黄土与砂土液化特性的对比──土液化与减灾防灾

基于系统的试验 ,总结已有成果 ,研究了饱和黄土和砂土液化在液化机理、液化判别标准、影响液化的因素、孔压和应变的发展等方面的异同之处。研究表明 ,由于在液化机理上存在差异 ,导致二者动荷载下的孔压和应变发展特点有显著差别 ;同一因素对二者液化性状的影响可能相似 ,也可能不同 ;在动三轴液化试验中 ,黄土和砂土均可采用初始液化作为液化的判别标准。     

尾矿库安全评价中的科学问题及评价方法探讨

尾矿库的安全稳定在矿山的安全生产和环境保护中具有十分重要的意义。尾矿库安全评价应该研究坝及其附属构筑物的安全状况，评价尾矿库的安全等级。本文立足于尾矿库工程的实践经验，探讨了尾矿库安全评价中应该涉及的科学问题，并对其相应的评价方法进行了探讨，指出了尾矿库安全评价应该采用的基于有限元理论的定量评价方法。本文认为排水不良和地震液化是影响尾矿坝稳定性的重要因素，应该在评价过程中给予重点的关注和研究。此外，在尾矿库的安全评价中，应更多地采用有限元数值计算方法研究上述科学问题。     

尾矿坝地震液化评价可靠度模型及应用

为适应计算参数本身具有的随机性和未确知性,将可靠度理论引入尾矿坝地震液化评价中。以测试数据的统计分析结果为基础,应用一次二阶矩法建立尾矿坝地震液化分析可靠度模型,探讨了可靠度指标与抗液化安全系数之间的关系,并将该模型应用到某尾矿坝地震液化分析中。结果表明,新建可靠度模型各参数的物理意义与统计指标明确,相比传统的确定性分析方法,不仅能判断液化的发生与否,还能给出液化发生的概率;可靠度理论在液化分析中能更好地考虑计算参数的变异性,进一步完善了尾矿坝地震液化分析理论,为进行基于风险分析的尾矿坝抗震设计和地震安全评价提供更全面的依据。     

BP和Elman神经网络在砂土液化预测中的研究

基于砂土液化的影响因素具有非线性关系,而神经网络模型能够逼近任意非线性函数和适合于动态系统辨识的特性,分别建立输入层为4,隐含层神经元为2,输出层为1的三层BP神经网络和Elman网络,并且通过matlab软件运算,实例比较得出Elman模型比BP模型收敛速度快、精度高,在砂土液化的预测中效果更好。     

不同颗粒级配尾砂稳态强度特性试验研究

颗粒级配是影响土体剪切强度的主要因素之一。通过配置三组不同级配尾砂试样,每组均在100kPa、200kPa、300kPa围压下分别进行不同初始孔隙比的固结不排水剪切试验,研究不同级配下尾砂的剪切特性及稳态强度特性,求出三种级配尾砂的稳态线及稳态内摩擦角。试验结果表明:在低围压时,各级配下饱和松散尾砂的应力-应变曲线呈软化型,且随着围压增高,软化越不明显。平均粒径越小的尾砂,其峰值强度与稳态强度越小,稳态线越靠近e-q坐标系的原点,即在同一荷载作用下,发生液化的可能性越大。为此,有必要加强细粒尾砂堆筑坝体液化势的评估,以防液化溃坝灾难的发生。     

平原地区公路路基震害类型及机理分析

根据资料分析和现场调查,对平原区公路路基常见震害进行分类.结合库仑强度理论和有效应力原理分析平原区公路路基震害机理.研究表明: 地震作用引起土体中超静孔隙水压力上升、有效应力降低,从而弱化了土体的强度;水平地震力是诱发路堤、边坡破坏的因素;同水平地震力相似,竖向地震力同样会造成土体强度的削弱.最后,针对平原区公路路基震害的特点和机理,在平原区道路的选线、施工、质量控制等方面给出防治措施.     

Systematic inherent safety and its implementation in chlorine liquefaction process

As a proactive safeguard, inherent safety has been regarded as the top hierarchy for loss prevention and risk management due to its salient features in eliminating or significantly reducing risks at source rather than mitigating them by add-on protections. Simultaneously, various assessment tools have been developed for ranking and selecting inherently safer designs or modifications. However, there still lacks a metric that can systematically incorporate various hazardous factors, which may hinder most industries from utilizing it to a full extent. To address this limitation, this work developed a Systematic Inherent Safety Metric (SISM) for measuring the inherently safer modifications. Firstly, the conceptual framework of SIS was proposed based on 5M1E (man, machine, material, method, measurement, and environment). Subsequently, analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation were adapted to conduct risk identification and assessment. Finally, taking chlorine liquefaction process as a case study, the applicability and efficacy of SIS were validated based on PDCA (plan-do-check-action) cycle. The results show that the SISM value has improved from the relatively dangerous (RD) to the relatively safe (RS) after implementing SIS, thus demonstrating that the revised design is inherently safer than the base design.     

尾矿坝的液化判别研究

概述尾矿坝液化试验判别的一般步骤,即根据《建筑抗震设计规范》中的初判条件对尾矿坝土层进行初判,在尾矿坝土层不满足初判的条件下,利用标准贯入试验对尾矿坝是否存在液化危害进行复判。影响尾矿料液化的因素很多,现有的液化判别方法过于繁琐,在综合考虑希德简化法和《构筑物抗震设计规范》提出的简化法的基础上,提出了一种主要考虑地震震级以及尾矿料的中值粒径、相对密度、静应力和尾矿料物理力学指标影响因素,并将其他影响因素综合为一个影响因素的简化判别法。以某个进行了标准贯入试验的尾矿坝为工程实例,采用简化判别法对该尾矿坝进行理论分析计算,并对试验和计算结果进行比较,得出理论分析结果与试验结果一致,表明该方法切实可行,可供类似工程参考。     

基于拟静力法和有限差分法的细砂尾矿坝动力稳定性分析与评价

通过采用拟静力法和有限差分法两种方法分别对北京密云县的和尚峪尾矿库坝进行了动力稳定性分析,然后计算得到在地震荷载影响下的边坡时程安全系数,并将此处所得到的安全系数与笔者之前采用拟静力法计算得到安全系数进行对比。最后,基于陈育民开发的PL-Finn模型并利用FLAC3D对尾矿坝在地震条件下的液化区域以及液化后的大变形进行了分析。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。     

建筑安全管理的系统定义与评价

在系统论与控制论的背景下，定义建筑安全管理作为社会时效系统的控制模型、应用评价方程式，既可以定量地评价各种条件下建筑安全管理的绩效，又可以指导社会与企业建筑安全管理工作，实现建筑安全管理工作科学化与规范化。