事故调查的哲学原理

进行事故调查的一个根本目的,就是预防事故以致最终消灭事故。为实现这一目的,事故调查必须遵循基本的哲学原理。事故调查的各个环节表现为相互联系相互依存的紧密关系事故调查的主要任务是,查找事故原因,总结事故教训,制定和落实预防事故、改进工作的措施。这是事故调查的精髓所在,是事故预防的根本途径。事故原因是按照事故致因理论,采用取证、实验、推理以及其他科学方法,     

改进我国事故调查工作的建议

任何有效的事故预防措施,无不产生于事故调查之中。做好事故调查工作,是预防事故的根本途径。针对事故多发、预防不力的现状,必须及时改进事故调查工作。目前,我国事故调查工作存在的以下2个核心问题,阻碍了事故调查目的的实现,也是导致事故多发的重要根源。首先,事故调查过分看重责任追究,致使事故原因调查不力、预防措施制定不当。事故调查与责任调查不同,如果事故中有违法问题,则不属于事故调查范畴,而进入司法程序另案处理,以防止对事故调查客观性和目的性的干扰。事故不是人们愿意或故意造成的,而是组织管理不善、人的行为过失或科技、…     

铁路事故灰色关联分析

为解决铁路事故与责任部门的灰色关联问题,根据2014—2018中国铁道年鉴中的统计数据,分析安全事故发生的直接原因;根据事故所涉及的主要责任部门,将事故分为车务事故、电务事故、工务事故、机务事故及路外事故5类;采用灰色关联分析方法,并借助SPSS软件,分析事故主要责任部门职责,找出关键致因。研究结果表明：人员横越线路、翻越防护设施等因素为铁路路外相撞事故的主要诱因,加强沿线居民的安全守法意识最为重要;铁路事故影响因素灰色关联分析结果显示,路外发生的事故关联度最高,然后依次为车务事故、机务事故、工务事故和电务事故。     

浅谈事故管理技术——第三讲 事故调查

事故调查是人们对事故的发生、发展过程及其内在规律性的正确认识和总结。事故通常是发生在比较短暂或瞬间的事件。事故调查是要揭示事故过程和寻找事故原因,它是预防事故所必须的,是事故管理工作中的一个极其重要的环节,是事故管理工作的基础。     

国内化学危险品重特大典型事故分析及其预防措施

化学品是比较危险的物品 ,如果管理不善 ,一旦发生意外事故 ,将造成巨大经济损失和重大人员伤亡。笔者从生产事故、使用事故、储存事故、运输事故、其他事故等方面 ,阐述了我国化学危险品重特大典型事故的分布 ;通过事故案例 ,强调了化学危险品事故的特殊性、危害性 ,分析了产生事故的主要原因 ,并提出各种避免或减少化学危险品事故的发生的预防措施。     

分析行车事故原因的专家系统

行车事故是频率较高、伤害较多的一种事故。上钢五厂从行车事故的预防着手,对行车事故进行了详细分析,建立了行车事故原因分析专家系统,效果良好。1.行车事故的特点行车事故的特点是险肇事故多、严重伤害多。仔细分析各类行车事故,不难发现其中大多数为重复事故。因此,当某一行车事故发生后,经验丰富的安全员很快就能找出事故的真正原因,然而对一般的人员来说,则必须费很多周折和精力去找操作或设备的     

如何开展特种设备的事故技术鉴定工作

随着电梯、起重机械等特种设备使用量日益增多,特种设备相关的各类事故也随之增加。为了能查明事故发生的原因,事故调查组往往委托特种设备监督检验机构对事故的原因从技术上进行查找,以便事故调查组能严格按照事故“四不放过”的原则处理事故。因此,搞好特种设备的事故技术鉴定工作,是协助事故调查组做出正确处理的关键。为此,本文将结合实例探讨如何开展事故技术鉴定工作。一、概述事故技术鉴定是一门技术。事故的发生、发展过程是比较短暂的,事故现场也常常容易遭到各种干扰和破坏,这给事故调查带来了较大的难度。但只要掌握了正确的事故…     

2004—2008年我国隧道施工事故统计分析

为了解我国隧道施工事故的发生规律,采用柱状图和事故发生趋势图等方法对2004—2008年隧道施工事故进行统计与分析,获得了事故次数与死亡人数的年度分布和发展趋势、不同事故类型发生事故次数、事故类型占总事故数百分比、地区分布、事故等级分布等统计特征。找出2004—2008年隧道施工事故的发生规律:事故次数和死亡人数均呈下降趋势;事故类型以坍塌、物体打击、透水、冒顶片帮为主,其中坍塌是隧道施工过程中的第一要害;事故主要集中在中西部地区,东部地区则很少;多数事故为较大事故,发生重大和特别重大事故较少,但多为恶性事故。同时根据隧道施工事故发生规律,提出隧道施工安全管理的对策与建议。     

一种起重机地面操控可视系统

正起重机械属于特种设备,也是机械设备中蕴藏危险因素较多、易发事故几率较大的典型危险机械之一。国内外每年都因起重设备作业造成较大的人身伤亡事故损失颇大。要掌握起重机事故的类型特点、发生事故的原因才能制定出防范事故发生的措施。起重机械常见事故从事故和伤人的形式来分不外乎有以下几大类:重物失落事故、挤伤事故、坠落事故、触电事故、机体毁坏事故和特殊类型事故等,其中最常发生的是挤伤事故。在车间、仓库、堆场等作     

浅谈事故管理技术 第五讲 事故分析技术

在事故调查中,查明事实真相,弄清事故的经过及事故中人、物、环境、管理等状态以后,必须进行事故原因与事故责任分析,并提出防止事故再次发生的措施。因此,事故分析是事故管理技术中极其重要的内容之一。事故分析的方法很多,大体可归纳为三个类型:第一是综合分析。这是针对大量事故案例而采取的一种分析方法,它总结事故发生、发展的规律,提出具有普遍意义的、     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

WTO与中国安全生产

新世纪之始,中国将要迈进世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ）。在入世的过程中,与美国为首的发达国家之间始终存在着阻挠与反阻挠、限制与反限制的斗争,目前虽已告一段落,但远未结束。可以预见,中国加入ＷＴＯ之后,斗争非但不会停止,甚至可能会更复杂、更激烈。这场经济、贸易斗争实际上还有着深刻的政治与社会背景。最近几年,发达国家一直在努力使社会条款纳入世界经济贸易体系之中,在“关注发展中国家人权状况”的旗号下,反复提出“劳工标准”问题,即把本国安全生产问题与国际贸易挂钧。实际上这是“涂上绿色’”的贸易保护主义。中国是一…     

九月北京，国际盛会

第二届中国国际安全生产论坛于9月2日在人民大会堂开幕,国务委员、国务院秘书长华建敏,国家局局长王显政,国际劳工组织东亚地区局局长克里斯廷等领导参加开幕式     

在回顾中思考 在创新中发展

2008年,是中国的奥运之年,也是中国林科院建院50周年、哈尔滨林机所建所50周年、<林业劳动安全>杂志创刊20周年. <林业劳动安全>的诞生,为林业安全文化建设开辟了一片广袤的园地,为加强学术交流打开了一洞明亮的牕牖,为行业安全的发展提供了一块方正的铺路石……