利用~(137)Cs示踪技术与土壤化学物质研究滇池流域土壤侵蚀

核素示踪技术研究作为一种新的土壤侵蚀研究方法,已经在土壤侵蚀研究中获得了极大应用,并在土壤侵蚀的沉积、侵蚀、运移研究上取得许多成果.采用放射性核素作为土壤示踪剂,可以很好的进行流域尺度的范围研究,且可靠性比较高,省时省力.云贵高原在处于我国的西南地区,是我国南方水土流失严重的地区之一.该地区缺乏较长时间的资料积累,仅通过短时间的测定,无法准确估算中长期(约50 a)的平均土壤侵蚀速率.文章应用137Cs示踪技术,并结合土壤有机碳、全氮等土壤化学物质,首次研究了云南省滇池流域土壤侵蚀的强度分异规律.1)山坡不同部位的土壤侵蚀速率大小顺序是:坡中部>坡下部>坡上部,坡位是影响土壤侵蚀的重要因素.2)土壤利用方式上看,非耕地(林地和撂荒地)的侵蚀速率小于耕地的侵蚀速率.同一种土地利用方式下,由于耕作措施与耕作方法的差异,也会直接影响到土壤侵蚀的速率大小.3)从土壤侵蚀模数来看,区域整体上属于轻度侵蚀.土壤平均侵蚀速率为1280.2 t·km-2·a-1,其中耕地的平均土壤侵蚀速率为1672.8 t·km-2·a-1,非耕地土壤平均侵蚀模数为1161.2 t·km-2·a-1.4)虽然是轻度侵蚀,但是随着土壤侵蚀的进行,土壤有机碳、氮等的流失,造成土地退化较为严重,这给当地的生态环境带来直接的危害:滇池土壤淤积,土壤中的有机质、化肥等物质也直接随土壤流入滇池,会导致水体富营养化和水质变差.     

基于GIS与QuickBird影像的小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

基于GIS技术和QuickBird遥感影像,采用修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE作为评价模型,计算了清水沟小流域土壤侵蚀量,并结合土壤侵蚀强度分级标准,生成流域土壤侵蚀强度等级图;利用GIS的叠置分析功能,定量分析了土壤侵蚀与坡度和土地利用之间的关系,并针对不同水保措施预测了水土保持治理效果.结果表明清水沟小流域土壤侵蚀模数为75.02 t·hm-2·a-1,属强度侵蚀区,年水土流失量2.6×104 t;流域64.5%的泥沙来自于占流域面积仅28%的极强度和剧烈侵蚀区域;经分析,流域土壤侵蚀模数与坡度呈显著正相关,不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀模数大小排序依次为难利用地＞建设用地＞坡耕地＞园地＞草地＞林地;退耕还林是降低土壤侵蚀强度与减少水土流失量的主要途径.     

金沙江干热河谷侵蚀陡坡植被恢复对土壤质量的影响

植被恢复关系到金沙江干热河谷陡坡冲沟侵蚀的发育,土壤质量的演化.文章以元谋干热河谷侵蚀陡坡为例,通过测定植被恢复地与侵蚀裸地的土壤质量,探讨了植被恢复对侵蚀陡坡土壤质量的影响.结果表明:侵蚀陡坡植被恢复有效地防止了土壤侵蚀的发生.与侵蚀裸地相比,植被恢复地土壤剖面层次保持完整,母质层以上有明显的A、B层,土壤厚度变异小且厚度大,物理性粘粒含量高,基本保持着母质为粘土层的变性燥红土质地粘重特征.植被恢复在3年多时间内对土壤紧实度尚没有起到明显改善作用.土壤容重依然偏大.植被恢复对雨季陡坡土壤水分的改善效果好,而在旱季改善效果不好.雨季,植被恢复地水分含量高,不同坡位土壤水分差异不明显.旱季,植被恢复地与侵蚀裸地土壤水分状况相似.两种类型的坡地土壤水分含量都很低,不同坡位土壤水分差异明显,而且土壤水分含量沿向下坡方向降低.植被恢复减弱了陡坡土壤侵蚀带来的有机质流失,促进了有机质的积累.因此,针对目前植被恢复的不足,采取有效的土壤改良措施,保土保水,提高土壤水分储量,减小土壤水分的时空差异,同时降低土壤紧实度,是今后侵蚀陡坡植被恢复值得考虑的一项工作.     

关中东部缓坡地面全新世土壤侵蚀与沉积发展演变规律研究

对华县古洪积扇全新世黄土一土壤剖面的磁化率、粒度进行分析研究，揭示了全新世以来缓坡地面面状流水侵蚀和沉积的发生规律。研究结果表明，晚更新世末期，由于黄土土质疏松，植被薄弱，在即将进入全新世时有自然侵蚀沉积发生；在全新世4000aB．P.之前，洪积扇特殊的环境生态条件造成土壤堆积时期土壤水分缺乏，成壤较弱，面状流水侵蚀与沉积活动不明显。自夏商时代以来，农业耕垦活动影响古洪积扇地表，促进了坡面流水侵蚀堆积过程，发生了面状流水侵蚀；从3100aB．P.开始气候干旱，人类活动强烈地影响着当地的生态环境，加速了面状流水侵蚀沉积；隋唐以来人类活动引起的加速侵蚀沉积则更进一步增强，这个过程反映土壤侵蚀呈现阶段性加速的趋势。由此可见，土壤侵蚀的加速是与人类的活动相伴随，随着人类活动强度的增强，土壤侵蚀在自然侵蚀的基础上，呈现加速趋势。     

渭河流域土壤侵蚀时空特征及其地理探测

基于GIS和RS技术,利用RUSLE模型研究渭河流域2000—2015年土壤侵蚀时空分异特征,并运用地理探测器对其影响因素进行研究,结果表明:(1)2000—2015年渭河流域土壤侵蚀模数呈减小趋势,2000、2005、2010和2015年平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为50.724、42.270、39.716和35.944 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),侵蚀总量减少1.959亿t,大部分地区土壤侵蚀强度向低级别转化;(2)流域土壤侵蚀强度较大区域主要分布在陇东黄土高原区及陇中黄土丘陵区,较小区域主要分布在关中平原和河谷平原。(3)植被覆盖度、造林面积和降雨量是影响流域土壤侵蚀空间分布的主要因素,且不同因子的交互作用均会增强对土壤侵蚀的解释力。(4)植被覆盖度小于0.3、降雨量在481.27～547.75 mm区间、海拔处于3 282～3 874 m区间以及坡度位于20°～25°区间的地区为流域土壤侵蚀高风险区。     

华南典型侵蚀区土壤有机碳流失机制模拟研究

土壤侵蚀条件下的碳流失问题是目前全球碳循环研究中的新点,也是土壤侵蚀基础性研究中的弱点。目前对于土壤侵蚀的研究多侧重于侵蚀造成养分流失及土地退化方面,关于土壤侵蚀对碳循环的影响研究较少。针对华南红壤侵蚀区的碳流失问题,采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,探讨了华南典型侵蚀区两种土壤类型(林地、弃耕荒地)的有机碳流失过程,主要取得以下一些成果,(1)土壤有机碳的流失主要以侵蚀泥沙为载体,两种土壤(林地、弃耕荒地)坡面的泥沙有机碳含量均表现出随降雨历时逐渐减小的趋势,但雨强和坡度对侵蚀泥沙中有机碳含量的影响没有明显规律;林地土壤坡面的侵蚀泥沙中有机碳含量明显高于弃耕荒地土壤坡面的侵蚀泥沙中有机碳含量。(2)林地土壤的泥沙有机碳富集比大于弃耕荒地的泥沙有机碳富集比,林地土壤有机碳富集比变化范围为0.99~1.65,而弃耕荒地土壤有机碳富集比变化范围为0.86~1.07;林地土壤的有机碳流失率大于弃耕荒地的有机碳流失率。林地土壤的有机碳流失率变化范围为1.6%~18.9%,弃耕荒地土壤的为2.2%~10.4%。土壤有机碳流失率随降雨雨强的增加而增大,坡度对土壤有机碳流失率的影响不显著。(3)土壤有机碳流失强度与侵蚀强度呈明显的线性正相关关系,试验条件下(不同地类土壤、雨强、坡度)土壤有机碳流失强度与侵蚀强度间的函数关系可表达为:y(SOC)=5.104x(Erosion)+0.036(r2=0.984)。     

陕北黄土高原陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀变异的空间格局

利用环境放射性核素137-Cs技术定量评价陕北黄土高原典型山坡地顺坡断面(240 m)土壤重新分布的空间变化及其影响因素.结果表明,黄土高原坡地土壤侵蚀率存在明显的空间格局,即山坡中、上部是土壤侵蚀最为严重的地带,土壤平均侵蚀速率高达82.8 t/(hm2(a)以上;山顶和坡脚侵蚀速率较小,土壤平均侵蚀速率分别为17.1 t/(hm2(a)及22.3 t/(hm2(a),而坡下部土壤侵蚀速率居中,土壤平均侵蚀速率为46.8 t/(hm2(a).坡度变化是影响该地区土壤侵蚀速率空间变化的主导因子.本研究结果对黄土高原坡地土壤侵蚀的预测预报和准确防治土壤流失具有重要价值.     

半干旱黄土区自然恢复与人工造林恢复植被群落对比研究

为研究半干旱黄土区高效植被恢复途径,选取陕西省吴起县境内的合沟封禁流域和柴沟人工造林流域为研究区,在两流域内,沿顺坡和横坡方向,选择一系列20 m×20 m的样地,各组成2条样带。在每个样地内的对角线交点和对角线四分之一处选取5个样方进行植被调查,草本样方和乔灌样方的尺寸分别为1 m×1 m和5 m×5 m。共获得草本样方185个、乔灌木样方80个,其中,合沟封禁流域105个,均为草本样方,柴沟人工造林流域草本样方与乔灌样方各80个。运用植物生态学和植物群落学方法,调查各样方内的植物种类、株数、株高、盖度、地上生物量以及树木基茎、树高、冠幅等植被群落特征指标,并在此基础上对两流域的植被群落特征进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）两流域的植被种类共61种,其中柴沟人工造林流域46种,合沟封禁流域51种,共存物种36种;（2）经过10年生态恢复,柴沟人工造林流域已形成乔-灌-草群落,合沟封禁流域仍为草本群落,且两流域草本群落均以铁杆蒿（Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb.）和茭蒿（Artemisiagiraldii Pamp.）为主要建群种;（3）柴沟人工造林流域的植被盖度、平均高、生物量均明显高于合沟封禁流域的相应指标。两流域植物群落Simpson指数和Shannon-Weiner指数差异较小,Sorensen指数为0.742,主要草本植物种的指标差异不显著。以上特征反映出,在半干旱黄土区,适宜的人工造林可加速该区植被恢复的进程。     

土法炼锌区基质改良对刺槐生长的影响

植被重建是废弃地污染控制的有效途径.通过苗圃盆栽试验和田间植被重建试验,研究了不同改良措施对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染场地土壤理化特性、重金属含量特征和刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）生长特性的影响,探索废弃地植被重建限制因子和基质改良途径.研究表明,废渣上植被重建的限制因子主要表现为盐碱胁迫,全氮、碱解氮和全钾含量低,重金属含量高,持水保水能力差.废渣中Pb、Zn和Cd含量高,但其活性较低.新废渣中添加矿区土壤,可导致pH值和电导率（EC）降低,盐碱胁迫减缓,持水能力提高,并显著提高刺槐在新废渣上的生长和生存能力,是废渣基质改良的有效方式.废渣经过长期淋溶后,盐碱胁迫强度显著降低,土壤有效水分增加.添加保水剂或矿区土壤能有效促进刺槐在老废渣上定植.     

青海省黄土丘陵沟壑区沟蚀影响因子的贡献率

以青海乐都县峰堆乡小流域6条侵蚀沟为研究对象,用钢钎法测定了年侵蚀模数,根据土壤砂粒、粉粒、粘粒和有机质的质量分数求算可蚀性K值,进行年侵蚀模数与植被盖度、坡度、K值之间的多元回归分析,采用标准化处理,来确定相对贡献率,探讨了3个指标对侵蚀沟的影响.结果表明:随着盖度增加侵蚀沟年侵蚀模数明显降低,沟蚀量对植被盖度的敏感度有随盖度升高而降低的趋势,沟蚀量有随坡度和可蚀性K值增加而上升的趋势.植被盖度、坡度和K值变化对峰堆小流域沟蚀量变化的贡献率分别为66.97%、7.12%和25.91%,可见沟蚀量受植被盖度的影响要大于坡度和K值的影响.     

增温对荒漠草原植物群落组成及物种多样性的影响

以短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,通过采用远红外线辐射器模拟增温的方法,探讨了增温对荒漠草原植物群落结构及生物量和物种多样性的影响。结果表明：由于远红外线辐射器的增温作用,在2012年整个生长季内,增温样地10、20、30 cm土壤平均温度与对照样地相比,平均增加了0.39、0.38、0.31℃;各土层土壤含水量较对照平均减少0.76%、0.73%、0.60%。受温度升高及土壤含水量减少的影响,模拟增温6个生长季后,与对照样地相比,群落的高度整体增加,密度、盖度、频度表现为部分物种增加和部分物种减少的趋势,冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）等物种的重要值下降,阿氏旋花（Convolvulus ammanii）等物种的重要值上升,但是增温没有明显改变植物群落的组成。同时,增温处理使荒漠草原禾草的盖度减少,杂类草的盖度增加,半灌木和一两年生植物分盖度未发生明显变化;增温使地上地下生物量出现了不同程度的减少,在0~30 cm土壤深度地下生物量分配中,增温样地0~10 cm分配比例（81.23%）小于对照（86.07%）,10~20 cm分配比例（11.55%）大于对照（9.16%）;20~30 cm 分配比例（7.22%）大于对照（4.77%）,增温使得地下生物量分配格局向深层转移。增温后,增温样地植物Shnnon-Winener指数降低,Pielou均匀度指数升高,温度升高使荒漠草原植物群落的均匀度增加,但并没有提高草地植物的物种多样性。     

Seasonality and the evolutionary divergence of plant parasites

The coexistence of closely related plant parasites is widespread. Yet, understanding the ecological determinants of evolutionary divergence in plant parasites remains an issue. Niche differentiation through resource specialization has been widely researched, but it hardly explains the coexistence of parasites exploiting the same host plant. Time-partitioning has so far received less attention, although in temperate climates, parasites may specialize on either the early or the late season. Accordingly, we investigated whether seasonality can also promote phenotypic divergence. For plant parasites, seasonality generally engenders periodic host absence. To account for abrupt seasonal events, we made use of an epidemic model that combines continuous and discrete dynamics. Based on the assumption of a trade-off between in-season transmission and inter-season survival, we found through an "evolutionary invasion analysis" that evolutionary divergence of the parasite phenotype can occur. Since such a trade-off has been reported, this study provides further ecological bases for the coexistence of closely related plant parasites. Moreover, this study provides original insights into the coexistence of sibling plant pathogens which perform either a single or several infection cycles within a season (mono- and polycyclic diseases, or uni- and multivoltine life cycles).     

Apparent competition with an exotic plant reduces native plant establishment

Biological invasions can change ecosystem function, have tremendous economic costs, and impact human health; understanding the forces that cause and maintain biological invasions is thus of immediate importance. A mechanism by which exotic plants might displace native plants is by increasing the pressure of native consumers on native plants, a form of indirect interaction termed "apparent competition." Using experimental exclosures, seed addition, and monitoring of small mammals in a California grassland, we examined whether exotic Brassica nigra increases the pressure of native consumers on a native bunchgrass, Nassella pulchra. Experimental plots were weeded to focus entirely on indirect effects via consumers. We demonstrate that B. nigra alters the activity of native small-mammal consumers, creating a gradient of consumption that dramatically reduces N. pulchra establishment. Previous work has shown that N. pulchra is a strong competitor, but that it is heavily seed limited. By demonstrating that consumer pressure is sufficient to curtail establishment, our work provides a mechanism for this seed limitation and suggests that, despite being a good competitor, N. pulchra cannot reestablish close to B. nigra within its old habitats because exotic-mediated consumption preempts direct competitive exclusion. Moreover, we find that apparent competition has a spatial extent, suggesting that consumers may dictate the rate of invasion and the area available for restoration, and that nonspatial studies of apparent competition may miss important dynamics.     

Modelling the distribution of plant species using the autologistic regression model

For modeling the distribution of plant species in terms of climate covariates, we consider an autologistic regression model for spatial binary data on a regularly spaced lattice. This model belongs to the class of autologistic models introduced by Besag (1974). Three estimation methods, the coding method, maximum pseudolikelihood method and Markov chain Monte Carlo method are studied and comparedvia simulation and real data examples. As examples, we use the proposed methodology to model the distributions of two plant species in the state of Florida.     

有害植物鸡屎藤的研究趋势分析

近年来,鸡屎藤不仅在引种地发生危害,而且在原产地也发生生物灾害,引起了专家学者的重视。在对鸡屎藤区系分类及地理空间分布、形态及生理特征、化学成分和营养成分、生态危害调查与评估、管理与危害控制等现状综合分析基础上,提出了该植物未来的研究趋势：（1）鸡屎藤形态和生理生态特征研究;（2）开展生态危害调查评估与预警研究;（3）鸡屎藤灾变机制研究;（4）开展危害控制研究。     

Plant blindness and the implications for plant conservation

Plant conservation initiatives lag behind and receive considerably less funding than animal conservation projects. We explored a potential reason for this bias: a tendency among humans to neither notice nor value plants in the environment. Experimental research and surveys have demonstrated higher preference for, superior recall of, and better visual detection of animals compared with plants. This bias has been attributed to perceptual factors such as lack of motion by plants and the tendency of plants to visually blend together but also to cultural factors such as a greater focus on animals in formal biological education. In contrast, ethnographic research reveals that many social groups have strong bonds with plants, including nonhierarchical kinship relationships. We argue that plant blindness is common, but not inevitable. If immersed in a plant‐affiliated culture, the individual will experience language and practices that enhance capacity to detect, recall, and value plants, something less likely to occur in zoocentric societies. Therefore, conservation programs can contribute to reducing this bias. We considered strategies that might reduce this bias and encourage plant conservation behavior. Psychological research demonstrates that people are more likely to support conservation of species that have human‐like characteristics and that support for conservation can be increased by encouraging people to practice empathy and anthropomorphism of nonhuman species. We argue that support for plant conservation may be garnered through strategies that promote identification and empathy with plants.     

Soil microbes drive the classic plant diversity-productivity pattern

Ecosystem productivity commonly increases asymptotically with plant species diversity, and determining the mechanisms responsible for this well-known pattern is essential to predict potential changes in ecosystem productivity with ongoing species loss. Previous studies attributed the asymptotic diversity-productivity pattern to plant competition and differential resource use (e.g., niche complementarity). Using an analytical model and a series of experiments, we demonstrate theoretically and empirically that host-specific soil microbes can be major determinants of the diversity-productivity relationship in grasslands. In the presence of soil microbes, plant disease decreased with increasing diversity, and productivity increased nearly 500%, primarily because of the strong effect of density-dependent disease on productivity at low diversity. Correspondingly, disease was higher in plants grown in conspecific-trained soils than heterospecific-trained soils (demonstrating host-specificity), and productivity increased and host-specific disease decreased with increasing community diversity, suggesting that disease was the primary cause of reduced productivity in species-poor treatments. In sterilized, microbe-free soils, the increase in productivity with increasing plant species number was markedly lower than the increase measured in the presence of soil microbes, suggesting that niche complementarity was a weaker determinant of the diversity-productivity relationship. Our results demonstrate that soil microbes play an integral role as determinants of the diversity-productivity relationship.     

Variation in herbivore-mediated indirect effects of an invasive plant on a native plant

Theory predicts that damage by a shared herbivore to a secondary host plant species may either be higher or lower in the vicinity of a preferred host plant species. To evaluate the importance of ecological factors, such as host plant proximity and density, in determining the direction and strength of such herbivore-mediated indirect effects, we quantified oviposition by the exotic weevil Rhinocyllus conicus on the native wavyleaf thistle Cirsium undulatum in midgrass prairie on loam soils in the upper Great Plains, USA. Over three years (2001-2003), the number of eggs laid by R. conicus on C. undulatum always decreased significantly with distance (0-220 m) from a musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) patch. Neither the level of R. conicus oviposition on C. undulatum nor the strength of the distance effect was predicted by local musk thistle patch density or by local C. undulatum density (<5 m). The results suggest that high R. conicus egg loads on C. undulatum near musk thistle resulted from the native thistle's co-occurrence with the coevolved preferred exotic host plant and not from the weevil's response to local host plant density. Mean egg loads on C. undulatum also were greater at sites with higher R. conicus densities. We conclude that both preferred-plant proximity and shared herbivore density strongly affected the herbivore-mediated indirect interaction, suggesting that such interactions are important pathways by which invasive exotic weeds can indirectly impact native plants.     

Soil characteristics influence the radionuclide uptake of different plant species

The key point of food plant agriculture is how to regulate the harmonious relationship between the soil and the plant environment. This study deals with radionuclide uptake by two food plant and two fruit tree species in relation to the geochemical characteristics of the soil. Uranium and thorium content was determined in coastal black sand and inland cultivated soils. Four commonly cultivated species Eruca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Psidium guajava and Mangifera indica were investigated. Physical and chemical properties of the soil were analysed in relation to uranium and thorium uptake by plants. The results revealed the ability of plants to accumulate uranium and thorium in their edible portions. The absorbed radionuclides were positively correlated with their concentrations in the soil and the geochemical characteristics of the soil. The transfer of radioactive elements from soil to plant is a complex process that can be regulated by controlling the geochemical characteristics of the soil, including pH, clay, silt and organic matter content that reduce the bioavailability of soil radionuclides to plants, and in turn reduce the risks of biota and human exposure to radionuclide contamination.     

Biofabrication of calcium phosphate nanoparticles using the plant Mimusops elengi

Nanoparticles are now widely applied in products. The synthesis of nanomaterials using biological materials is an emerging field, notably for medical applications because biologically derived compounds can be safe. For instance, calcium phosphate is a natural biomineral that possesses an excellent biocompatibility due to its chemical similarity to human hard tissue such as bone and teeth. Here, we synthesized calcium phosphate nanoparticles by using bark extract of Spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi). Calcium phosphate nanoparticles showed an absorbance at 275 nm by UV–visible analysis and particle size of 25 nm by nanoparticle tracking and analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of aromatic amines as a capping and reducing agent. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of polydispersed spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 50 nm. Measurements of zeta potential revealed the stability of the synthesized calcium phosphate nanoparticles. These particles demonstrated antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. We conclude that the synthesis of calcium phosphate nanoparticles by using a M. elengi is easy, eco-friendly and scalable.