要求污水处理厂应最大程度转化污水中有机物或产生的剩余污泥所蕴含的有机能源,并将其生成可再生能源——甲烷.然而,剩余污泥能源转化率较低一直都是限制厌氧消化技术广为应用的瓶颈.在污泥预处理技术之外,向厌氧消化系统中投加废铁屑强化甲烷生产有望成为另一个提高能源转化率的突破口,继而实现"以废促能、变废为宝"的目的.本综述从铁腐蚀析氢现象入手,在描述铁腐蚀析氢原理、析出H2对产CH4过程影响的基础上,对铁在厌氧系统ORP减少方面的作用、对厌氧微生物生理、生化特性的影响、对涉及微生物酶活的影响等进行了全面的介绍.最后,还通过生命周期评估(LCA)评价了基于废铁屑的污泥厌氧消化技术对环境的影响及经济合理性.