村镇污水处理传统工艺及一体化处理技术研究

探讨了传统A/O、A/A/O及改良式AAO工艺在村镇分散污水处理中的应用及一体化污水处理技术的发展进程,分析了传统工艺在城镇分散污水处理中的优缺点,阐述了一体化污水处理技术的发展,提出了一体化污水处理技术在低碳氮比村镇污水处理中的应用研究建议,为研发简便、可靠、高效、节能环保的一体化污水处理工艺提供参考。     

DBO模式在分散型乡镇污水处理项目中的应用

乡镇水环境日趋恶化,污水处理设施建设势在必行,针对乡镇污水处理的特点,提出DBO全周期管理和商业模式,分析了DBO模式在乡镇污水处理项目中的优点,列举了环巢湖生态修复二期项目案例中DBO模式的应用,为乡镇污水处理项目提供参考。     

泽普石化厂化肥工程含油污水处理利用系统的优化方案研究

通过对泽普石化厂污水处理、排放及利用现状的调查分析，利用水处理新技术，提出了具体可行的措施及对策，以实现废水的无害化排放及资源化利用，供环境管理、决策部门参考。     

分散村落小型一体化污水处理可行性研究分析——以河北省丰宁满族自治县为例

为解决分散村落的农村污水处理问题，本文通过对河北省丰宁满族自治县的地理位置、农村人口的居住情况进行了调查。参考分散型生活污水小型净化槽处理设备研发与工程示范的科技成果，论证在本区域农村污水处理的工艺上，采用小型净化槽+小型生态处理池的一体化设施处理产生的生活污水是可行的，该工艺系统运行平稳，处理费用较低，操作方便，对处理分散村落的农村生活污水问题具有实现价值。     

农村生活污水治理可行模式探讨

目前我国城市点源污染已经得到初步控制,为解决农村地区流域污染,改善农村人口饮用水条件、建设农村污水处理系统已刻不容缓。本文从污水收集、处理和污泥处置3个方面出发,阐述了农村地区不同污水收集模式、常见的污水处理技术和污泥处置方法的优缺点,提出可行的生态友好的农村污水处理模式,为农村污水处理系统的规划建设提供参考。     

巢湖流域农村生活污水处理设施运行管理机制的探讨

从给水排水规划、工艺设计、施工管理、运行费用、运行监管、产权明晰和运行管理考核体系等方面对巢湖流域农村生活污水处理设施的运行机制进行了探讨,为如何保证农村污水处理系统的稳定运行提供参考。     

中国动态

上调水价解决污水处理费偏低 针对近期部分城市调整城市供水价格，国家发改委有关负责人指出，调整城市供水价格重点是解决污水处理费偏低的问题。截至2008年底，全国36个大中城市对居民收取的污水处理费平均只有0．7元／吨，尚未达到“污水处理费吨水原则上不低于0．8元”的要求。随着排放标准的提高和污泥处置费用的增加，现行污水处理费标准总体上依然偏低。     

氧化沟技术的特点及在新疆的应用前景

氧化沟是一种经济有效的污水处理技术，在诸多的污水处理技术中有着很好的竞争能力，在我区目前经济实力较弱，但又急需加强污水处理的情况下，不失为一种适合我区区情的污水处理技术，在我区有着广泛的应用前景。     

三部委印发《污水处理费征收使用管理办法》

财政部、国家发展改革委、住房和城乡建设部近日联合印发《污水处理费征收使用管理办法》（以下简称《办法》），自2015年3月1日起施行。
　　根据《办法》，向城镇排水与污水处理设施排放污水、废水的单位和个人，应当缴纳污水处理费。向城镇排水与污水处理设施排放污水、废水并已缴纳污水处理费的，不再缴纳排污费。向城镇排水与污水处理设施排放的污水超过国家或者地方规定排放标准的，依法进行处罚。     

接触氧化污水处理技术的研究现状与展望

本文简述了污水处理中生物接触氧化技术的工艺特点及其发展历史，综述了国内外研究及应用现状，为进一步开展该技术的研究和新工艺的开发提供参考。接触氧化技术将是未来我国水处理的主要发展方向之一，文中展望了该技术的一些发展方向。     

TRANSIENT RESPONSE FUNCTIONS FOR CONJUNCTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE SNAKE RIVER PLAIN,IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Increasing demands on western water are causing a mounting need for the conjunctive management of surface water and ground water resources. Under western water law, the senior water rights holder has priority over the junior water rights holder in times of water shortage. Water managers have been reluctant to conjunctively manage surface water and ground water resources because of the difficulty of quantification of the impacts to surface water resources from ground water stresses. Impacts from ground water use can take years to propagate through an aquifer system. Prediction of the degree of impact to surface water resources over time and the spatial distribution of impacts is very difficult. Response functions mathematically describe the relationship between a unit ground water stress applied at a specific location and stream depletion or aquifer water level change elsewhere in the system. Response functions can be used to help quantify the spatial and temporal impacts to surface water resources caused by ground water pumping. This paper describes the theory of response functions and presents an application of transient response functions in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. Transient response functions can be used to facilitate the conjunctive management of surface and ground water not only in the eastern Snake River Plain basin, but also in similar basins throughout the western United States.     

我国水资源管理的经济政策耦合效果仿真研究

水资源管理的经济政策效果模拟是从政策理论到政策实践的关键步骤，让决策者感知政策效果的方向和影响程度，才能更好地促进政策实践转化。本研究引入系统动力学方法，构建水资源经济政策耦合机制下水资源系统动力学（SD）模型，将我国划分为三种类型区域（干旱地区、丰水地区和过渡地区），进行三类四种水资源管理经济政策（水资源有偿使用，水价政策和水权政策；水污染收费，排污收费政策；水生态保护，水生态保护补偿政策）的耦合仿真实证研究。以我国水资源管理政策设计为目标，进行不同水管理政策耦合的生态经济效果仿真和效果定量评价，结果发现：干旱地区有偿使用的经济政策是目前经济水平下效果最好的；过渡地区有偿使用结合污水排放收费政策效果是最好的；而丰水地区必须同时实施水资源有偿使用和水污染收费两类经济政策。     

Individualized water source as an indicator of attitudes about water management and conservation in humid regions

Public perceptions about water quantity and water as a common pool resource are understudied in humid regions. As water demand increases, the need to more closely manage water, even in humid areas, will increase, requiring better understanding how people perceive their water supply, how they view paying for water conservation and how water user characteristics influence attitudes. A survey finds correlations between utilizing an individual water source (e.g. well or spring) and attitudes toward water management and conservation. Compared to respondents with a shared water source, those with an individual source believe they are segregated from regional water concerns. They are less willing to pay for water management or conservation measures and less supportive of any government intervention in water management. These results suggest that planners and water managers may face resistance to conservation policies or any policy based on the idea of water as a common pool resource.     

油气田开发水资源高效利用探

在油气田开发过程中,尤其是干旱缺水地区,处理好生产用水与产出废水之间的关系是油气田企业可持续发展的重要问题。油气田开发水资源高效利用的最终目的是减少淡水的消耗量,主要体现在新鲜水的合理使用及产出废水的回收再利用两个方面。提出应以产出废水为生产水源,研发适合其水质特征的工作液体系,实现产出废水"免处理"再利用;建立油气田开发水管理体系,根据水的不同用途,科学调配新鲜水和产出废水,实现水资源的高效利用。     

Evaluating Water Conservation and Reuse Policies Using a Dynamic Water Balance Model

A dynamic water balance model is created to examine the effects of different water conservation policies and recycled water use on water demand and supply in a region faced with water shortages and significant population growth, the Las Vegas Valley (LVV). The model, developed using system dynamics approach, includes an unusual component of the water system, return flow credits, where credits are accrued for returning treated wastewater to the water supply source. In LVV, Lake Mead serves as, both the drinking water source and the receiving body for treated wastewater. LVV has a consumptive use allocation from Lake Mead but return flow credits allow the water agency to pull out additional water equal to the amount returned as treated wastewater. This backdrop results in a scenario in which conservation may cause a decline in the available water supply. Current water use in LVV is 945 lpcd (250 gpcd), which the water agency aims to reduce to 752 lpcd (199 gpcd) by 2035, mainly through water conservation. Different conservation policies focused on indoor and outdoor water use, along with different population growth scenarios, are modeled for their effects on the water demand and supply. Major contribution of this study is in highlighting the importance of outdoor water conservation and the effectiveness of reducing population growth rate in addressing the future water shortages. The water agency target to decrease consumption, if met completely through outdoor conservation, coupled with lower population growth rate, can potentially satisfy the Valley’s water demands through 2035.     

Establishing components of community satisfaction with recycled water use through a structural equation model

The use of recycled water is being promoted through policy in many parts of the world with the aim of achieving sustainable water management. However there are some major barriers to the success of recycled water use policies and their instruments, in particular for potable reuse schemes. One of these barriers can be a lack of community support. Despite the critical nature of community attitudes to recycled water to the success of projects, they are often little understood. Further information is required to ensure the successful implementation of recycled water policy and to ensure sustainable management of water resources is achieved. The aim of this paper is to establish the key components of community satisfaction with recycled water. This was investigated through a case study of the Mawson Lakes population in South Australia, where recycled water is used for non-potable purposes through a dual water supply system (the 'recycled water system'). This paper reports results from a survey of 162 Mawson Lakes residents. A structural equation model (SEM) was developed and tested to explain and predict components of community satisfaction with recycled water use (for non-potable use) through the dual water supply system. Results indicate the components of satisfaction with recycled water use were an individual's positive perception of: the Water Authority's communication, trust in the Water Authority, fairness in the recycled water system's implementation, quality of the recycled water, financial value of the recycled water system, and risk associated with recycled water use (negative relationship). The results of this study have positive implications for the future management and implementation of recycled water projects in particular through dual water supply systems. The results indicate to water authorities and water policy developers guiding principles for community consultation with regards to the management of recycled water projects.     

Barriers to Water Conservation in the Rio Grande Basin1

Abstract: The Rio Grande basin shares problems faced by many arid regions of the world: growing and competing demands for water and river flows and uses that are vulnerable to drought and climate change. In recent years legislation, administrative action, and other measures have emerged to encourage private investment in efficient agricultural water use. Nevertheless, several institutional barriers discourage irrigators from investing in water conservation measures. This article examines barriers to agricultural water conservation in the Rio Grande basin and identifies challenges and opportunities for promoting it. Several barriers to water conservation are identified: clouded titles, water transfer restrictions, illusory water savings, insecure rights to conserved water, shared carry‐over storage, interstate compacts, conservation attitudes, land tenure arrangements, and an uncertain duty of water. Based on data on water use and crop production costs, price is found to be a major factor influencing water conservation. A low water price discourages water conservation even if other institutions promote it. A high price of water encourages conservation even in the presence of other discouraging factors. In conclusion, water‐conserving policies can be more effectively implemented where water institutions and programs are designed to be compatible with water’s underlying economic scarcity.     

WATER MARKETS AND DECENTRALIZED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES1

ABSTRACT: Because of its importance and the perceived inability of private sector sources to meet water demands, many countries have depended on the public sector to provide water services for their populations. Yet this has resulted in many inefficient public water projects and in inadequate supplies of good quality and reliable water. Decentralization of water management, including the use of water markets, cannot solve all of these water problems, but it can improve the efficiency of water allocation. When given adequate responsibility and authority, water user associations have effectively taken over water management activities at a savings to tax payers. Moreover, water markets add the potential benefit of improving water efficiency within a sector as well as providing a mechanism for reallocating water among sectors. The key question involves developing innovative mechanisms for reducing the transaction costs of organizing water users and of making water trades. Water rights need to be established which are recorded, tradable, enforceable, and separate from land if markets are to operate effectively. Also, institutions are needed that effectively resolve conflicts over water rights, including third party impacts and water quality concerns.     

流域比较视角的钱塘江与黑河流域水资源问题及对策研究——基于水足迹核算分析

产品贸易及水权交易使得水资源问题"跨流域化",不再单纯是流域内部管理问题。本文从流域比较视角出发,在区分蓝、绿、灰三种水足迹的基础上,应用水足迹模型,测算了两流域典型地区的水足迹,进行流域水资源问题对比分析,并分析了经济发展模式对流域水资源可持续性的影响。结果发现,杭州市经济用水中灰色水足迹占总量的90%,而张掖市经济用水中绿色水足迹占总量的60.8%,说明钱塘江流域水资源问题在于质,而黑河流域水资源问题在于量;经济发展模式中的产业结构、水资源开发效率、工业化路径等影响流域水资源可持续利用,同时基于GDP导向的流域间的水资源逆向配置,更加剧了流域水资源矛盾。最后根据流域对比结果提出治理措施,从而形成流域间协作的良性循环。     

论水工程设施收集的水资源的所有权归属

雨水收集设施等水工程日益得到应用,需要解决雨水收集设施等水工程设施收集的水资源的所有权。因大气降水是一种自由资源,不属于《宪法》中的"水流"或《水法》中的"水资源"的范畴,雨水收集设施等水工程设施收集的水资源所有权不能适用《宪法》、《水法》的规定,而是取决于雨水收集设施等水工程设施的所有权。雨水收集设施等水工程设施不是土地的组成部分,所有权包括国家所有、集体所有、其他组织和个人所有等形式,因此,雨水收集设施等水工程设施收集的水资源所有权自然包括国家所有、集体所有、其他组织和个人所有。但水工程设施不是公益性、大中型的水利设施,允许其他投资主体投资,其所有权应以集体、个人所有为主要形式