电子废物回收处理中的法律责任分担

随着《电子废物污染环境防治管理办法》和《废弃电器电子产品处理基金征收使用管理办法》等法规的相继实施,电子废物的回收处理工作又一次成为社会关注的焦点。其中,《电子废物污染环境防治管理办法》第14条（电子电器产品、电子电气设备的生产者应当依据国家有关法律、行政法规或者规章的规定,限制或者淘汰有毒有害物质在产品或者设备中的使用……电子电器产品、电子电气设备的生产者、进口者和销售者,应当依据国家有关规定建立回收系统,回收废弃产品或者设备,并负责以环境无害化方式贮存、利用或者处置）和《废弃电器电子产品处理基金征收使用管理办法》第4条（电器电子产品生产者、进口电器电子产品的收货人或者其代理人应当按照本办法的规定履行基金缴纳义务）分别规定了电子产品生产商的回收处置责任,由此可以看出国家试图通过“生产者责任延伸制度”的贯彻来规范我国电子废物回收处理市场。     

生产者责任延伸制度在电子废弃物管理中的探讨

电子废弃物的污染问题日益引起人们的关注，而我国传统废弃物的处理和管理制度的不完善使大量的有用资源没有得到有效回收，不符合全民节约和循环经济原则。本文从环境经济学角度，结合其它国家和地区的生产者责任延伸制的颁布和运行情况，对我国电子废弃物的管理中施行生产责任延伸制（EPR）进行初步探讨。     

韩国的电视冰箱等回收利用制度

从今年1月1日起,韩国实行《生产者负责回收利用制度》。所谓的生产者负责回收利用制度,是让产品及包装材料的生产者承担回收利用义务,并在产品的设计、制造过程中通过对材料、设备的选择和对结构的改善,达到废弃物的减量化目标并促进回收利用的制度。目前,欧盟十五国和日本、台湾等国家和地区也在实行这种制度。须回收利用的品种有电视、冰箱等电子产品以及包括塑料瓶等包装材料共18个品种。其中,电视、冰箱、空调、洗衣机、电脑等15个品种已从今年开始实行。由于缺乏回收利用工厂或技术,尚没有回收利用能力的荧光灯等几类的包装材料将从200…     

《固体废物污染环境防治法》修订的新亮点——生产者延伸责任制度

新修订的《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》一个重大进步是规定了生产者延伸责任。生产者延伸责任的实现需要国家的宏观管理、企业的微观管理与社会公众广泛参与。建立生产者延伸责任制度对于我国的经济发展社会进步与环境保护有重要意义。     

德国回收利用系统与塑料销售包装的再生

回收和分类自１９９１年６月起德国对包装物的生产者和销售者施行了产品责任制的原则。立法者通过包装法使企业承担废旧包装物的回收及其再生利用的义务。如果生产者和商家参加一个除地方政府垃圾处理系统之外的私营经济组织系统，他们即可从对家庭和小企业的销售包装物所...     

德国在产品生产过程中实现废料的清除和利用

EliminationandUtilizationofWasteDuringtheProductionProcessinCermany从1996年10月起，在德国生效的“循环经济法”，对产品生产过程中产生的废料处理提出了新的要求，即不仅仅是回收再生，而是如何避免产生的新观念。其核心思想是使越来越多的物资保持在生产圈里。该法律明确了生产者的责任，即准生产某种产品，同时也要避免产生废料或利用和进行环境能承受的清除所产生的废料，改变了过去那种由乡镇靠公家出资来清除经济界产生的废料的办法。该国环境女部长安奇拉·默克尔说：“对一种产品的责任不能再以制造而告终，它必须包括使用…     

生产者主导的废旧电器产业链主体责任运行机理

以循环经济为主导推动废旧电器再生利用产业链的健康运行是可持续发展战略的需要,废旧电器属性和特性决定了其产业链运行调控的复杂性。从产业链循环机理和促进物质循环视角,基于生产者责任延伸制阐述产业运行过程的生态设计与资源减量化、绿色营销与资源节约、递阶使用与环境保护等主体责任及运行机理,以促进其生态设计、清洁生产、友好销售、绿色消费、合理利用、多元回收、充分再用、高效再生的健康和有序发展。     

以制度保障固体废弃物的回收再利用

正世界上,一些国家通过立法明确了生产商、进口商、销售商和消费者等利益相关方在固体废弃物回收再利用中的责任,收取回收处理费,建设回收物流系统,配套税收优惠,形成了较完善的回收再利用体系。目前我国固体废弃物回收再利用的相关法律法规可执行性还不够强,覆盖面还不够广,群众环保意识较差,回收物流系统建设相对滞后。应借鉴国外先进经验,通过完善立法、制度建设和相应的税收政策,有效提升我国固体废弃物的回收再利用水平。     

EPR在电子废物管理中的应用

指出电子废物具有商品性、外部性、公共物品三个经济学属性,以及在市场条件下上述属性所带来的市场失灵问题。研究了延伸生产者责任的理念、框架和种类,总结了电子废物延伸生产者责任制度的两种执行方式。借鉴国外先进经验、针对我国实际现状,提出了分阶段完善我国电子废物管理体制的政策建议。     

论电子废物管理中的延伸生产者责任原则

介绍了近年来发达国家在废物管制政策中引入的延伸生产者责任原则的概念和实践经验，着重分析对比了其在各国电子废物管理中的具体应用，结合我国电子产业和再生资源产业发展的现状，探讨了这一原则对我国电子废物管理立法的借鉴意义。     

浅谈电子废物变废为宝的绿色途径

电子废弃物已成为城市环境的新压力。本文从加强立法、生产者负责制以及建立健康绿色的废旧电子回收体系三方面分析电子废物变废为宝的绿色途径,从而推动电子废物资源化、无害化发展。     

Reuse or Burn? Evaluating the Producer Responsibility of Waste Paper

In 1992, Sweden introduced a producer responsibility ordinance which explicitly states that sorted out, collected waste paper must be material recycled. Another alternative could be to recover energy by incineration. Material recycling was prioritized, although there is no environmental consensus favouring either of the alternatives. By calculating shadow prices of waste paper for the paper industry and for the heating plants, this study tries to determine whether waste paper should be partly incinerated. The study also addresses whether the producer responsibility has contributed to an inefficient allocation of waste paper. The results find no economic support for the producer responsibility.     

基于产品生命周期的环境管理

原料从开采、加工、再加工等生产过程到形成最终产品,又经过贮运、销售、消费、使用等过程,直至报废、回收和最终处置等生命周期带来不少环境问题。通过基于产品生命周期的设计、生产、流通、服役、退役等不同阶段,分别采用绿色设计、环境友好生产、生态标志认证、减少流通环节、绿色采购与消费、延伸生产者责任、建立回收与处置体系等环境管理模式,以减少甚至避免环境污染,为企业、管理部门、公众对产品全过程的环境管理提供系统认识和综合管理。     

Present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea

In Korea due to rapid economical growth followed by urbanisation, breakage of large traditional families into small nuclear families, continuous changes in equipment features and capabilities causes tremendous increase in sale of new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and decrease in sale of used EEE. Subsequently, the ever-increasing quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become a serious social problem and threat to the environment. Therefore, the gradual increase in the generation of WEEE intensifies the interest for recycling to conserve the resources and protect the environment. In view of the above, a review has been made related to the present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea. This paper describes the present status of generation and recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment, namely TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, personal computers and mobile phones in Korea. The commercial processes and the status of developing new technologies for the recycling of metallic values from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is also described briefly. Since 1998, three recycling centers are in full operation to recycle WEEE such as refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners, having the total capacity of 880,000 units/year. All waste TVs are recently recycled on commission basis by several private recycling plants. The recycling of waste personal computers and mobile phones is insignificant in comparison with the amount of estimated obsolete those. Korea has adopted and enforced the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system. Korea is making consistent efforts to improve the recycling rate to the standards indicated in the EU directives for WEEE. Especially environmentally friendly and energy-saving technologies are being developed to recycle metal values from PCBs of WEEE.     

The costs and benefits of packaging waste management systems in Europe: the perspective of local authorities

Local authorities are generally in charge of household packaging waste management operations, particularly in countries with Green Dot schemes or similar extended producer responsibility systems. This leads to the need of establishing a system of financial transfers between the packaging industry and the local authorities (regarding the costs involved in selective collection and sorting). In the present study, the costs and benefits of recycling, from the perspective of local authorities, are compared for Portugal, Belgium and Italy (in Lombardia region), adopting the same economic–financial methodology. The results show that the industry is not paying the net cost of packaging waste management. If the savings attained by diverting packaging waste from other treatment operations are not considered, it seems that the industry should increase the financial support to local authorities. However, if the avoided costs with other treatments are considered as a benefit for local authorities, the costs are generally outweighed by the benefits, and the financial support could, therefore, be reduced.     

Carpet take‐back: EPR American style

Unlike most industrial sectors in the United States, the carpet industry has begun voluntarily to take responsibility for its products once their useful life is over. How do these voluntary efforts compare to the mandatory extended producer responsibility requirements now prevalent throughout Western Europe and Asia? © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The sections “Recycling by Fiber Producers” and “Recycling by Carpet Mills” © 2000 INFORM, Inc. Used with permission.     

循环块状经济发展的思考--以诸暨市山下湖镇珍珠块状经济为例

诸暨市山下湖镇通过建设循环经济工业园，合理规划剖蚌点，充分利用废弃的蚌壳和蚌肉，及时回收利用废料、废水、废液等措施，使珍珠循环块状经济得到迅速发展。发展循环经济是企业对环境、社会发展的责任和义务，要加快研究制定循环经济发展的规划和思路，努力将循环经济的发展理念贯穿在块状经济发展之中，培育新的产业形态，形成新的增长潜力。     

Recycling of electronic displays: Analysis of pre-processing and potential ecodesign improvements

This article analyses the current and future end-of-life management of electronic displays (flat screen televisions and monitors), and identifies and discusses possible ecodesign recommendations to improve it. Based on an investigation of the treatment of displays in two typical European recycling plants, key aspects and criticalities of the recycling methods (sorting, dismantling and pre-processing) are identified. Disaggregated data concerning on-site measurements of the time needed to manually dismantle different displays are presented. The article also discusses the potential evolution of end-of-life scenarios for electronic displays and suggests possible recommendations for recyclers, producers and policy-makers to promote resource efficiency in the recycling of such waste products. Data on time for dismantling the displays can be used to build measurers for voluntary and mandatory policies, to stimulate design innovations for products improvement, and to assess possible alternative treatments of the waste during the pre-processing at the recycling plants. Some quantitative product measures (based on the time thresholds for dismantling some key components) are also discussed, including an assessment of their economic viability. These measures can potentially be enforced through mandatory and voluntary European product policies, and could also be extended to other product groups.     

Economic viability of packaging waste recycling systems: A comparison between Belgium and Portugal

The Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive has had an undeniable impact on waste management throughout the European Union. Whereas recycling and recovery targets are the same, member states still enjoy a considerable degree of freedom with respect to the practical organization and management strategies adopted. Nevertheless, in all cases, the industry (which brings packaging material onto the market) should be responsible for the costs associated with packaging waste recycling/recovery (following the extended producer responsibility principle). The current paper compares and contrasts the institutional frameworks and financial costs and benefits of waste management operators for Belgium and Portugal. The unit costs of selective collection and sorting of packaging waste are provided for both countries. In Belgium, the costs of recycling seem to be fully supported by the industry (through Fost Plus, the national Green Dot agency). In Portugal the fairness of the recycling system depends on the perspective adopted (economic or strictly financial). Adopting a strictly financial perspective, it seems that Sociedade Ponto Verde (SPV, the Portuguese Green Dot agency) should increase the transfers to local authorities. However, the conclusions differ for this country if the avoided costs with refuse collection and other treatment are taken into account.     

Two decades,three WEEE systems: How far did EPR evolve in Korea's resource circulation policy?

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) has become a dominant policy paradigm for the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in the last two decades. In South Korea the principle has guided the evolution of the resource circulation policy even before its official introduction through a revision of the recycling law in 2002. Elements of producer responsibilities could be found in the producer-based deposit refund system (DRS) a decade earlier and they were strengthened through the enactment of a new resource circulation law in 2008. This article reviews the policy changes in South Korea for the management of WEEE during the past 20 years. The focus of the analysis is on the impacts of EPR and the producers’ responses that were expressed through the quantity and the quality of material flows in the society. The findings are discussed in light of international experiences in order to outline measures to improve the effectiveness of the EPR-based resource circulation policy that could have broader implications beyond the case study.