蘑菇渣和玉米芯对污泥生物干化的影响研究

文章以蘑菇渣、玉米芯以及两者的混合作为3种调理剂,将污泥与调理剂按一定比例混合,考察相同质量配比不同调理剂条件下,各处理干化过程中的温度、含水率和有机质含量的变化情况,从而确定最佳的调理剂,探讨调理剂对污泥生物干化的影响。结果表明,玉米芯做调理剂时处理实验效果最佳,最高温度达到69.0℃,所经历的时间最短为108 h,玉米芯的添加更能增加反应的升温能力;3个处理实验的含水率总体呈现下降的趋势,其中混合料为调理剂时下降趋势最明显,最终含水率都低于40%,达到相关用泥质量标准,水分脱除效果好;有机质含量较高,总体变化不明显,有利于污泥后续利用。     

卧式螺旋式污泥好氧动态堆肥装置的试验研究--含水率对污水厂消化污泥一次发酵的影响

采用自行设计的卧式螺旋式污泥好氧堆肥装置 ,利用间歇式动态工艺 ,以木屑为调理剂 ,对厌氧消化污泥进行了中温堆肥的试验研究。本试验控制物料配比为污泥∶木屑 =10∶1 0 (湿重比 ) ,通气量为 5 0m3 h·t,采用 5组不同的含水率 (5 1 0 %～ 71 0 % )对物料进行一次发酵。研究了含水率对该螺旋式动态堆肥装置的影响 ,重点探讨了含水率与堆体温度、有机物去除和pH、TN、有机C变化的关系 ,确定了该装置的最佳含水率为 5 0 %～ 5 5 % ,并且认为在同等通气条件和物料配比下 ,在一定范围内 ,含水率越高 ,堆体温度越低 ,对有机物的降解也越不利     

通风强度对市政污泥生物干化中试效果的影响

将污泥与树皮按照一定比例混合,利用自主研制的滚筒式污泥生物干化中试系统进行实验,通过对温度、含水率、O2和CO2浓度、挥发性固体(VS)、p H等参数的检测,研究了通风强度对市政污泥生物干化效果的影响.结果表明,通风强度对污泥生物干化有较大影响,通风强度(以VS计)为120 L·(h·kg)-1时,最高温度达到66℃,55℃以上高温可以维持40 h以上,111 h后污泥最终含水率可以降低至56%;生物干化过程中p H始终保持在6.5~8.5之间,不会影响微生物生命活动;滚筒式污泥生物干化反应器能够使反应器内基质均一性良好,对利用滚筒式反应器实现污泥连续流处理提供参考.     

基于土地利用的污泥-餐厨蚯蚓堆肥中碳氮元素的转化特征

我国城市剩余污泥有机物含量低,与厨余垃圾协同处理处置引起广泛关注。以城市污泥和厨余垃圾为堆肥原料,锯末为调理剂,考察二者协同堆肥的工艺性能,探讨基于土地利用为目的的处置途径下碳、氮元素的转化特征。结果表明：在含水率为(73±2)%,温度为(23±1)℃的条件下,蚯蚓能够在剩余污泥和餐厨垃圾中存活和生长并提高堆肥稳定化程度;在为期60 d的堆肥周期后,蚯蚓组的TOC平均降解率为32.62%左右,而对照组的平均降解率为27.13%左右,蚯蚓组的TN增幅为18.90%～29.80%,而对照组为15.83%～27.40%,C/N在堆肥的前后都有所降低,且蚯蚓组的降解率更高;剩余污泥∶餐厨垃圾∶锯末=4∶3∶3(以干重计)堆肥环境下的蚯蚓生长繁殖特征更为优良。市政污泥、餐厨垃圾、锯末联合蚯蚓堆肥处理,可以有效加快堆肥进程,提高有机物的稳定化和资源化利用的程度,利于进行后续土地利用。     

通风策略对污泥生物干化过程中含氮气体和甲烷排放的影响

我国污泥生物干化过程中含氮气体(NH_3、N_2O、NO)排放的数据十分缺乏,尤其是NO,因其化学性质极其活泼,在以往的研究中甚少涉及.本研究以东北某大型污泥生物干化厂的连续流强制通风槽式污泥生物干化为研究对象,通过现场试验,考察不同通风策略下干化效率以及含氮气体、温室气体的排放特征.结果表明,当污泥初始含水率约50%时,采用前期供氧为主、中期温度控制为主、后期以除湿和散热为目的的通风策略,可以明显加快污泥干化速率(试验组在第11 d时的含水率为36.6%,对照组为42%),提升干化效果(最终含水率试验组为33.6%,对照组为37.6%),减少氨气累积排放量5%(试验组氨气累积排放为208 mg·m~(-3),对照组为219.8 mg·m~(-3));同时降低温室气体累积排放当量[试验组每吨干物料的温室气体排放当量(eCO_2)为3.61 kg·t~(-1),对照组为3.73 kg·t~(-1)].但NO累积排放量试验组比对照组高出15.9%(试验组为1.9g·m~(-2),对照组为1.6 g·m~(-2)).     

污泥与秸秆共热解制备生物炭工艺优化及其对Cr(VI)的吸附

在不同热解温度、热解时间及配比下,利用生活污泥与小麦秸秆共热解制备污泥基生物炭(WB),研究了不同条件对WB吸附性能的影响,并以吸附性能为评价指标,应用响应面分析法优化了WB的最佳工艺条件,并研究了最佳WB对水溶液中Cr(VI)的吸附规律。结果表明:1)热解温度、热解时间和配比对WB吸附能力均有显著影响;2)制备WB的最佳热解温度、热解时间、配比分别为503.19℃、120 min、m(麦秆)∶m(污泥)=1.2;3)Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型都能很好地表征WB对Cr(VI)的吸附特征,二级动力学模型可以更好地解释WB对Cr(VI)的吸附机制。     

预加热对柠檬酸脱水污泥冬季生物干化的影响

利用预加热污泥（15℃~30℃）方式进行了柠檬酸脱水污泥冬季生物干化的效果及机理研究.结果表明,脱水污泥预热至20℃时可使生物干化高温期维持5.5d且最高温度可达57℃,干化14d污泥含水率从70%下降至34.80%,同时结合水含量降低了65.58%,远高于其他预热组的44.39%~49.53%的结合水去除率.能量平衡分析结果表明,污泥预热至25℃的生物产热量最高,但预热至20℃时用于水分蒸发的能量利用率最高,占总消耗热量的82.62%.此外,污泥胞外聚合物的蛋白质和多糖分析显示,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值和污泥结合水含量呈正相关,高温期Slime-EPS、LB-EPS、EP-EPS层蛋白质含量显著降低,说明蛋白质降解是柠檬酸脱水污泥生物干化的主要产热与脱水机理.     

谷氨酸与柠檬酸复合去除污泥中重金属及处理后污泥农用可行性分析

采用谷氨酸和柠檬酸按不同比例混合去除消化污泥中重金属,对去除前后污泥的重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni)去除率、总氮、总磷、有效氮、有效磷含量进行分析,并与谷氨酸单独作用时进行对比。研究表明:综合考虑重金属去除率以及污泥营养元素的保留,当谷氨酸单独去除污泥重金属时,最佳浓度为0. 4 mol/L。复合去除实验中,0. 4 mol/L谷氨酸与0. 4 mol/L柠檬酸体积比为2∶1时对污泥中Cu、Pb、Zn的去除率最高,分别为5. 60%、3. 34%和53. 94%;体积比为1∶1时次之。当谷氨酸与柠檬酸体积比为2∶1时,重金属去除效果与污泥中营养元素的保留程度较好。谷氨酸与柠檬酸复合作用相比单独使用谷氨酸,对污泥重金属去除率相差不大,但有效营养元素之和高于谷氨酸单独作用,这有利于污泥后续农业资源化利用。     

新疆地区电厂脱硫石膏增强的水泥基污泥固化剂的制备及性能分析

利用水泥基和电厂废弃脱硫石膏研制适用于新疆地区经济高效污泥固化剂,采用单因素多水平和响应面分析的方法研究硅酸盐水泥、脱硫石膏、粉煤灰、过硫酸钾(KPS)的掺比和固化时间对污泥固化体无侧限抗压强度的影响,运用Design-expert优化污泥固化体的无侧限抗压强度,并利用扫描电镜分析污泥固化体的微观结构。实验表明:水泥基和电厂废弃的脱硫石膏能够有效改善污泥固化体的抗压强度;当工程应用中,需要抗压强度最佳时的掺比为m(污泥)∶m(水泥)∶m(脱硫石膏)∶m(粉煤灰)∶m(KPS)=100∶3∶1∶1∶0. 5、固化时间为3 d;而需要经济最优时的掺比为m(污泥)∶m(水泥)∶m(脱硫石膏)=100∶1∶1、固化时间为7 d,处理每吨污泥的药剂成本为5～6元。     

污泥与稻秆共热解对生物炭中碳氮固定的协同作用

为了研究共热解对生物炭中碳氮固定的协同效应,利用管式固定炉开展了不同热解温度(300~700℃)下的污泥与稻秆单独热解及其共热解(泥秆质量分别为1∶3、1∶1、3∶1)试验研究.结果发现,污泥和稻秆共热解并不是两种物料单独热解贡献的简单叠加.共热解对生物炭产率无协同效应,但对固定碳产率的协同性受共热解条件影响较大.在相同热解温度下,1∶3和3∶1泥秆比共热解生物炭中的碳和氮含量协同量化值均明显大于1∶1泥秆比下的协同量化值,碳和氮元素含量协同量化值分别在热解温度和泥秆比为(400℃、1∶3)与(400℃、3∶1)时达到最大值12.43%与40.65%.碳和氮固定率协同量化值随热解温度的升高而增加,最大分别为53.77%~56.13%和38.30%~39.12%,说明共热解可显著提高生物炭中碳和氮元素的固定水平.除3∶1泥秆比共热解生物炭中H/C原子比大于理论值,对降低生物炭的芳香度与饱和度具协同作用外,其他共热解条件下的H/C、(O+N)/C、O/C原子比均小于理论值,对提高生物炭的稳定性具明显的协同促进作用.污泥与稻秆在泥秆比1∶3、1∶1与3∶1下共热解,提高协同效应的方式分别为促进脱氧去氢反应、去氢反应与脱氧反应.该研究结果可为生物炭在碳氮封存减排中的应用提供新的工艺途径.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.