格尔木炼油厂含硫污水汽提装置臭源分析及处理办法

格尔木炼油厂含硫污水汽提装置是对全厂含硫污水进行集中处理的装置，在生产过程中产生氨气、硫化氢、氰化物、酚和油气等剧毒及有害气体。由于设计、制造的缺陷，含硫污水汽提装置的部分有毒气体直接排放于大气之中，严重危害职工的身心健康，污染大气环境。我们对装置的臭源进行详细的分析，并进行了必要的改造，取得了较好的效果。     

天然气中的硫资源及其开发

天然气中的硫化氢(H_2S)是硫的重要资源,许多国家都很重视从含硫天然气中回收硫。我国天然气中普遍含 H_2S,而 H_2S 为剧毒气体,对人体有害,对设备有强烈的腐蚀作用,易堵塞采油气管柱和气层,故开采含硫天然气有别于一般的天然气,在钻井、采气、集输、净化和加工方面均有其特殊性。随着天然气工业的高速发展,含硫气藏愈来愈多,因此研究天然气中硫资源的特点及其开发技术具有现实意义。     

炼油厂高含硫恶臭污水化学法处理研究

通过对国内外恶臭治理技术的研究,结合炼油厂污水处理场物化段的实际运行工况,根据高级氧化技术原理,研究出一种新型高级氧化除臭剂(XHY)对炼油产生的高含硫恶臭污水进行化学法处理。高含硫恶臭污水经处理后,恶臭污染消除效果明显,进一步处理后污水水质满足进生化处理要求。     

高强度结构钢的天然和人工环境腐蚀开裂试验

俄罗斯列宁格勒“普罗米修斯”结构材料科学研究所在黑海深水的天然环境和实验室的模拟条件下,对高强度结构钢进行了对比试验,藉以探讨钢材在两种不同类型的试验条件下的腐蚀开裂性状,并通过对比试验,验证实验室人工试验的严酷程度黑海深水的天然环境条件的相关性。众所周知,黑海深水的特点是从150m～200m深处开始,就存在硫化氢污染问题。诚然,就绝对值而言,海水中的硫化氢含量是相当低的,在1000m以上的涂水中,也不过约为10mg/L左右。但是由于硫化氢对材料有腐蚀作用,故有必要对供在海水中使用的材料的耐抗腐蚀开裂的性状,进行试验和研…     

特高含硫油气田水脱除硫化氢的研究

本文概述了硫化氢的物化特性及其处理工艺特性,针对油气田含硫废水处理的现场情况,提出了脱除特高含硫油气田水中硫化氢技术路线选择的基本原則,介绍了处理特高含硫油气田水中硫化氢回收硫资源的上艺过程,文章最后简介了特高含硫油气田水脱硫处理技术研究的最新进展情况。     

川中地区含硫气田水闪蒸气脱硫除臭工艺应用现状与优化建议

含硫天然气田开发中产出的气田水逸散出的闪蒸气含有硫化氢、有机硫等恶臭污染物，影响站场周边环境空气质量，危害现场人员健康。因此，对含硫气田水逸散闪蒸气的有效治理是含硫气田开发安全、清洁生产的要求。文章结合当前国家大气污染防治政策和中国石油温室气体控排要求，对川中含硫气田水闪蒸气采取的脱硫除臭措施的适宜性进行分析，指出不同气田、不同阶段采用的脱硫除臭工艺的局限性。建议针对气田生产特点对含硫气田水闪蒸气治理工艺进行深入研究，在满足安全生产、避免公众环境投诉的条件下，积极落实国家节能提效、低碳排放政策，在新改扩建项目中因地制宜做出调整。     

气田采输作业中硫化氢的危害因素分析及防护措施

本文介绍了硫化氢的危害,以及四川盆地主要气田的硫化氢含量。对含硫气田的采输作业中,井口装置,集输管线,净化厂各单元,特别是污水处理等单元中存在的硫化氢危害因素进行了分析,并针对危害因素提出了应对措施,介绍了新的工艺技术方法,提出了硫化氢泄漏的应急措施建议。     

含硫气井井喷硫化氢在复杂地形扩散规律分析

针对含硫天然气井井喷后,由于复杂地形条件对硫化氢扩散的影响,造成硫化氢应急监测过程中监测布点不准确。利用ANSYS-Fluent软件,选用大涡模拟模型,分析复杂地形下的气流运动和扩散规律,对硫化氢的应急监测分析提供更为科学的依据和指导。     

原油加工中硫的潜在危害及处理措施研究进展

原油市场中含硫或高硫原油供应比例逐年增高,而在原油加工过程中,较高的含硫化合物可能会对设备、产品或者人身造成危害,需要一定的措施以做好防范。就此,对原油中硫含量、硫的存在形式及相应表征方法进行了概述。从生物毒害、设备腐蚀、污染物排放及产品品质降低四个方面,分析了含硫组分在炼化过程中可能带来的潜在危害。针对各类危害,综述和讨论了目前的研究和解决举措,并对未来的技术发展进行展望。     

含硫气田设备及管道的腐蚀与防腐

四川气田系我国典型的含硫气田,设备及管道的腐蚀与防腐问题一直是一个重要的研究课题。文章首先分别探讨了H_2S腐蚀和CO_2腐蚀的机理及其影响因素,进而提出了H_2S和CO_2的防腐工艺和措施,最后探讨了含硫气田腐蚀及防腐研究的热点和发展方向,指出应该大力开展高含硫气田的腐蚀和防腐技术、二氧化碳条件下的钢材腐蚀机理和防腐技术、细菌腐蚀以及新型合金材料及非金属管道的应用研究,同时进行防腐实验。     

Assessment OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY at Large Watershed Scale: Land‐Use,Anthropogenic, and Administrative Impacts

Understanding the impacts that influence water quality is critical to the development of best management practices at the large watershed scale. This study describes the spatiotemporal variation in surface water quality and identifies their main impact in the Haihe River basin, China. Multivariate statistical techniques are applied to analyze the similarities among the sampling sites and to identify the main pollution sources in surface water. Results show that: (1) the basin can be clustered into two regions, water quality being better in the mountainous vs. plain regions; (2) water quality improves due to implementation of a strict state policy on environmental pollution control, prodded by the hosting of the Olympic games in the cities of Beijing and Tianjin; and (3) agricultural and residential land uses as well as livestock‐breeding are the main sources affecting water quality in the mountainous regions, whereas rural waste discharge — including domestic waste sewage, human and animal feces, and solid waste — significantly influences water quality in the plain regions. The waste discharge of industrial factories may be a significant source of water pollution in the plain regions. Results indicate that the environmental management from pollution sinks and sources, long‐lasting legal framework, and adequate economic incentives should be improved to optimize the large‐scale watershed management under the background of the rapid development of countries like China.     

Open waste burning in Cameroonian cities: an environmental impact analysis

Lack of technology and efficient management of solid waste coupled with poverty have motivated most developing countries to sort for cheap waste disposal methods with negative consequences on the environment. Open burning at waste dumps causes serious toxicological impacts. Most organic solid waste excluding plastics when burned cause considerably little environmental pollution. However, non-stoichiometric combustion of waste plastics produces significant amounts of various aliphatic and aromatic compounds, acidic gases, dust and smoke. These products pollute the air, water and soil generating significant health problems with related socioeconomic impacts on human, animals and plants. Some of these pollutants are toxic and/or carcinogenic, form acid-rain and influence climate change. Critical discourse and research on environmental toxicology resulting from air pollution with related health risk and impacts have been catalysed by the enactment of major environmental regulations and increased awareness. The new clean air act amendment of 1990 is estimated to require about $25billion annually for its implementation in the United States, indicating the gravity of the pollution problem. Understanding, controlling and mitigating the impacts of chemical pollution from multiple sources related to open burning of plastics is complex. This paper uses content analysis of relevant literature and field observations to analyse, evaluate and identify characteristic pollutants including their transmission potentials, sources and impacts on human health with the assessment, prevention and management of related risk. An affordable technology-based approach applied within a bottom-up management strategy to prevent and control pollution offers a sustainable solution underpinned by resource and energy recovery from waste.     

合理控制钻井废水回用率以减轻环境污染

不合理地片面强调钻井废水的回用，是造成废水处理质量不高的重要原因之一。现在根据钻井生产的特点，分析讨论了钻井废水回用率合理控制的必要性，同时提出分阶段控制回用率的方法。现场实践证明，在这个方法实施的基础上，再加上一些有效的辅助措施，能有效地提高钻井废水达标率并减轻其对环境的污染。     

特高含硫油气田废水中阴离子（F－、Cl－、Br－、SO）的离子色谱测定

论述了用国产的低压离子色谱仪、电导检测器作为测定特高含硫油气田废水中Ｆ－、Ｃｌ－、Ｂｒ－、ＳＯ离子的可行性，并讨论了分析条件、最低检出限、精密度、准确度以及干扰等，及对国家标样及实际样品进行了测定。结果表明该法简单、快速、灵敏、准确，是目前较为理想的测定特高含硫油气田废水中无机阴离子的方法。     

氨法在烧结烟气脱硫中的应用

在钢铁工业排放的污染物中,烧结烟气中的二氧化硫和焦化废氨水等都是难以处理的污染物。利用焦化废氨水吸收烧结烟气中SO2的氨一硫铵工艺具有脱硫率高、运行可靠、投资低、副产品可以回收等优点,在脱硫的同时也去除了焦化废水中的氨污染,是一种以废治废、有应用前景的新方法。本文介绍了采用焦化废氨水吸收烧结烟气中的SO2的治污方法原理,并对其工艺流程、特点及运行费用等作了分析。     

CX170-1井钻井废水及废钻井液处理技术

CX170-1井位于川西平原,周围良田环绕。文章就川西地区钻井作业现状提出了比较可行的钻井废水及废钻井液无害化处理工艺技术。针对钻井废水,详细介绍了轻度污染废水;严重污染废水和特殊作业废水的处理工艺及处理效果。对于废钻井液,该井主要采用了固化处理。结果表明:经固化处理的废钻井液干结后具有一定强度,失去了水敏性,不再具有返浆性。浸泡实验表明,有害物得到了比较彻底的固定,经检测,各种污染指标大都低于国家一级标准,自然条件下外排的废钻井液不再对环境造成污染。     

Rapid population growth and environmental degradation: ultimate versus proximate factors

This philosophical review of 2 arguments about responsibility for and solutions to environmental degradation concludes that both sides are correct: the ultimate and the proximal causes. Ultimate causes of pollution are defined as the technology responsible for a given type of pollution, such as burning fossil fuel; proximate causes are defined as situation-specific factors confounding the problem, such as population density or rate of growth. Commoner and others argue that developed countries with low or negative population growth rates are responsible for 80% of world pollution, primarily in polluting technologies such as automobiles, power generation, plastics, pesticides, toxic wastes, garbage, warfaring, and nuclear weapons wastes. Distortionary policies also contribute; examples are agricultural trade protection, land mismanagement, urban bias in expenditures, and institutional rigidity., Poor nations are responsible for very little pollution because poverty allows little waste or expenditures for polluting, synthetic technologies. The proximal causes of pollution include numbers and rate of growth of populations responsible for the pollution. Since change in the ultimate cause of pollution remains out of reach, altering the numbers of polluters can make a difference. Predictions are made for proportions of the world's total waste production, assuming current 1.6 tons/capita for developed countries and 0.17 tons/capita for developing countries. If developing countries grow at current rates and become more wealthy, they will be emitting half the world's waste by 2025. ON the other hand, unsustainable population growth goes along with inadequate investment in human capital: education, health, employment, infrastructure. The solution is to improve farming technologies in the 117 non-self-sufficient countries, fund development in the most unsustainable enclaves of growing countries, break institutionalized socio-political rigidity in these enclaves, and focus on educating and empowering women in these enclaves. Women are in charge of birth spacing and all aspects of management of energy, food, water and the local environment, more so than men, in most countries.     

油田含油污泥处理工艺技术研究与应用

在石油和天然气开发过程中,会产生大量的含油污水及污泥,为避免含油污泥处理不当而影响油田生产和污染环境,中原油田有关技术人员结合本地特点,针对污泥的产生、特性、浓缩、脱水及最终处置等进行了大量的试验研究。实践表明:含油污泥处理技术的研究与应用在中原油田各污水站先后都取得了较好的效果,污泥处理的稳定运行,不仅较好地解决了污水处理设施的排污问题,保障了注水水质稳定达标,同时避免了污泥外排引起污染,有效地保护了油区环境。     

油气钻井作业对地下水污染治理研究＊

分析了钻井作业对地下水污染的特点、污染途径,针对性地提出了钻井作业对地下水污染的预防措施,以及污染物处理技术,其中氧化还原技术、气体抽取技术、环境生物技术主要用于有机物污染治理,SRB技术、废弃钻井液固化技术、钻井液转换为水泥浆(MTC)的固井技术可用于处理废弃钻井液。钻井引起的污染治理应以"预防为主,防治结合",切实推行清洁生产和HSE管理。