共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Wai-Chuen Ng F. C. C. Leung Solomon T. C. Chak G. Slingsby Gray A. Williams 《Marine Biology》2010,157(2):325-337
Variations in the relative contributions of gene flow and spatial and temporal variation in recruitment are considered the
major determinants of population genetic structure in marine organisms. Such variation can be assessed through repeated measures
of the genetic structure of a species over time. To test the relative importance of these two phenomena, temporal variation
in genetic composition was measured in the limpet Cellana grata, among four annual cohorts over 10 years at four rocky shores in Hong Kong. A total of 408 limpets, comprising individuals
from 1998, 1999, 2006 and 2007 cohorts were screened for genetic variation using five microsatellite loci. Minor but significant
genetic differentiation was detected among samples from the 1998/1999 collection (F
ST = 0.0023), but there was no significant differentiation among the 2006/2007 collection (F
ST = 0.0008). Partitioning of genetic variation among shores was also significant in 1998/1999 but not in the 2006/2007 collection,
although there was no correlation between genetic and geographic distances. There was no significant difference between collections
made in 1998/1999 and 2006/2007. This lack of clear structure implies a high level of gene flow, but differentiation with
time may be the result of stochastic recruitment variation among shores. Estimates of effective population size were not high
(599, 95% C.L. 352–11397), suggesting the potential susceptibility of the populations to genetic drift, although a significant
bottleneck effect was not detected. These findings indicate that genetic structuring between populations of C. grata in space and time may result from spatio-temporal variation in recruitment, but the potential development of biologically
significant differentiation is suppressed by a lack of consistency in recruitment variability and high connectivity among
shores. 相似文献
2.
Distribution of algae on tropical rocky shores: spatial and temporal patterns of non-coralline encrusting algae in Hong Kong 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Encrusting algae have been described as dominant space occupying species on rocky shores around the world. Despite their abundance, however, most studies classify species under generic names (e.g. Ralfsia sp.) or as a functional group (e.g. encrusting algae), thereby underestimating the number of species present and their ecological importance. Studies on six rocky shores of varying exposure, in Hong Kong, recorded eight common species of encrusting algae. The greatest abundance of encrusting algae was recorded on shores of intermediate exposure, where four distinct zonation bands could be identified; a cyanobacterial Kyrtuthrix-Zone in the upper midlittoral, a Bare-Zone below this, a Mixed-Zone in the lower midlittoral and a Coralline-Zone in the infralittoral fringe. Abundance declined on shores of greater and lower exposure to wave action, where bivalves and barnacles were competitively dominant. Certain species were found in greater abundance on exposed shores (e.g. Dermocarpa sp. and Hildenbrandia occidentalis), while others preferred more sheltered shores (e.g. Hildenbrandia prototypus and Kyrtuthrix maculans). With the exception of some cyanobacterial crusts, the abundance of encrusting algae was always greatest towards the low shore, an area of decreased physical stress and increased herbivore density. Zonation patterns showed seasonal variation associated with the monsoonal climate of Hong Kong. Most species increased in abundance during the cool season, while during the summer months the cover and vertical extent of encrusting algae decreased in relation to summer temperatures, although K. maculans increased in abundance during the summer. On Hong Kong shores, encrusting algae have a high species richness and exhibit within-functional group spatial and temporal variation which is mediated by herbivory and seasonal, physical stresses. 相似文献
3.
In Hong Kong, low-shore rock pools support a patchy mosaic of different successional stages of crustose coralline algae. Echinoid and molluscan grazers are abundant in these low-shore rock pools and spatial and temporal variation in grazing pressure is thought to play an important role in structuring these assemblages. Direct records of graze marks using a modified wax-disc method were used to monitor spatial (different pools) and temporal (periods, 3 or 4 days each; spring vs. neap tides; summer vs. winter) variations in grazing pressure. Radula marks of Chlorostoma argyrostoma, Lunella coronata and Nerita albicilla were common in all pools. Grazing pressure was highly variable with tidal state and season but also within these two factors. Lunella and Nerita exerted highest grazing pressure at neap tides during summer, whilst Chlorostoma exerted highest grazing pressure in winter. Although overall patterns of temporal variation were similar and consistent in all pools, there was between pool variation in grazing pressure and individual species showed different patterns. Within the seasonal and tidal variations, large period-to-period differences were found for all species, illustrating small-scale temporal variation. Fine-scale spatial and temporal patterns of variation in grazing pressure of different species, therefore, contribute to the highly dynamic nature of these low-shore rock pools. 相似文献
4.
Mobile species may actively seek refuge from stressful conditions in biogenic habitats on rocky shores. In Hong Kong, the upper intertidal zone is extremely stressful, especially in summer when organisms are emersed for long periods in hot desiccating conditions. As a result, many species migrate downshore between winter and summer to reduce these stressful conditions. The littorinids Echinolittorina malaccana and E. vidua, for example, are found on open rock surfaces high on the shore in winter but the majority migrate downshore in summer to the same tidal height as a common barnacle, Tetraclita japonica. In the laboratory, where environmental conditions could be controlled to approximate those occurring on the shore, we tested whether the downshore migration allowed littorinids to select barnacles as biogenic habitats to reduce stress and if this behaviour varied between seasons. In summer, littorinids demonstrated a strong active preference for the barnacles, which was not observed in the cool winter conditions, when animals were found on open rock surfaces even when barnacles were present. Littorinids, therefore, only actively select biogenic habitats during the summer in Hong Kong when they migrate downshore, suggesting that such habitats may play an important, temporal, role in mitigating environmental stress on tropical shores. 相似文献
5.
Although there is a large body of research on food webs in rocky intertidal communities, most of the emphasis has been on the marine benthic components. Effects of avian predation on highly mobile predators such as crabs, remains practically unstudied in rocky shore ecosystems. The crab, Cancer borealis, is an important component of the diet of gulls (Larus marinus, L. argentatus) at the Isles of Shoals, Maine, USA. C. borealis prey include the predatory gastropod Nucella lapillus L., the herbivore Littorina littorea, and mussels Mytilus edulis L. We hypothesized that gulls reduce abundance of C. borealis in the low intertidal and shallow subtidal, thereby allowing C. borealis prey to persist in high numbers. A study of crab tidal migration showed that C. borealis density nearly doubled at high tide compared to low tide; thus, crabs from a large subtidal source population migrate into the intertidal zone during high tides and either emigrate or are removed by gulls during low tides. Results from a small-scale (1 m2) predator caging experiment in the low intertidal zone indicated that enclosed crabs significantly reduced L. littorea abundance when protected from gull predation. In a much larger-scale gull exclusion experiment, densities of C. borealis increased significantly during low and high tides in exclosures relative to the controls. C. borealis density was inversely correlated with changes in the abundance of two mesopredators Carcinus maenas and Nucella lapillus, and with the space-occupier M. edulis. There was a similar negative correlation between abundance of C. borealis and the change in abundance of the herbivore L. littorea, but the trend was not significant. Mortality of tethered L. littorea was associated with C. borealis density across sites. However, preferred algae did not change in response to L. littorea density during the experiment. Thus, we found suggestive, but not conclusive, evidence for a three-level cascade involving gulls, crabs, and L. littorea. Our studies strongly suggest that gulls, as apex predators, generate three-level trophic cascades in rocky intertidal food webs by preventing the highly mobile subtidal predator, C. borealis, from establishing substantial populations in the low-mid intertidal zone thereby indirectly enhancing densities of two key mesopredators (N. lapillus, Carcinus) and blue mussels (M. edulis). 相似文献
6.
Non-host organisms affect transmission processes in two common trematode parasites of rocky shores 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Katrin Prinz Thomas C. Kelly Ruth M. O’Riordan Sarah C. Culloty 《Marine Biology》2009,156(11):2303-2311
The transmission of free-living trematode stages is mediated by various environmental factors, of which the presence of ambient organisms within the host space is a potential major determinant. In two laboratory mesocosm experiments, we investigated the influence of four intertidal rocky shore species on transmission success of cercariae of the digenean trematodes Echinostephilla patellae (encysting in the tissue of blue mussels Mytilus edulis) and Parorchis acanthus (encysting on mussel shells). Encystment success of both parasite species was significantly lower in the presence of test organisms when compared to controls. Observations revealed that barnacles Austrominius modestus actively filtered cercariae, whereas the larvae were obstructed by the seaweeds Corallina officinalis and Fucus serratus. Anemones Actinia equina both physically disturbed and consumed cercariae. In a further laboratory experiment, grazing gastropods (Littorina littorea, Patella vulgata, and Gibbula umbilicalis) were found to significantly reduce the numbers of P. acanthus metacercariae in artificially prepared dishes by ingestion of cysts. Our results suggest that non-host organisms may play a key role in regulating the transmission of free-living trematode stages in rocky shore ecosystems, which is especially important with regard to the relative diversity and density of species in these habitats. The findings also emphasize the need to include parasites into marine food webs, since cercariae seem to be consumed by certain organisms to a considerable extent and could possibly represent an important energy source. 相似文献
7.
Hong Kong, lying just below the Tropic of Cancer (22°17′N, 114°09′E), experiences a strongly seasonal environment, with a
cool almost temperate winter and a hot, tropical, summer. Histological sectioning of the gonads of the high-shore barnacle,
Chthamalus malayensis Pilsbry, showed a seasonal trend in the development of its reproductive organs. Four stages of female gonad development were
identified according to the cell types present: post-spawning, resting, growth and mature stages. The female gonad was mature
from April to November, which was related to seawater temperatures, and entered a resting phase from December to March. Although
the male gonad showed a seasonal developmental trend and reached maximum maturity in summer, the seminal vesicles were full
of spermatozoa and functional throughout the year. The reproductive season of this species is therefore solely dependant upon
the maturity of the female gonad. The estimated maximum number of broods per year was up to 10 and the maximum number of eggs
produced per brood can reach 3,000 eggs. The minimum size for female gonad maturity was 6 mm rostro-carinal diameter (RCD)
at which size, the barnacles were ~6-month old. Sperm production occurred at a smaller size (2 mm=2-month old). Compared with
Chthamalus montagui and Chthamalus stellatus from temperate regions, C. malayensis produced a greater number of broods per year, had a longer reproductive period and faster gonad development. Chthamaloid
barnacles in tropical regions may, therefore, invest more energy per year in reproduction during their life span. Contrary
to the seasonal gonad developmental pattern of C. malayensis in the present study, however, C. malayensis in Singapore (which experiences only slight seasonal variation) had mature female and male gonads throughout the year, further
supporting the strong role of climatic conditions effecting the reproductive biology of barnacles. 相似文献
8.
Habitat-forming, ecosystem engineer species are common in most marine systems. Still, much uncertainty exists about how individual
and population-level traits of these species contribute to ecosystem processes and how engineering species jointly affect
biodiversity. In this manipulative field experiment, we examined how biodiversity in marginal blue mussel beds is affected
by blue mussel (1) body size, density and patch context and (2) presence of fucoid and algal structures. In the study area,
bladder-wrack (Fucus
vesiculosus), filamentous algae and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) coexist at shallow depths in a variety of patch configurations and offer complex habitats with a high variability of resources.
We hypothesized that complexity in terms of mussel bed structure and algal presence determines species composition and abundance.
Results from the experiment were compared with macrofaunal communities found in natural populations of both engineering species.
Results show that the physical structure and blue mussel patch context are important determinants for species composition
and abundance. Results further show that the presence of algal structures positively affects diversity in blue mussel habitats
due to increased surface availability and complexity that these algae offer. This study shows that blue mussel beds at the
very margin of their distribution have an indisputable function for promoting and maintaining biodiversity and suggest that
facilitative effects of habitat-modifying species are important on Baltic Sea rocky shores with fundamental importance to
community structure. 相似文献
9.
For slow-moving rocky intertidal predators such as whelks, frequent stress can be detrimental. Most studies on the foraging behavior of whelks have been conducted in regions where tidal amplitude is >1 m and on relatively small species. We studied the effects of wave action, desiccation, and water temperature on the foraging behavior of a large (approximately 80 mm) rocky shore whelk, Stramonita haemastoma, at the small-tide (<40 cm) but wave-exposed Israeli Mediterranean coast. We hypothesized that in such conditions foraging activity of this large predator will be greatly limited. Field observations show that when wave height exceeds 0.5 m, activity of whelks decreases by at least threefold relative to that seen under calm-sea conditions, and most whelks remain inside shelters. Wave height data from offshore moorings demonstrate that such conditions occur along the coast >85% of the time. Whelks move into shelters or completely disappear when exposed to prolonged desiccation conditions that can last for days along the shore during spring and autumn. Foraging activity is greater at night than in daytime and might be related to lighter winds and calmer sea conditions at night. Laboratory experiments show that elevated water temperatures during winter do not result in increased predation rates relative to those measured during spring. This indicates that a seasonal endogenous biological rhythm may exist. Our findings demonstrate that the foraging activity of large whelks can be extremely constrained by high rates of disturbance, that is, frequent wave action, and less frequent desiccation. We claim that high rates of disturbance in the eastern Mediterranean explain why large whelks are scarce in intertidal habitats where food is plentiful but suitable shelter is rare.Communicated by G.F. Humphrey, Sydney 相似文献
10.
Peter A. Tanner 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2009,7(1):37-40
Weekly passive sampling of ambient ammonia has been performed at ground or rooftop levels at 12 locations in Hong Kong representing
different land use categories. The highest weekly average roadside level of ammonia in Hong Kong was 7.1 μg m−3 at a street canyon site. Ambient ammonia concentrations for a rooftop urban-residential site with nearby light traffic were
<1 μg m−3, being less than at an adjacent road and indoor car-park. Rooftop levels of ammonia showed a significant correlation with
nitrogen monoxide concentrations. Honeycomb denuder samplings were also carried out at the rooftop site and the results were
consistent with passive sampling. It is concluded that the 0.54 M vehicles in Hong Kong make a considerable contribution to
ambient ammonia concentrations, which are otherwise low. 相似文献
11.
Adults of motile intertidal invertebrates are able to seek shelter to avoid environmental stress associated with low tides,
but embryos within egg masses are effectively sessile for the duration of their encapsulation. Gastropod egg masses from 34
taxa on two rocky shores in SE Australia (34°37′08″S, 150°92′03″E and 34°35′45″S, 150°53′20″E) were surveyed over 2 years
(June 2002–May 2004) to test the hypothesis that eggs are deposited in patterns that minimize exposure to environmental stress.
Egg masses were expected to be predominantly deposited in shaded habitats not prone to environmental extremes. It was also
anticipated that the deposition of egg masses in habitats exposed to UVR, desiccation, and/or extremes in temperature would
occur when exposure to these abiotic factors was minimized. Among the taxa investigated, only four species spawned in full
sun (Bembicium nanum, Nerita morio, Siphonaria zelandica and S. denticulata). Summer had the highest UVR index, water temperature, and air temperature as well as the lowest daytime tides. Univariate
and multivariate analyses confirmed that egg mass abundance was highest during summer, with no change in egg mass size. This
study shows that those species depositing egg masses on the surfaces of rock platforms do not adjust the seasonal timing or
macrohabitat location of their spawning to avoid physiologically stressful conditions, particularly UVR. Alternate reasons
for the evolution of egg mass deposition behavior in apparently sub-optimal habitats are discussed, and it is almost certainly
the complex interplay of a variety of highly species-specific factors that is responsible for the patterns observed. 相似文献
12.
W. B. Stotz 《Marine Biology》1979,50(2):181-188
Three species of sea anemones, clearly exhibiting zonation on the shore, are grouped into intertidal [Phymactis clematis (Drayton, 1846), Anthothoe chilensis (Lesson, 1830)] and infralittoral [Antholoba achates (Drayton, 1846)] forms. A series of observations revealed that intertidal forms have the ability to retain water in the coelenteron during exposure to air,/while the infralittoral form cannot do so. This different behaviour is attributed to morphological characteristics, such as the specific body shape and the structure of the sphincter and retractor muscles. These features, in combination with specific abiotic factors of the various habitats under consideration, determine the upper limits of distribution of each species, while zonation below these limits seems to be affected in addition by biological interactions. 相似文献
13.
An ecological survey was carried out to determine the sediment concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish and shrimp including tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus×O. nilotica), grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), gei wai shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) and caridean shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponensis) in the traditional tidal shrimp ponds (gei wais) of Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong. The sediments collected from the landward sites contained higher nutrient contents, as well as zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) than those collected from the seaward sites, but vice versa for lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). However, the concentrations of all metals were exceptionally high in the two sites located outside the reserve, suggesting that waters from Deep Bay might be the possible source of metal contamination affecting the reserve. All metals studied seemed to accumulate in the viscera of fish. Body size was the determining factor for the accumulation of heavy metals in caridean shrimp and gei wai shrimp but not fish. Concentrations of the metals studied in tissues of grey mullet and gei wai shrimp were found to be safe for human consumption. Concentrations of Cr in tilapia whole body (0.68–1.10 mg kg−1 wet weight) were close to or over the guideline value of 1 mg kg−1 set by the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) Regulations of Hong Kong. Tilapia flesh and small caridean shrimp collected from gei wais were contaminated by Cr and Pb but still fit for human consumption. Caution is required if large caridean shrimp is to be consumed in large amounts continuously because the concentration of Pb exceeded the maximum permitted concentration (6 mg kg−1). The rather high Cr concentrations in tilapia whole body should not be overlooked as the fish will serve as a food source for migratory birds visiting the site. 相似文献
14.
C. D. Trowbridge 《Marine Biology》1996,127(2):341-351
Demographic and phenological attributes that characterize rare and scarce species have not been extensively investigated for marine benthic organisms. From 1984 to 1987, 1 investigated the population ecology of the low intertidal, psammophytic green algaCodium setchellii Gardner that forms low-density populations on sand-influenced rocky benches on N.E. Pacific shores. To address why the alga is not more common in the habitat in which it is most abundant, I quantified sand fluctuations and population dynamics ofC. setchellii at several sites along the central coast of Oregon, USA. Sand movement was highly unpredictable both spatially and temporally on a local scale. AlthoughC. setchellii became fertile in late autumn to winter, the alga and rocky surfaces were often deeply buried by sand in these seasons. Algal recruitment was also spatially and temporally variable, and mortality of small thalli was high. Thallus growth was generally slow, and the alga had the capacity to persist at a given size for long periods. On sand-influenced rocky shores, mortality of largethalli was low, with some thalli persisting for several years. In laboratory experiments,C. setchellii lost substantial biomass during 4 to 5 wk sand burials, whereas two sympatric species of psammophytic algae lost little to no biomass. The within-site scarcity ofC. setchellii may be a consequence of (1) largely unpredictable environmental conditions that reduce algal recruitment and survival, and (2) apparent lack of specialized anatomical or reproductive adaptations to persist on sand-scoured rocky shores. The alga's persistence may be due to its slow growth and long lifespan. 相似文献
15.
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - For the past fewer years, environment antibiotic residues have got more and more attention. The occurrence and distribution of eight common antibiotics,... 相似文献
16.
The high-energy windward coasts with narrow rocky intertidal regions (Oistens, River Bay) at Barbados, West Indies, had abundant macroscopic algae (mainly Sargassum sp.) and populations of Holothuria glaberrima Selenka and Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus), while protected ones with a wide rocky intertidal had sparse macroscopic algae and populations of E. lucunter only. The low-energy leeward coasts with wide rocky intertidal regions (Six Men's Bay, Payne's Bay) had no macroscopic algae in the surf zone and populations of E. lucunter only. Numerical densities of E. lucunter were high in all localities; the highest level of 144 m-2 was found at Six Men's Bay; numerical densities of H. glaberrima were high at both Oistens and River Bay, the highest level of 36 m-2 being recorded at River Bay. The caloric density of H. glaberrima at River Bay was 412 kcal m-2. The highest combined density of H. glaberrima and E. lucunter was at Oistens (632 kcal m-2, with 254 kcal m-2 being due to E. lucunter). The highest caloric density of E. lucunter at Six Men's Bay was 482 kcal m-2. Dependence on suspended food probably restricts H. glaberrima to high-energy environments while E. lucunter has an additional food source through its ability to scrape the rock substratum. E. lucunter may be more efficient in catching drift food. Mortality is suggested to be the basis of the failure of E. lucunter to displace H. glaberrima from the high-energy location. 相似文献
17.
管东生 《生态与农村环境学报》1996,(1)
研究了刈割频率对香港草地于物质生产的影响。结果表明,刈割使干物质生产量下降,刈割频率越高生产量下降越大。禾本科植物受刈割影响比木本和非禾本科草本植物大,且停止刚割一年后生物量仍低于对照点。认为常年刈割是华南草地生产力下降的重要原因之一。 相似文献
18.
香港古树名木的调查及保护问题 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用实地调查并结合历史档案记载的方法对香港的古树名木进行了全面的普查,在香港193个地点调查到有古树分布,记录古树名木1 332株,共计141种,隶属于46科95属.其中细叶榕Ficus mtcrocarpa 323株、樟树Cinnamomum camphora157株、荔枝Litchi chinensis 118株、龙眼 Dimocarpus longan 97株,4种古树株数之和超过香港古树名木总数的一半.香港古树主要分布在大埔区、中西区、北区和离岛区,四个区所含株数占古树总株数的60.66%,所含古树种数占香港古树总种数的78.72%.在香港116处风水林中,86处记录有古树分布,古树数量占调查到的古树数量的近50%.根据调查的结果,还对香港古树名木的保护措施进行了分析研究,旨在为其保育提供参考. 相似文献
19.
J. W. C. Wong 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1-4):175-189
A monitoring programme was performed to use marine sediments as an indicator of marine contamination in Hong Kong. A total of 51 samples were collected from eight marine sites and analysed for pH, redox potential, salinity, total‐N, total‐P, total organic carbon, and total Cu, Zn Pb, Cr and Cd. Sites with high industrial or aquacultural activities contained high total organic carbon contents, total‐N and total‐P contents. Sediments from sites with high industrial activities also enriched with heavy metals. Metal speciation results indicate that Cu and Cr existed mainly in the organic fraction, Pb and Zn were distributed approximately equally in both the organic and residual fractions while Cd mainly occurred in the residual fraction. The Cu, Cr and Zn contents were highly correlated with total organic carbon contents. All samples were classified as non‐acid forming according to the net acid generation test and only samples from the industrial site released a high concentration of heavy metals under a complete oxidising condition. The present study reveals that organic and heavy metal pollution is serious in the marine sediments of Hong Kong, and industrial and aquacultural activities are probably the major sources of contamination. 相似文献
20.
医院室内空气质量直接影响着院内每个人的身体健康,对医院空气进行定期监测是预防和控制医院感染的重要措施。对中国南部沿海某城市10所医院门诊空气质量状况进行了调查。结果发现,所调查门诊中室内二氧化碳、一氧化碳和可吸入颗粒物浓度均达至良好级别。但是,分别有两家门诊的室内温度和相对湿度未能达到良好级别,而且有8家门诊的空气中细菌总数未能达到良好级别。因此,本文建议相关医院采取相应的措施加强对门诊室内空气质量(尤其是细菌数量)的控制。 相似文献