污泥回流对平流式沉淀池去除率的影响分析

针对目前的沉淀理论没有考虑回流污泥量将影响颗粒去除效率这一问题,在深向混合沉淀理论的基础上,得出了考虑回流比的非理想沉淀模型.根据所得模型分析了在平流沉淀池中吸泥机带走的污泥回流量对颗粒沉降的影响.并以某污水悬浮物的剩余量与沉速关系曲线为例进行分析.结果表明,在不考虑污泥回流的情况下,颗粒的去除率为72.8%;考虑污泥回流时,当回流比由0.5变化到3.0时,颗粒的去除率则由71.1%递减到50.9%,均小于不考虑污泥回流时的去除率,且回流比为3.0时,颗粒的去除率为50.9%,相对于未考虑回流污泥时的去除率降低了30%.由此可见,污泥回流量使悬浮颗粒的去除率小于无回流量时的去除率,且随着回流比的增大颗粒沉降效率将显著减小.     

混凝沉淀-垂直流人工湿地组合工艺处理乡镇混合污水

采用混凝沉淀-垂直流人工湿地组合工艺处理乡镇混合污水,通过方案设计及对混凝沉淀、垂直流人工湿地各自除污机理的分析,确定最优pH,并对该工艺处理效果进行了分析。结果表明,混凝沉淀-垂直流人工湿地组合工艺对乡镇混合污水各污染物指标有较高的去除率,尤其对含重金属离子的废水有较高的去除率,出水水质良好。     

钙型天然斜发沸石同步脱氮除磷特性

以钙型天然斜发沸石为试验材料进行废水同步脱氮除磷特性研究,考察反应时间,沸石投加量,pH,温度及废水中的有机物含量对斜发沸石同步去除氨氮和磷的影响. 结果表明:在沸石投加量为250 g/L,pH为7.0～9.0,温度为25 ℃,吸附时间为24 h的条件下,钙型天然斜发沸石对氨氮的去除率达到96%,对磷的去除率接近100%. pH对钙型天然斜发沸石除磷效果影响显著,但对氨氮去除效果影响不大. 当pH由3.0升至5.0时,磷的去除率由54%降低至43%,吸附作用是磷的主导去除机制;当pH由5.0升至8.0时,磷的去除率迅速升高,化学沉淀逐渐成为磷的主导去除机制;pH为8.0以上时,磷的去除率接近100%. 废水有机物对钙型天然斜发沸石去除磷的效果存在差异,其中柠檬酸的加入使磷的去除率降低16%,显著抑制了磷的去除;腐殖酸的加入仅使磷的去除率降低3%,影响甚小. 柠檬酸和腐殖酸的加入对氨氮的去除效果影响均较小(低于3%).      

印染废水治理工艺优化

根据某印染厂废水特点 ,结合原有设施进行改造 ,优化工艺路线及工艺参数 ,采用延时爆气 斜板沉淀 混凝沉淀工艺 ,吨水运行费用仅为 0 .67元 ,色度去除率达到 99% ,CODcr去除率为 92 %以上 ,硫化物去除率 95 % ,出水均达到国家综合排放一级标准     

斜网-混凝沉淀-A/O工艺处理白卡纸废水

采用斜网+混凝沉淀+A/O工艺处理白卡纸废水,平均CODCr去除率为97·9%,平均SS去除率为99·1%,出水各项指标达到《造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB3544-92)一级标准。以斜网装置回收废浆,过水量5~12m3/(m2·h),CODCr去除率52·8%,SS去除率53·7%。回收纤维获益相当于每吨纸节省成本33元,占总成本的2·5%。将剩余污泥回流到沉淀反应池,可降低投药量,节约总运行费用25%,并能减轻二次污染。     

进水模式对强化脱氮好氧颗粒污泥培养的影响

针对不同进水模式对好氧颗粒污泥培养及强化脱氮效果的影响尚无统一定论的问题,系统比较研究了快速进水直接曝气、快速进水厌氧搅拌和厌氧推流慢速进水3种模式对好氧颗粒污泥形成特性及脱氮效果的影响.研究发现,快速进水直接曝气模式所形成颗粒污泥表面易生长丝状菌,颗粒粒径可达2.0mm以上,但易解体;快速进水厌氧搅拌模式可形成粒径多为1.5~2.0mm的好氧颗粒污泥,TN去除率达到80%,优于前种模式,但未能避免颗粒解体;厌氧推流慢速进水可获得粒径多为1.0~1.5mm的颗粒污泥,常规负荷下出水COD浓度约10~15mg/L,TN浓度小于1mg/L,TN去除率达90%,满足地表Ⅲ类水标准.系统比较证实,厌氧推流慢速进水方式是实现强化脱氮好氧颗粒污泥培养的最佳模式.     

高效物化法处理炼油废水

采用斜板式隔油沉淀与两级混凝气浮组成的工艺处理炼油废水。隔油池中设置斜板提高了油与悬浮物的去除率，同时也提高了油的回收量。循环式刮油刮泥机可及时刮除浮油与沉泥。混凝使胶粒与乳化油粒脱稳、聚集，易被气浮法去除。两级气浮串联使气浮系统的去除效率高并运行稳定。     

诱导沉淀结晶软化浓盐水的实验研究

采用诱导沉淀结晶的理论和方法开展了对浓盐水软化的实验,实验研究了浓盐水结晶介稳区的控制条件,考察了pH、温度、搅拌速度、镁离子浓度对浓盐水诱导沉淀结晶以及水软化效果的影响。通过实验表明了浓盐水在其结晶介稳区内可以自生成0.5~1 mm的大颗粒碳酸钙晶体,晶体易于沉淀分离,回收的晶体纯度达到95%,钙硬度去除率达到95%,具有较好的水软化效果。     

锰矿石氧化-磷酸铵镁沉淀预处理焦化废水

针对焦化废水中含有高浓度COD_Cr,挥发酚和氨氮的特性,提出锰矿石氧化-磷酸铵镁(鸟粪石)沉淀两步预处理焦化废水的方法. 以磷酸、硫酸调节焦化废水pH至1.2,利用锰氧化物在酸性条件下的强氧化性,氧化去除废水中的挥发酚和硫化物,去除率分别为99%和100%,同时COD_Cr的去除率达70%,出水pH升高至1.8;向上述锰矿石处理后的废水投加菱苦土粉(轻烧氧化镁)进行磷酸铵镁沉淀试验. 结果表明,在固液比为18 g/L,搅拌反应24 h后,氨氮以磷酸铵镁沉淀形式得到去除,去除率达90.1%,pH升高至9.4. X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对沉淀产物表征分析表明,磷酸铵镁沉淀是在菱苦土颗粒表面形成和生长的.      

固定化微生物技术用于餐厅污水处理的实验研究

本探索了固定化活性污泥球型颗粒对餐厅污水的处理效果。实验结果表明：采用活性污泥工艺时，固定化微生物小球处理餐厅污水可以取得良好的效果。在平均曝气时间1.1h、沉淀时间34min的情况下．COD、BODs和油的平均去除率分别可达到76．88%，86．55％和94．38%。     

Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time

Using total suspended solid （TSS） removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time （HRT） as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland （CW） was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was desiEned to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stonnwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin （FSB） in the CVV was theoretically designed with a total storage volume （TSV） of 453 ms and HRT of 5.5 hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CVV. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8 m3/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8 m3/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT （20.7 hr） compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2 m with 11.8 hr HRT.     

沉降速率作为选择压对好氧颗粒污泥性质影响

在序批式反应器中以普通活性污泥驯化而得的好氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,葡萄糖为碳源,研究作为选择压的沉降速率对好氧颗粒污泥性质的影响。结果表明:作为选择压的沉降速率与反应器中SV值和MLSS成反比关系;在沉降速率变化过程中,污泥龄、耗氧速率、胞外多聚物和COD去除率均产生变化。在本试验条件下,改变沉降速率,能改变反应器中生物量的洗出量并在一定程度上影响微生物群体的组成,从而影响活性的生物学性能;但生物相的改变限度在一定范围内,存在着动态平衡。污泥龄的波动与不同沉降速率下反应器中污泥中的胞外多聚物含量的变化有关。大量的胞外多聚物在颗粒污泥表面形成粘液层,对颗粒污泥形成保护。不同沉降速率下颗粒污泥的的胞外多聚物发生变化,进而影响颗粒污泥的稳定性。     

双区静电除尘器的数值模拟研究

采用数模拟的方法研究了双区静电除尘器内流场分布、颗粒荷电及颗粒运动等难以直接测量的物理过程,构建了双区静电除尘过程完整的数值模型.采用泊松方程、电流连续性方程和匀强电场方程描述电场,采用N-S方程和雷诺应力标准湍流模型描述流场,采用拉格朗日法描述颗粒运动轨迹.通过截面风速与颗粒去除率的模拟值与实验值的对比,验证了数值模型在模拟内部流场和颗粒运动时的准确性.数值模拟结果表明：双区静电除尘器内部流场分布对入口风速的变化非常敏感;颗粒荷电方式占比由颗粒粒径决定;荷电区内颗粒向极板的趋近过程由流体曳力和电场力共同完成,收尘区内的趋近过程则由电场力主导;入口流速通过改变颗粒前进速度和内部流场形态来影响颗粒运动轨迹.     

半干半湿法烟气脱硫塔流场分析

利用计算流体力学的方法对半干半湿法烟气脱硫塔内部流场进行研究,通过对塔体内部设备的优化,增加脱硫剂与SO₂接触的几率,提高脱硫塔反应效率.在分析脱硫塔内多相流体的流动的基础上,建立k-ε湍流方程模型,分析了塔体内部对流场以及与脱硫效率的影响,研究结果表明,脱硫塔的内部结构对于流场分布起决定性作用,烟气分布器有助于控制脱硫化学反应,对进一步提高半干半湿法烟气脱硫效率非常重要.      

Overall efficiency of tubular inlets sampling at 0–90 degrees from horizontal aerosol flows

We have developed a unified and comprehensive model for the overall efficiency of tubular inlets sampling from horizontal aerosol flows at 0–90° relative to the wind direction. In our model, derived from experimental data obtained in our wind tunnel, the transmission efficiency is separated into two components: one due to gravitational settling in the boundary layer and the other due to impaction. The gravitational settling component is determined by extending our previously developed isoaxial sampling model to nonisoaxial sampling. The impaction component is determined by a new model that quantifies the particle losses caused by direct wall impaction. The model also quantifies the additional particle losses resulting from the turbulent motion in the vena contracta which is formed in the inlet when the inlet velocity is higher than the wind velocity.The equation for the gravitational settling component considers the inertial behaviour of the particles by including the Stokes number, the flow development in the boundary layer by including the Reynolds number and the gravitational settling in the boundary layer by including a modified gravitational settling parameter. The equation for the impaction component considers direct wall impaction and the losses due to vena contracta formation through the Stokes number, velocity ration and sampling angle. Direct wall impaction is further differentiated by the gravity effect on the impaction process which distinguishes upward from downward sampling. Our equations for transmission efficiency in combination with aspiration efficiency equations determine the overall efficiency of tubular, sharp-edged inlets at all orientations of the inlet relative to horizontal aerosol flows.     

Effect of catalyzed diesel particulate filter and its catalyst loading on emission characteristics of a non-road diesel engine

In this study, the effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) coupled with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) with different catalyst loadings on the power, fuel consumption, gaseous and particulate emissions from a non-road diesel engine were investigated. Results showed that the after-treatment had a negligible effect on the power and fuel consumption. The reduction effect of the DOC on the CO and hydrocarbon (HC) increased with the engine load. Further reductions occurred coupling with the CDPF. Increasing the catalyst loading resulted in a more significant reduction in the HC emissions than CO emissions. The DOC could increase the NO₂ proportion to 37.9%, and more NO₂ was produced when coupled with the CDPF below 250°C; above 250°C, more NO₂ was consumed. The after-treatment could reduce more than 99% of the particle number (PN) and 98% of the particle mass (PM). Further reductions in the PN and PM occurred with a higher CDPF catalyst loading. The DOC had a better reduction effect on the nucleation particles than the accumulation ones, but the trend reversed with the CDPF. The DOC shifted the particle size distribution (PSD) to larger particles with an accumulation particle proportion increasing from 13% to 20%, and the geometric mean diameter (GMD) increased from 18.2 to 26.0 nm. The trend reversed with the CDPF and the accumulation particle proportion declined to less than 10%. A lower catalyst loading on the CDPF led to a higher proportion of nucleation particles and a smaller GMD.     

高温烟气中颗粒静电脱除特性的实验研究

研究温度90~450℃条件下静电除尘器的放电特性及除尘特性,分析温度、工作电压、烟气流速及颗粒浓度等关键参数对于颗粒静电脱除效率的影响.结果表明,当温度从90℃上升至450℃,在比收尘面积为46.5m²/(m³·s^-1),粉尘初始浓度约为750mg/Nm³的工况下,颗粒脱除效率均可达到98%以上.随着电压升高,除尘效率不断提高,但其升高趋势逐渐变缓.在相同电压下,随着温度的上升,电晕电流显著增大,强化颗粒荷电,颗粒的脱除效率提高;而在相同电流下,高温下较低的空间场强使得颗粒的驱进速度减小,导致颗粒脱除效率下降.烟气流速提高降低了颗粒的脱除效率,PM_1.0受烟气流速的影响较PM₁₀更为明显.颗粒初始浓度的上升增强了颗粒的碰撞及团聚作用,在一定程度上有利于增强颗粒的脱除效果.     

碳氮比对分段进水生物脱氮的影响

探讨了6组不同的碳氮比(C/N)对分段进水生物脱氮工艺中进水流量分配、每一段中缺氧区好氧区容积比以及脱氮效率的影响.将进水总氮浓度恒定为42mg/L(凯氏氮浓度为40mg/L),以比较出水总氮浓度.结果表明,在一定C/N条件下,通过调整进水流量分配和每一段缺氧区与好氧区容积比可达到高于95%的总氮去除率.同时污泥体积指数也会随着进水流量分配系数的升高而增大.出水总氮浓度主要是由进水流量分配所决定,每一段中缺氧区好氧区的容积比影响不大.     

焦化厂土壤中多环芳烃分布特征及淋洗粒级分割点确定

土壤粒径分布和污染物在不同粒级土壤中的分布特征是污染土壤淋洗可处理性的重要依据,淋洗粒级分割点则是淋洗工艺的重要参数.根据土壤异位淋洗的技术要求,在焦化厂污染场地进行了采样,测定了土样的粒径分布曲线及不同粒级土壤中美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的初始浓度,并采用Tween 80和Triton X-100溶液对不同粒级污染土样进行了振荡清洗实验.结果表明,16种PAHs在6个粒级中的总浓度在6.27～40.18 mg/kg范围,呈双峰分布模式,单个PAH污染物的最高浓度大多出现在250～500 μm的颗粒中, 50～75 μm的颗粒中污染物浓度最低;PAHs去除率与其初始浓度及土壤特性有关,初始浓度越低,去除率越高,粗颗粒中由于有机碳含量较高,PAHs去除效率反而低于细颗粒.根据清洗效果并从废物减量化角度出发,确定以50 μm作为土壤淋洗的粒级分割点,这样减容率可以达到82.95％.