铁路信号微机联锁设备防雷

介绍了铁路信号微机联锁系统的作用,原理,以武钢配料站为例提出了微机联锁设备防直接雷和感应雷的方案及费用定额。     

微机联锁控制的铁路道口报警系统设计与应用

为提高铁路道口报警系统的稳定可靠性,将微机连锁源程序与道口控制程序融合后,设计一种微机联锁信号控制铁路道口自动报警系统。分别介绍单股道铁路道口和2条股道以上铁路道口的系统硬件电路图、工作原理和软件设计方法。系统试运行阶段没有出现任何错误和异常,现已推广使用。     

兵头将尾(9)

报社记者的到来,让兵哥班的弟兄们找到了倾诉的对象。他们将兵哥的班组管理法如数家珍地抖落了出来。自从班上的事迹上报后,兵哥班的成员们开始忘乎所以了。兵哥利用跟班组成员喝酒的机会,绵里藏针地将大伙儿教育了一番。巷道凿偏了,队长赫金非说是兵哥班狗子挪了测点。关键时刻,班组原始工作记录为狗子证明了清白。     

化工企业变更管理中存在的问题及对策分析

分析了化工行业变更管理的现状。通过三次事故事例阐述了变更管理的重要性。介绍了变更管理的实施步骤,归纳分析了变更管理中存在的问题,并针对存在的问题提出了改进措施。     

相依相偎的恋人

一对年轻的恋人不紧不慢地在街上并肩而行。到了壶山西路与后巷路交界处停了下来。女的在路边等,男的横穿马路到对面去。先在一部面包车边停下并张望着。不久,他钻进车内。五分钟后,面包车的大灯亮了。面包车绕了个弯,将对面马路上的女人带上,然后往北行车。车经过后巷路、莆阳路,到了天九湾后找不到了。此时是2011年5月14日凌晨1时04分。天亮后,城厢分局刑侦队接到了丢     

生物滴滤塔净化恶臭气体研究进展

介绍了恶臭污染物的来源、危害及其治理方法,分析了生物法除臭的发展,着重对生物滴滤塔除臭系统进行了介绍。总结了生物滴滤塔除臭的影响因素,分析了生物填料的发展,并比较了不同填料的理化性质及其除臭性能。简要归纳了工艺操作参数对生物滴滤塔除臭性能的影响。详细列举了应用于生物滴滤塔除臭的降解菌的种类及其功能。综述了填料上恶臭组分的传质和降解规律,总结了国内外关于生物膜内恶臭组分的降解反应动力学模型。同时介绍了生物滴滤塔在市政除臭和工业除臭方面的应用实例,并对生物滴滤塔理论研究与应用中存在的不足进行了分析,提出了可能的解决途径。今后可加强研究的方向有生物填料的开发与改良、生物滴滤塔的模型化设计及生物除臭组合工艺。     

石墨烯环氧树脂复合材料的制备和阻燃性能的研究

合成并表征了石墨烯,然后通过溶剂法制备石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料,研究了石墨烯对环氧树脂复合材料的热稳定性和燃烧性能的影响。热重分析数据显示,石墨烯可以显著提高环氧树脂的热稳定性。锥形量热仪测试结果表明,石墨烯降低了环氧复合材料热和烟气的释放。炭渣的扫描电镜(SEM)图揭示了石墨烯减少了环氧树脂炭层孔洞的生成,提高了炭层的致密度,从而增强了炭层的阻隔作用。     

安监局长[小说连载]

上期回顾:乡镇配备了管安全的副乡镇长,安监站也招聘了安监员,安全生产环境有了较大改观。雯雯暑假回家为父亲带来了介绍国外金矿在井下设立安全庇护所的资料,欧阳山也有了在井下设立安全庇护所的打算。在欧阳山的坚持和黄奇的努力下,红河煤矿设立了安全庇护所,宏阳市所属的大型煤矿也都设立了安全庇护所。事情总也解决不完,大胡子不能被确诊为矽肺病,他来找欧阳山为他主持公道。     

长在心上的树

<正>奶奶的一生竟和一棵树有关。小时候,我经常看到奶奶望着门前的树发呆,这是一棵槐树。我就问奶奶你看啥?奶奶说是看树。我心里就奇怪,这树有啥看的呢?奶奶就说,这不是一棵普通的树,而是长在心里的树,等你长大后,你就明白了。每年春天,槐树就开满了花,树上就像落了一层厚厚的雪,雪花上飞满了嗡嗡叫的小蜜蜂。我发现,每年槐树开花,奶奶的脸上就布满了笑容,看槐树时眼里就多了几丝柔情。一天,奶奶赶集去了。我偷偷爬上树,摘了不少槐花,还弄断了不少树枝,我摘槐花是想让我妈给我做槐花饭吃。下午,奶奶回来了,奶奶见我弄得满地的槐花,非常     

劳动安全标准体系初探

详细分析了我国劳动安全标准研究与制订的现状，指出了我国劳动安全标准研究与制订过程中存在的问题，提出了建立劳动安全标准体系的重要性。阐明了劳动安全标准体系的作用。提出了劳动安全标准体系的编制原则。运用系统分析的观点和方法，提出了我国劳动安全标准体系的总体结构。     

Alcohol ignition interlock programs

The alcohol ignition interlock is an in-vehicle DWI control device that prevents a car from starting until the operator provides a breath alcohol concentration (BAC) test below a set level, usually .02% (20 mg/dl) to .04% (40 mg/dl). The first interlock program was begun as a pilot test in California 18 years ago; today all but a few US states, and Canadian provinces have interlock enabling legislation. Sweden has recently implemented a nationwide interlock program. Other nations of the European Union and as well as several Australian states are testing it on a small scale or through pilot research. This article describes the interlock device and reviews the development and current status of interlock programs including their public safety benefit and the public practice impediments to more widespread adoption of these DWI control devices. Included in this review are (1) a discussion of the technological breakthroughs and certification standards that gave rise to the design features of equipment that is in widespread use today; (2) a commentary on the growing level of adoption of interlocks by governments despite the judicial and legislative practices that prevent more widespread use of them; (3) a brief overview of the extant literature documenting a high degree of interlock efficacy while installed, and the rapid loss of their preventative effect on repeat DWI once they are removed from the vehicles; (4) a discussion of the representativeness of subjects in the current research studies; (5) a discussion of research innovations, including motivational intervention efforts that may extend the controlling effect of the interlock, and data mining research that has uncovered ways to use the stored interlock data record of BAC tests in order to predict high risk drivers; and (6) a discussion of communication barriers and conceptual rigidities that may be preventing the alcohol ignition interlock from taking a more prominent role in the arsenal of tools used to control DWI. Whether interlock programs can help public policymakers achieve their expressed goals of substantially reducing the level of impaired driving will remain uncertain until procedural barriers and intransigent judiciary practices can be overcome that provide for more systematic routine use of interlock programs. Despite strong effectiveness evidence in all studies to date, the real potential of this technology to reduce the road toll cannot be estimated until they are more widely adopted.     

高要求模式SIS异型冗余结构PFH计算模型*

为了满足石油化工生产中对高要求操作模式下采用异型设备的安全联锁回路进行SIL定级的需求,避免因误用同型PFH公式导致SIL等级评估误差。考虑各通道差异性及其失效顺序的遍历性,以MonteCarlo仿真值为多元线性回归模型观察样本,以改进共因失效部分多样性修正因子确定方法,提出异型KooN冗余结构每小时危险失效平均频率(PFH)的计算公式;比较该模型独立失效部分与异型1oo2结构Markov模型PFH结果,并分别将该模型和传统同型PFH公式应用于海上采油平台高完整性压力保护系统(HIPPS)异型关断阀子系统的比较分析。研究结果表明:在不同检测周期内,所提出的PFH计算模型与Markov模型PFH计算结果相对误差均保持在10-3数量级;但当检测周期大于3 a时,使用同型PFH公式会出现对HIPPS子系统SIL等级的误判,造成井口压力联锁保护功能过保护或欠保护。研究结果有助于生产单位准确评估联锁保护风险和设备维护投入。     

The impact of mandatory versus voluntary participation in the Alberta ignition interlock program

Research has demonstrated that participation in an interlock program significantly reduces the likelihood of subsequent driving while intoxicated (DWI) convictions at least so long as the interlock device is installed in the vehicle. Despite the growing number of jurisdictions that allow interlock programs and the demonstrated success of these programs, the proportion of DWI offenders who actually have the device installed is minimal. In an effort to increase the proportion of offenders using interlocks, some jurisdictions require offenders to install an interlock as a condition of license reinstatement whereas others merely offer offenders a reduction in the period of hard suspension if they voluntarily participate in an interlock program. The objective of the present study was to determine the extent to which voluntary interlock participants are more or less successful in terms of subsequent recidivism than those for whom interlock program participation has been mandated. The issue was addressed using data from the interlock program in Alberta, Canada, which provides for both mandatory and voluntary participation. The recidivism experience of voluntary and mandatory interlock participants was examined both during and after the period of interlock installation. Cox regression revealed that, after controlling for (or equating) the number of prior DWI offenses, the survival rates of DWI offenders who were ordered to participate in the interlock program did not differ from those of voluntary participants. These results suggest that further use of mandatory interlock programs should be just as successful as voluntary programs when offenders share characteristics with those studied in Alberta.     

The impact of mandatory versus voluntary participation in the Alberta ignition interlock program

Research has demonstrated that participation in an interlock program significantly reduces the likelihood of subsequent driving while intoxicated (DWI) convictions at least so long as the interlock device is installed in the vehicle. Despite the growing number of jurisdictions that allow interlock programs and the demonstrated success of these programs, the proportion of DWI offenders who actually have the device installed is minimal. In an effort to increase the proportion of offenders using interlocks, some jurisdictions require offenders to install an interlock as a condition of license reinstatement whereas others merely offer offenders a reduction in the period of hard suspension if they voluntarily participate in an interlock program. The objective of the present study was to determine the extent to which voluntary interlock participants are more or less successful in terms of subsequent recidivism than those for whom interlock program participation has been mandated. The issue was addressed using data from the interlock program in Alberta, Canada, which provides for both mandatory and voluntary participation. The recidivism experience of voluntary and mandatory interlock participants was examined both during and after the period of interlock installation. Cox regression revealed that, after controlling for (or equating) the number of prior DWI offenses, the survival rates of DWI offenders who were ordered to participate in the interlock program did not differ from those of voluntary participants. These results suggest that further use of mandatory interlock programs should be just as successful as voluntary programs when offenders share characteristics with those studied in Alberta.     

Barriers to interlock implementation

This commentary reviews current and past vehicle interlock programs for impaired driving offenders with a focus on the challenges that courts and motor vehicle departments face in attempting to implement mandatory programs as required by current federal legislation. There are few offenders in interlock programs compared to the large number of impaired drivers arrested each year. This suggests that, to increase participation, courts will have to threaten more severe sanctions for those offenders who reject interlock programs. A combination of electronic house arrest with interlock programs is suggested as a method of maximizing interlock use.     

Barriers to interlock implementation

This commentary reviews current and past vehicle interlock programs for impaired driving offenders with a focus on the challenges that courts and motor vehicle departments face in attempting to implement mandatory programs as required by current federal legislation. There are few offenders in interlock programs compared to the large number of impaired drivers arrested each year. This suggests that, to increase participation, courts will have to threaten more severe sanctions for those offenders who reject interlock programs. A combination of electronic house arrest with interlock programs is suggested as a method of maximizing interlock use.     

An evaluation of the implementation of ignition interlock in California

Problem: This study evaluates the degree to which courts have implemented California's ignition interlock program, and surveys judges and district/city attorneys to identify barriers to implementing a successful interlock program. Method: There are three parts to the evaluation. In the first, a sample of drivers arrested for driving on a driving under the influence (DUI)-suspended driver license was examined to calculate the rate at which courts order interlocks for DUI-suspended drivers, as required by California law. The second part of the study used Department of Motor Vehicle (DMV) records to count the statewide rate of court-ignition interlock device (IID) orders across time and jurisdictions. The final part surveyed judges, district/city attorneys, and offenders installing an interlock to obtain information about their use of interlock, barriers to implementing an interlock program, and the effectiveness of the devices in preventing drinking and driving. Results: It was found that conviction rates for driving while suspended are low; that judges order interlocks for only a fraction of the convicted driving-while-suspended (DWS) offenders who should receive such an order; and that the majority of offenders who are ordered by the court to install an ignition interlock in their vehicle do not do so. Impact on Industry: Any successful interlock program will need to find a way to balance the inability of many offenders to pay for the devices, with the need for the industry to remain economically viable.     

The alcohol interlock: an underutilized resource for predicting and controlling drunk drivers

This report summarizes evidence presented during the Third Annual Ignition Interlock Symposium at Vero Beach, Florida, 29 October 2002. The ignition interlock prevents a car from starting when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is elevated. We review some of our prior work as well as introduce previously unpublished results to demonstrate the manner in which the data recorded by the alcohol ignition interlock device can serve as an advance predictor of future driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol risks. Data used in this current report represent approximately 2,200 ignition interlock users from Alberta, Canada, and about 8,000 interlock users from Quebec, Canada; the Alberta data set contained 5.5 million breath tests and the Quebec data 18.8 million breath tests. All tests are time and date stamped and this information was used to characterize patterns of BAC and vehicle use, and the relationship between BAC elevations and DUI offenses that accumulated after the interlock was removed from the vehicles. Findings from Cox regression (Marques et al., 2003) show that BAC elevations > .02-.04% are more potent predictors of repeat DUI (p < .0001) than even prior DUI (p < .006), usually found to be the strongest indicator of driver risk. Prior DUI obviously has no use for scaling the risk of first-time offenders. Drivers who are both multiple offenders and who have more than a few elevated interlock BAC tests are much more likely to repeat DUI. The timing and pattern of elevated BAC tests provided during the time drivers were required to use an alcohol ignition interlock device are remarkably similar on both a daily basis and an hourly basis when the interlock programs from the two provinces are compared directly. Both provinces had higher rates of elevated tests on Saturday and Sunday, and the fewest elevated tests on Tuesdays. The absolute rate of elevated tests is similar despite the two provinces adhering to different interlock lockout points (.02% Quebec; .04% Alberta). Charts tracking the Monday-Friday timing of elevated BAC tests by hour are nearly identical for both provinces. The most elevated BAC tests occurred between 7 and 9 A.M. Monday to Friday, even though most vehicle start attempts occurred much later in the day. This higher rate of elevated morning BAC likely represents drinking from the prior evening with alcohol not yet cleared from circulation; those with elevated BAC in the early morning were more likely to have a repeat offense even after accounting for prior DUI and the higher overall rate of elevated BAC tests. This is viewed as evidence of a drinking problem that will lead to impaired driving after the controlling function of the interlock is removed. Policy changes are discussed that might take better advantage of interlock information to improve the public response to drunk driving.     

The alcohol interlock: an underutilized resource for predicting and controlling drunk drivers

This report summarizes evidence presented during the Third Annual Ignition Interlock Symposium at Vero Beach, Florida, 29 October 2002. The ignition interlock prevents a car from starting when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is elevated. We review some of our prior work as well as introduce previously unpublished results to demonstrate the manner in which the data recorded by the alcohol ignition interlock device can serve as an advance predictor of future driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol risks. Data used in this current report represent approximately 2,200 ignition interlock users from Alberta, Canada, and about 8,000 interlock users from Quebec, Canada; the Alberta data set contained 5.5 million breath tests and the Quebec data 18.8 million breath tests. All tests are time and date stamped and this information was used to characterize patterns of BAC and vehicle use, and the relationship between BAC elevations and DUI offenses that accumulated after the interlock was removed from the vehicles. Findings from Cox regression show that BAC elevations >.02-.04% are more potent predictors of repeat DUI (p<.0001) than even prior DUI (p<.006), usually found to be the strongest indicator of driver risk. Prior DUI obviously has no use for scaling the risk of first-time offenders. Drivers who are both multiple offenders and who have more than a few elevated interlock BAC tests are much more likely to repeat DUI. The timing and pattern of elevated BAC tests provided during the time drivers were required to use an alcohol ignition interlock device are remarkably similar on both a daily basis and an hourly basis when the interlock programs from the two provinces are compared directly. Both provinces had higher rates of elevated tests on Saturday and Sunday, and the fewest elevated tests on Tuesdays. The absolute rate of elevated tests is similar despite the two provinces adhering to different interlock lockout points (.02% Quebec;.04% Alberta). Charts tracking the Monday-Friday timing of elevated BAC tests by hour are nearly identical for both provinces. The most elevated BAC tests occurred between 7 and 9 A.M. Monday to Friday, even though most vehicle start attempts occurred much later in the day. This higher rate of elevated morning BAC likely represents drinking from the prior evening with alcohol not yet cleared from circulation; those with elevated BAC in the early morning were more likely to have a repeat offense even after accounting for prior DUI and the higher overall rate of elevated BAC tests. This is viewed as evidence of a drinking problem that will lead to impaired driving after the controlling function of the interlock is removed. Policy changes are discussed that might take better advantage of interlock information to improve the public response to drunk driving.     

Breath alcohol ignition interlock devices: controlling the recidivist

This study compares the recidivism rates of two groups of Illinois drivers who had their driver's licenses revoked for alcohol-impaired driving and who received restricted driving permits. Drivers in both groups had more than two driving under the influence (DUI) actions against their record within 5 years or were classed as level III alcohol dependents. Drivers in one group were required to install breath alcohol ignition interlock devices in their vehicles and drivers in the other group were not. The research found that drivers with the interlock were one-fifth as likely to be arrested for DUI during the 1 year the device was installed as the comparison group, which did not have the device. However, once the ignition interlock was removed, drivers in this group rapidly returned to DUI arrest rates similar to those in the comparison group. These findings echo previous literature. Additionally, the study showed that this voluntary program in Illinois reached only 16% of the drivers who met the requirements for installing the interlock device. Finally, this study found that individuals who were removed from the interlock program and returned to revoked status continued to drive. Within 3 years, approximately 50% of this latter group were involved in a crash or were arrested for DUI or with an invalid driver's license. Conclusions drawn from the study suggest that the breath alcohol ignition interlock device is effective in preventing continued driving while impaired. However, the large-scale effectiveness of the device is limited since most of the drivers eligible for the device do not have it installed. To have a significant impact, the interlock device must represent a better alternative to drivers whose licenses were suspended or revoked because of alcohol arrests compared to remaining on revoked status without having the device installed. Finally the research suggests that, given the rapid return to predevice recidivism, the devices should remain installed until drivers can demonstrate an extended period of being alcohol free.