成都市施工扬尘排放特征研究

采用DustTRAK TM气溶胶（粉尘）监测仪对成都市112个不同类别的房建、市政工地施工扬尘进行测试,研究了不同类别施工扬尘的排放特征,分析了下风向扬尘浓度的变化趋势,并采用CALPUFF对成都市新都区某建筑工地的排放进行了模拟.结果表明：（1）成都市施工扬尘排放浓度约为0.13~2.91mg/m³,其中房建类施工平均浓度约为0.94mg/m³,高于市政施工;大型工地扬尘平均浓度约为0.61mg/m³,低于中型和小型工地;土方施工阶段平均浓度约为1.21mg/m³,远高于地基建设、主体建设、装饰阶段.（2）成都市施工扬尘呈现出高低浓度交替的周期性变化,其中房建工程土方施工阶段的高低浓度差值可达到0.6mg/m³以上.（3）施工扬尘在场界外下风向5~15m范围内会出现浓度增加的趋势,随后逐渐下降,在50m附近逐渐趋于稳定,稳定浓度介于0.1~0.2mg/m³.（4）CALPUFF模型能较好地从宏观角度来模拟成都地区施工扬尘的扩散趋势,但难以捕捉施工扬尘在下风向近距离的扩散特征.     

道路扬尘检测方法研究进展

道路扬尘是城市大气颗粒物的主要来源之一,为改善城市环境空气质量、降低大气颗粒物浓度,必须采取有效措施控制道路扬尘.确定道路扬尘检测方法是控制道路扬尘的关键一步,完善和发展当前道路扬尘检测方法对有效削减城市道路扬尘排放量、精准治理道路扬尘具有重要意义.通过实证分析等方法,研究了当前国内外主要的道路扬尘排放的检测方法(降尘...     

围栏高度对施工扬尘迁移扩散影响的数值模拟研究

以CFD数值模拟为研究方法,研究了不同施工围栏高度对施工扬尘迁移扩散的影响规律。选取了4种施工围栏高度进行研究,分别为1.8,2.2,2.5,3.0 m。选取速度分别为3,5,8,12,15 m/s的来流风均匀流过不同围栏高度的施工场地,研究场地内风场情况以及施工扬尘的迁移扩散规律。结果表明:在土方区域背风面,来流风形成回流,不利于扬尘向外扩散。在土方区域迎风面,施工扬尘随上升流扩散到工地其他区域,造成扬尘污染。1.8 m的围栏围成的施工工地,施工扬尘相比其他围栏高度围成的施工场地,会更多的扩散到外界环境中,2.2 m高的围栏围成的施工工地施工扬尘扩散到外界环境相对较少,二者差距最大可达7.4%。不过随着风速的增大,围栏高度防止扬尘扩散到外界的作用越来越小。     

巷道内粉尘二次飞扬规律的数值模拟研究

针对巷道中沉积粉尘二次飞扬的现象,利用数值模拟的方法对粉尘二次飞扬进行了研究,分析了巷道内粉尘二次飞扬的极限风速与扬尘粒径之间的关系,从而为矿井通风除尘提供一定参考依据,给矿井工人创造良好的工作环境。     

风速对人为扬尘源PM10排放浓度和强度的影响

人为扬尘源排放模型很少考虑风速对排放的影响,为了解人为扬尘源排放浓度及排放强度与风速的关系.以施工扬尘和道路扬尘为典型人为扬尘源,通过现场实测研究了风速对扬尘源附近大气环境中扬尘排放浓度、排放强度的影响.结果表明,扬尘源附近大气环境中因扬尘造成的PM10(可吸入颗粒物)排放浓度随风速的增加先降后升,本研究中最低浓度值所对应的2.2 m高度处的风速v(cmin)为1.0-2.0 m/s;扬尘排放强度随风速的增加逐渐升高,风速相似文献   

扬尘在线监测在施工工地扬尘污染监管中的应用研究

施工扬尘是扬尘污染的重要来源,扬尘在线监测是扬尘污染监管的新手段.通过天津市扬尘在线监测试点建设工作,首次利用扬尘在线监测对各施工阶段的施工工地颗粒物排放特征及其在重污染天气时的应用进行了研究.土方开挖阶段的施工工地PM10排放浓度最高,在相继的五个施工阶段中,PM10排放浓度呈现高-低-高的趋势,对施工工地的监管应与施工周期同步;各施工阶段在春季的PM10排放浓度均为最高;施工工地夜间施工的现象较为普遍.     

汽车覆盖件成形过程数值模拟技术研究进展

汽车覆盖件成形过程的数值模拟涉及几何、材料和接触三重非线性等一系列难题.对数值模拟中的诸多相关技术进行了回顾总结.并指出了在汽车覆盖件成形过程的数值模拟中应采取的技术和方法.     

地下水污染的数值模拟及污染预测研究——以迁安市某项目的Cr~(6+)污染为例

针对地下水污染的数值模拟及污染预测问题,以迁安市某项目为例,建立了厂区及邻近地区地下水渗流模型和溶质运移模型,选用该项目的特征污染物Cr6+作为模拟因子,介绍了研究区水文地质条件,包括厂区位置及地形地貌、场地水文地质条件和场地水文地质试验,给出了建立地下水渗流数值模型,主要有地下水渗流数值模型和数值模型构建及识别验证,对地下水污染模拟预测,包括源强设定及模拟预测原则、地下水污染模拟预测和对地下水中Cr6+的浓度变化。     

大尺度料斗卸料扬尘控制技术的研究与探讨

针对大尺度料斗在抓料斗、重载汽车等卸料过程中产生的扬尘问题,分别对单侧抽风式扬尘控制技术、多侧抽风式扬尘控制技术、单侧吹吸式扬尘控制技术和多侧吹吸式扬尘控制技术等扬尘控制技术的扬尘控制效果进行了探讨。另外,针对两边同时具有卸料点的大尺度料斗,在重载汽车卸料过程中产生的扬尘问题,提出了移动式扬尘控制技术对其扬尘进行控制;并结合具体实例对移动式扬尘控制技术的应用进行了介绍,同时指出了其使用过程中存在的问题。     

道路交通扬尘采样方法研究进展

道路交通扬尘是我国北方城市环境空气中PM10和PM2.5污染的重要来源之一,要改善环境空气质量,进一步降低颗粒物浓度,必须采取有效措施控制道路交通扬尘,而控制扬尘的第一步是确定采样方法。目前我国还没有标准化的道路交通扬尘采样方法,本文归纳了当前国内外应用的主要方法,重点介绍了降尘法、积尘负荷法和快速检测法三种采样方法,并对三种方法进行了比较,分析了各自具有的优势和存在的问题。最后指出,快速检测法是最有潜力的采样方法,未来还需进一步的研究,争取早日制订出适合我国国情的标准化的道路交通扬尘采样方法。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.