乡镇工业废水对农业环境影响的典型调查

选择较有代表性的宁波市郊慈镇作为典型,调查分析了铜业乡镇企业对周围农业环境的污染情况。调查结果表明,污染源附近水域水质铜含量为０．００９～８．４６１ｍｇ／Ｌ,超标率为４３．８％,锌为０．０２～５．９２ｍｇ／Ｌ,超标率为３７．５％。土壤中铜的含量为３３．１～３２６．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ,超标率为７２．２％。粮食中铜含量为２．１９～２４．２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,超标率为３７．５％。     

HIA, the next step: Defining models and roles

If HIA is to be an effective instrument for optimising health interests in the policy making process it has to recognise the different contests in which policy is made and the relevance of both technical rationality and political rationality. Policy making may adopt a rational perspective in which there is a systematic and orderly progression from problem formulation to solution or a network perspective in which there are multiple interdependencies, extensive negotiation and compromise, and the steps from problem to formulation are not followed sequentially or in any particular order. Policy problems may be simple with clear causal pathways and responsibilities or complex with unclear causal pathways and disputed responsibilities. Network analysis is required to show which stakeholders are involved, their support for health issues and the degree of consensus.From this analysis three models of HIA emerge. The first is the phases model which is fitted to simple problems and a rational perspective of policymaking. This model involves following structured steps. The second model is the rounds (Echternach) model that is fitted to complex problems and a network perspective of policymaking. This model is dynamic and concentrates on network solutions taking these steps in no particular order. The final model is the “garbage can” model fitted to contexts which combine simple and complex problems. In this model HIA functions as a problem solver and signpost keeping all possible solutions and stakeholders in play and allowing solutions to emerge over time. HIA models should be the beginning rather than the conclusion of discussion the worlds of HIA and policymaking.     

Coupling climate and economic models in a cost-benefit framework: A convex optimisation approach

In this paper, we present a general method, based on a convex optimisation technique, that facilitates the coupling of climate and economic models in a cost-benefit framework. As a demonstration of the method, we couple an economic growth model à la Ramsey adapted from DICE-99 with an efficient intermediate complexity climate model, C-GOLDSTEIN, which has highly simplified physics, but fully 3-D ocean dynamics. As in DICE-99, we assume that an economic cost is associated with global temperature change: this change is obtained from the climate model, which is driven by the GHG concentrations computed from the economic growth path. The work extends a previous paper in which these models were coupled in cost-effectiveness mode. Here we consider the more intricate cost-benefit coupling in which the climate impact is not fixed a priori. We implement the coupled model using an oracle-based optimisation technique. Each model is contained in an oracle, which supplies model output and information on its sensitivity to a master program. The algorithm Proximal-ACCPM guarantees the convergence of the procedure under sufficient convexity assumptions. Our results demonstrate the possibility of a consistent, cost-benefit, climate-damage optimisation analysis with a 3-D climate model.     

Use of the environmentally sensitive areas rule by county governments in Washington State

The Washington SEPA empowers local governments with the responsibility of reviewing otherwise exempt proposals which could affect important natural resources. Most county governments have not used the ESA system, but reasons have varied from counties which have legal review systems in place, and for which non-use of the SEPA provision is a technicality, to counties which simply do not recognize ESAs. Most counties recognize some important fragile resources, and in one form or another attempt to influence land uses which could diminish those resources or cause public harm. The question remains as to whether the review process in each county includes a comprehensive approach to “… places with unstable soils, steep slopes, unusual or unique plants or animals, wetlands, or areas which lie within floodplains” (WAC 197-11-908). Additionally, it is unclear if local governments are adequately maintaining natural resources within their jurisdictions in the public interest by using the current planning strategy. This study shows that a county level environmental review process for sensitive natural resources in Washington is highly inconsistent among counties in choice of resources for review consideration and in criteria used to define resources. A uniform statewide approach toward ESAs may be appropriate for resources such as wetlands and critical wildlife habitats which require ecologically consistent regional management.     

浦东新区环境空气质量监测对比研究及发展对策探讨

以浦东新区为例,介绍了上海区域环境空气质量变化历程,对比研究了中、美环境空气监测发展历程及成效,提出了区域尤其是浦东新区环境空气监测发展方向、环境空气污染控制及监测相结合进行阶段评估并不断调整的发展战略。     

Optimized Coagulation of High Alkalinity, Low Temperature and Particle Water: pH Adjustment and Polyelectrolytes as Coagulant Aids

The Yellow River in winter as source water is characterized as high alkalinity, low temperature and low particle concentrations, which have brought many difficulties to water treatment plants. This study fully examines the optimized coagulation process of the Yellow River by conventional and pre-polymerized metal coagulants, pH adjustment and polyelectrolytes as the primary coagulants or coagulant aids. For all the metal coagulants, polyaluminum chlorides are superior to traditional metal coagulants due to their stable polymeric species and low consumption of alkalinity. The removal of natural organic matter by monomeric metal coagulants can be improved through pH adjustment, which is in accordance with the higher concentration of polymeric species formed at corresponding pH value. With the addition of polyelectrolytes as coagulant aids, the coagulation performance is significantly improved. The effective removal of dissolved organic matter is consistent with high charge density, while molecular weight is relatively important for removing particles, which is consistent with polyelectrolytes as primary coagulants. These results suggest that the coagulation mechanisms in the removal of dissolved organic matter and particles are different, which may be exploited for optimized coagulation for the typical source water in practice.     

Carbon Emissions Trading and Equity in International Agreements

This paper explores the distributional consequences of alternative emissions trading schemes. It is argued that the distributional impact stems from the difference between two social welfare functions: the function which is implicitly maximised in a competitive market equilibrium and the function which is implicitly adopted when a given equity principle is chosen. An integrated assessment model is used to illustrate these findings, by simulating the introduction of various emissions trading schemes for the Kyoto protocol on the reduction of greenhouse emissions. It is shown that (1) changes produced on an equity index by the imposition of emission constraints (by country) may not be significantly higher than those obtained by the subsequent introduction of a market mechanism, and that (2) the various market regimes which could be adopted have quite different distributional implications. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Direct on-filter assay of subtilisin-type proteolytic enzymes for rapid analysis of analyte captured from the workplace atmosphere

A simple assay for some proteolytic enzymes has been developed which can be performed directly on the surface of a cellulose nitrate filter used to capture the analyte during workplace monitoring for health and safety purposes. Following air sampling the analysis is performed on the filter which is retained within the air sampler. This involves two steps: first, a 15 min incubation in which the captured enzyme is dissolved and then digests an alkaline-phosphatase-labelled antibody immobilised as a small dot on the surface of the filter; and second, is a 10 min incubation with substrate solution, which follows an in situ wash under a vacuum. During the incubation colour develops on the spot at the location of the immobilised enzyme antibody conjugate. The intensity of the spot can be assessed visually within the sampler to ascertain the presence or absence of captured enzyme, or alternatively quantitative results can be obtained using an optical scanner. The limit of detection is 5 ng per filter for subtilisin (20 ng for visual discrimination between this standard and the zero). The assay is stable to the effects of ambient air sampling at 31 min(-1) for 18 h.     

环境监测技术竞赛方案设计

技术竞赛是促进监测水平提高的好方法,经过多次技术竞赛活动,制定出一套较科学适用的实施方案,基础理论采用笔试,样品测试采用尤登双样图。并设计出程序文件和测试样品配制方法,实际应用效果良好。     

松嫩平原土地荒漠化动态监测与分析

土地荒漠化是土地退化的一种主要形式,也是生态环境恶化的一种主要表现,严重制约着农业生产的发展.以1975年MSS卫星遥感影像、1990年TM卫星遥感影像以及2001年ETM卫星遥感影像等数据为信息源,采用地理信息系统的分析方法,引入荒漠化动态度等表征参量,建立了科学的荒漠化土地类型和土地动态转化分级系统,对我国松嫩平原近30年来的荒漠化土地进行了动态变化分析.结果表明,在1975～1990年期间,松嫩平原荒漠化土地呈明显发展趋势,其面积增加了1368931hm2,荒漠化边缘地区恶化现象明显强于腹地;在1990～2001年期闻,松嫩平原荒漠化土地总面积缓慢减少.减少面积为297867hm2,荒漠化呈逆转趋势,逆转现象边缘地区强于腹地,土地荒漠化趋势基本得到遏制.     

压差法测BOD的应用研究

BOD测定时的恒温培养过程中,好氧生化反应可导致密闭系统的压力不断减少(压差),为此,建立BOD与压差的相关曲线,利用该曲线,在测得压差的情况下,可计算溶液的BOD。该方法与标准方法相比,测定范围宽,可随时了解测定状况,准确度和精密度相当,是一种值得推广的方法。     

Evaluation of a fast wastewater odour characterisation procedure using a chemical sensor array

Sewage treatment works are one of the major sources that cause atmospheric odour pollution. The increase in the number of complaints about odour nuisance is due to the increase in environmental concerns. Unfortunately, the legislation on odour nuisance from sewage treatment works is very limited. In order to determine suitable thresholds on which to base legal standards, reliable and efficient odour measurement methods need to be defined. A chemical sensor array was developed for the purpose of measuring wastewater odour. This paper describes the development of the chemical sensor system which is specifically tuned to odours of wastewater origin and which can give an electronic measure of the wastewater odours. Odour emissions from a wastewater treatment facility were detected by using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor array. The array consists of nine sensor elements, which were coated with different materials. In this paper, the usage of these novel instruments in the water industry was shown.     

紫外分光光度法测定烟道气中的油烟

餐饮业油烟污染已成为城市环境污染的一大公害,关于油烟污染的投诉近年来有逐步上升趋势.而目前,国家尚未制定出油烟的规范测试方法.本文根据实际工作经验,摸索出了用紫外分光光度法来测定烟道气中的油烟,该方法简易、可行,符合有关质控要求.     

米泉市城市环境空气污染状况分析和污染防治对策探析

根据2000年以来的环境监测数据,分析新疆首府乌鲁木齐市的重要卫星城米泉市的环境空气污染状况,结果显示米泉市环境空气质量污染严重,超越乌鲁木齐市。成为全疆冬季大气污染最严重的城市之一,大气环境质量亟待改善。本文针对米泉市环境空气严重污染的状况提出了控制对策和减缓措施,以期为改善乌鲁木齐市及周边城市大气污染状况提供依据。     

气相色谱测定总挥发性有机化合物过程中溶剂作用探讨

气相色谱测定总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)的定量依据是一定量的物质在检测器上产生一定强度的响应信号,信号强弱反映物质量的大小。实践发现,在定量过程中,溶剂也会影响物质在检测器上的响应信号强度,使测定结果产生偏差,溶剂是影响检测不可忽视的一个重要因素。     

Long‐term variability of a stochastic forced pelagic ecosystem model

The long‐term natural variability of a pelagic ecosystem model is investigated using a simple numerical model which consists of six state variables: two nutrients, two phytoplankton species, detritus and benthos. For the investigation of natural variability the model is forced with first and second order autoregressive processes and noise. The interannual variability of the system with respect to phytoplankton mortality is investigated in different runs which are integrated over 300 years.     

嘉陵江南充段水质主要污染物分析

运用主成分分析法对嘉陵江南充段3个监测断面的监测数据进行分析,用信息量集中的几个综合指标代替了众多的监测指标.找出了对南充河段有影响的水体主要污染物,反推出污染源类型,并分析形成的原因,为嘉陵江南充段水资源保护、管理提供了科学依据.     

Some comments on analysis techniques for censored water quality data

When investigating trace substances in ambient water, a proportion of water sample concentrations is usually below limits of detection. In medical and industrial reliability studies, comparisons are often made of time to event data which includes right censored observations indicating only that an observation is greater than a specified value. In this paper consideration is given to the application of non-parametric procedures, widely used in the analysis of time to event data, to water quality data which is left censored.A non-parametric estimate of the cumulative distribution function for left censored water quality data can be generated quite easily. For the comparison of levels of trace substances it is necessary to combine an unconditional likelihood for the proportion of observations below a detection limit with a partial likelihood for the portion of the distribution above the detection limit in order to make use of regression methodology. The details of this are outlined and an example is given which compares levels of toxic substances at the head and mouth of the Niagara river.When comparisons are based on matched pair data, further modifications are necessary. A development paralleling that for time to event data is given. Consideration is also given to model extensions which allow for a dependence between observations at the same location over a period of time.The presentation is introductory and designed to illustrate the potential of some available methodology for use in the analysis of water quality data.     

中国秸秆焚烧的遥感监测与分析

用最近四年的MODIS火点数据,通过相关处理和分析,得出了全国秸秆焚烧状况的时空分布规律。结果表明,秸秆焚烧最严重的区域一直分布在淮河流域和陕西关中平原,这是秸秆禁烧工作的重点;南部各省秸秆焚烧点密度较小,比较分散,造成的危害相对较小。秸秆焚烧的主要时间,北方集中在夏秋季节,主要是小麦、玉米、油菜等的秸秆;南方集中在冬春季节,主要是水稻、甘蔗、油菜等的秸秆。秸秆焚烧的时空分布规律在最近几年基本无大的变化,秸秆焚烧面积在2002年~2005年期间逐年上升。文章结论反映了各地执行秸秆禁烧政策的效果,可为相关政府部门进行秸秆禁烧工作提供依据。     

国家环保模范城市创建中监测类指标操作要点

国家环境保护模范城市考核指标体系共28项考核指标(集中供热率仅考核北方城市),其中11项指标以环境监测为基础。环境监测类指标是环保模范城市考核中定量考核的主要方面,也是在创模过程中容易出现问题的方面。笔者根据多年参与环保模范城市考核的体会,提出了各项指标的操作要点。