Inter-comparisons of VOC oxidation mechanisms based on box model: A focus on OH reactivity

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) oxidation processes play a very important role in atmospheric chemistry, and the chemical reactions are expressed in various manners in chemical mechanisms. To gain an improved understanding of VOCs evolution during oxidation processes and evaluate the discrepancies of VOCs oxidation schemes among different mechanisms, we used the total VOC reactivity as a diagnostic and evaluated tool to explore the differences for six widely used chemical mechanisms. We compared the total VOC reactivity evolution under high-NO_x conditions for several sets of precursors, including n-pentane, toluene, ethene, isoprene and a mixture of 57 Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) species in a 0-D photochemical box model. Inter-comparison of total VOC reactivity of individual precursor simulations showed discrepancies to different extent of the oxidation schemes among the studied mechanisms, which are mainly attributed to the different lumping approaches for organic species. The PAMS simulation showed smaller discrepancy than individual precursor cases in terms of total VOC reactivity. SAPRC07 and RACM2 performances are found to better match the MCM for simulation of total VOC reactivity. Evidences suggest that the performance in simulating secondary organic products, OH concentrations and NO_x concentrations are related to the OH reactivity discrepancies among various chemical mechanisms. Information in this study can be used in selection of chemical mechanisms to better model OH reactivity in different environments. The results in this study also provide directions to further improve the ability in modelling total VOC reactivity with the chemical mechanisms.     

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of anthracene with selected atmospheric oxidants

The reactions of gas-phase anthracene and suspended anthracene particles with O3 and O3-NO were conducted in a 200-L reaction chamber, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formations from gas-phase reactions of anthracene with O3 and O3-NO were observed. Meanwhile, the size distributions and mass concentrations of SOA were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) during the formation processes. The rapid exponential growths of SOA reveal that the atmospheric lifetimes of gas-phase anthracene towards O3 and O3-NO are less than 20.5 and 4.34 hr, respectively. The particulate oxidation products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of oxidation products of anthracene were carried out for assigning the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Anthrone, anthraquinone, 9,10- dihydroxyanthracene, and 1,9,10-trihydroxyanthracene were the ozonation products of anthracene, while anthrone, anthraquinone, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were the main products of anthracene with O3-NO.     

Identification and characterization of Fe3O4/peroxodisulfate advanced oxidation products from sulfameter

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the most widely used antibiotics and their residuals in the environment could cause some negative environmental issues. Advanced oxidation such as Fenton-like reaction has been widely applied in the treatment of SAs polluted water. Degradation rates of 95%-99.7% were achieved in this work for the tested 8 SAs, including sulfisomidine, sulfameter (SME), phthalylsulfathiazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfisoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, and sulfadimethoxine, in the Fe₃O₄/peroxodisulfate (PDS) oxidation system after the optimization of PDS concentration and pH. Meanwhile, it was found that a lot of unknown oxidation products were formed, which brought up the uncertainty of health risks to the environment, and the identification of these unknown products was critical. Therefore, SME was selected as the model compound, from which the oxidation products were never elucidated, to identify these intermediates/products. With liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), 10 new products were identified, in which 2-amino-5-methoxypyrimidine (AMP) was confirmed by its standard. The investigation of the oxidation process of SME indicated that most of the products were not stable and the degradation pathways were very complicated as multiple reactions, such as oxidation of the amino group, SO₂ extrusion, and potential cross-reaction occurred simultaneously. Though most of the products were not verified due to the lack of standards, our results could be helpful in the evaluation of the treatment performance of SAs containing wastewater.     

An expeditious aqueous Suzuki-Miyaura method for the substituted aryl heterocyclics

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions utilizing aryl halides have become a widely used strategy for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds and in particular for the synthesis of biaryls. The replacement of expensive, toxic, and flammable organic solvents by water is highly desirable for reducing costs and for developing environmentally benign synthetic reactions that facilitate catalyst recycling. Herein, we report an efficient Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction using a variety of heterocyclic halides in neat water. Employing air- and moisture-stable palladium-phosphinous acid catalyst [(t-Bu)₂P(OH)]₂PdCl₂(POPd) allows formation of substituted aryl heterocyclics in moderate to high yields. The organic cosolvents are not required. The feasibility of catalyst recycling has also been demonstrated.     

Interactions of fluoroquinolone antibiotics with sodium hypochlorite in bromide-containing synthetic water: Reaction kinetics and transformation pathways

Seven popular fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) in synthetic marine aquaculture water were subject to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection scenario to investigate their reaction kinetics and transformation during chlorination. Reactivity of each FQ to NaClO was following the order of ofloxacin (OFL) > enrofloxacin (ENR) > lomefloxacin (LOM) > ciprofloxacin (CIP) ~ norfloxacin (NOR) >> pipemedic acid (PIP), while flumequine did not exhibit reactivity. The coexisting chlorine ions and sulfate ions in the water slightly facilitated the oxidation of FQs by NaClO, while humic acid was inhibitable to their degradation. The bromide ions promoted degradation of CIP and LOM, but restrained oxidation of OFL and ENR. By analysis of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), eight kinds of emerging brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) caused by FQ_S were primarily identified in the chlorinated synthetic marine culture water. Through density functional theory calculation, the highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) characteristic as well as the charge distribution of the FQs were obtained to clarify transformation mechanisms. Their formation involved decarboxylation, ring-opening/closure, dealkylation and halogenation. Chlorine substitution occurred on the ortho-position of FQs's N4 and bromine substitution occurred on C8 position. The piperazine ring containing tertiary amine was comparatively stable, while this moiety with a secondary amine structure would break down during chlorination. Additionally, logK_ow and logBAF of transformation products were calculated by EPI-Suite^TM to analyze their bioaccumulation. The values indicated that Br-DBPs are easier to accumulate in the aquatic organism relative to their chloro-analogues and parent compounds.     

Characterization and reactivity of biogenic manganese oxides for ciprofloxacin oxidation

Biogenic manganese oxides （BioMnOx） were synthesized by the oxidation of Mn（II） with Mn- oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas sp. G7 under different initial pH values and Mn（II） dosages, and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The crystal structure and Mn oxidation states of BioMnOx depended on the initial pH and Mn（lI） dosages of the medium. The superoxide radical （O2） was observed in Mn-containing （III/IV） BioMnOx suspensions by electron spin resonance measurements. BioMnOx（0.4）-7, with mixed valence of Mn（II/III/IV） and the strongest O~- signals, was prepared in the initial pH 7 and Mn（II） dosage of 0.4 mmol/L condition, and exhibited the highest activity for ciproftoxacin degradation and no Mn（II） release. During the degradation of ciprofloxacin, the oxidation of the Mn（II） formed came from biotic and abiotic reactions in BioMnOx suspensions on the basis of the Mn（II） release and O2- formation from different BioMnOx. The degradation process of ciprofloxacin was shown to involve the cleavage of the hexatomic ring having a secondary amine and carbon-carbon double bond connected to a carboxyl group, producing several compounds containing amine groups as well as small organic acids.     

MnO_2催化KMnO_4氧化降解酚类化合物

研究了MnO2强化KMnO4氧化降解酚类化合物的效能与机制.在假一级动力学实验条件下(KMnO4初始浓度是目标有机物初始浓度的10倍),考察了KMnO4对酚类化合物(2-氯酚和4-氯酚)的氧化降解规律.发现在KMnO4氧化降解酚类化合物过程中存在着明显的自催化现象,即原位产生的胶体MnO2可以促进KMnO4对有机物的氧化降解.实验进一步考察了MnO2浓度、粒径大小和溶液pH对MnO2催化KMnO4氧化降解酚类化合物的影响.结果表明,外加胶体MnO2和颗粒MnO2都可以催化KMnO4氧化降解酚类化合物,而且假一级动力学常数(K)随着MnO2浓度(30～180μmol·L-1)的增加呈线性增加;与胶体MnO2相比,颗粒MnO2的催化能力较弱;随着溶液pH的增加,MnO2催化能力逐渐减弱.实验中还发现外加MnO2能够催化KMnO4氧化降解2-硝基酚(单独MnO2和KMnO4均不能将其氧化),但对于二甲基亚砜(其不具有与金属离子络合配位的能力)则没有催化作用.由此推测MnO2催化KMnO4氧化降解有机物的作用机制可能为表面吸附络合催化,即吸附在MnO2表面形成的络合物比存在于溶液中的有机物本身更易被KMnO4氧化.     

The potential leaching and mobilization of trace elements from FGD-gypsum of a coal-fired power plant under water re-circulation conditions

Experimental and geochemical modelling studies were carried out to identify mineral and solid phases containing major, minor, and trace elements and the mechanism of the retention of these elements in Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)-gypsum samples from a coal-fired power plant under filtered water recirculation to the scrubber and forced oxidation conditions. The role of the pH and related environmental factors on the mobility of Li, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, and U from FGD-gypsums for a comprehensive assessment of element leaching behaviour were also carried out. Results show that the extraction rate of the studied elements generally increases with decreasing the pH value of the FGD-gypsum leachates. The increase of the mobility of elements such as U, Se, and As in the FGD-gypsum entails the modification of their aqueous speciation in the leachates; UO₂SO₄, H₂Se, and HAsO₂ are the aqueous complexes with the highest activities under acidic conditions. The speciation of Zn, Li, and Ni is not affected in spite of pH changes; these elements occur as free cations and associated to SO₄ ² in the FGD-gypsum leachates. The mobility of Cu and Mo decreases by decreasing the pH of the FGD-gypsum leachates, which might be associated to the precipitation of CuSe₂ and MoSe₂, respectively. Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry of the solid phase combined with geochemical modelling of the aqueous phase has proved useful in understanding the mobility and geochemical behaviour of elements and their partitioning into FGD-gypsum samples.     

The potential leaching and mobilization of trace elements from FGD-gypsum of a coal-fired power plant under water re-circulation conditions

Experimental and geochemical modelling studies were carried out to identify mineral and solid phases containing major, minor, and trace elements and the mechanism of the retention of these elements in Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)-gypsum samples from a coal-fired power plant under filtered water recirculation to the scrubber and forced oxidation conditions. The role of the pH and related environmental factors on the mobility of Li, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, and U from FGD-gypsums for a comprehensive assessment of element leaching behaviour were also carried out. Results show that the extraction rate of the studied elements generally increases with decreasing the pH value of the FGD-gypsum leachates. The increase of the mobility of elements such as U, Se, and As in the FGD-gypsum entails the modification of their aqueous speciation in the leachates; UO₂SO₄, H₂Se, and HAsO₂ are the aqueous complexes with the highest activities under acidic conditions. The speciation of Zn, Li, and Ni is not affected in spite of pH changes; these elements occur as free cations and associated to SO₄² in the FGD-gypsum leachates. The mobility of Cu and Mo decreases by decreasing the pH of the FGD-gypsum leachates, which might be associated to the precipitation of CuSe₂ and MoSe₂, respectively. Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry of the solid phase combined with geochemical modelling of the aqueous phase has proved useful in understanding the mobility and geochemical behaviour of elements and their partitioning into FGD-gypsum samples.     

红球菌-R04生物降解多卤代联苯的影响因素研究

研究了不同取代元素以及取代元素的数量、位置等因素对 Rhodococcus sp. R04降解多卤代联苯的影响.结果表明,联苯苯环第4位上的氢分别被氟、氯、溴以及甲基基团取代后降解率由高到低依次为4-FB>4-CB34-MB>4-BrB;当取代元素相同时,随着取代原子数目的增加,多卤代联苯降解率降低;当取代元素及取代原子数目相同时,不同位置的取代对卤代联苯的降解影响较大,特别是2,6位取代会强烈抑制关键酶对卤代联苯的催化降解,导致降解率降低.     

Fe(VI)/Fenton联合体系氧化降解菲的路径及机理

Fe（VI）/Fenton联合体系降解多环芳烃的效果良好,但其机理及降解路径仍需进一步被探究.采用荧光及GC-MS技术,考察弱酸条件下Fe（VI）降解菲的效果,并对比中性及碱性条件研究其氧化机理,进而分析Fe（VI）/Fenton联合体系对菲的作用机理及菲的降解路径.结果表明,弱酸条件下Fe（VI）氧化菲时,·OH参与反应较少,起氧化作用的可能为中间高价态铁.在该条件下,Fe（VI）对菲的降解效果稍差于中性及碱性,但此时Fe（VI）的高氧化性能可提高菲的矿化效果.联合氧化体系中,菲逐步被氧化、羟基化、脱碳、加氢而最终转化为CO₂和H₂O,主要的中间产物为邻苯二甲酸酯衍生物和9-芴甲醛衍生物.联合氧化体系可合理利用Fe（VI）氧化过程中产生的Fe（II）,并发挥高价态铁与·OH在氧化性能上的优势,实现对菲及产物的降解与矿化.     

金属对催化还原DDT的降解产物及其反应机制的研究

本报告介绍DDT经金属对处理后降解产物的分析鉴定和有关反应机制的初步研究。 降解产物主要是用气相色谱—质谱联用分析鉴定的。水溶液中的DDT用Cu-Zn金属对还原其降解产物经鉴定是DDD、DDMS、DDE_t,它们是DDT分子脱去烷基碳原子上不同数目的氯原子的产物。而在Cu-Fe金属对作用下,水溶液中的DDT的还原则是同时得到四种不同类型的产物。它们是DDT脱去烷基碳原子上的1个和3个氯原子的DDD和DDE_t;DDT脱氯、氧化产物DBP和DBH;DDT脱去HCI生成的DDE;两个DDT分子二聚脱氯的产物TTTB和TTDB。 实验证明金属对对DDT的作用是催化还原反应,金属对起着催化剂和还原剂双重作用。通过实验结果对DDT在金属对作用下的反应机制进行了初步探讨。     

两阶段生物系统处理酵母废水有机物的变化特征

目前酵母废水主要采用两阶段(厌氧-好氧)生物处理工艺。利用紫外扫描(UV)、渗透凝胶色谱(GPC)、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)等方法对一典型酵母企业生产废水生物处理系统各阶段废水中溶解性有机物的紫外吸收、分子量分布及化学组成等特性进行了分析。分析发现酵母废水中大部分有机物能在厌、好氧两阶段被降解去除,有些厌氧阶段不能去除的有机物可以在好氧阶段去除,同时,在生物处理过程中还产生了微生物代谢产物-新的化合物。生物系统中难以去除的有机物主要是酵母废水中难以降解的有机物以及生物系统中产生的微生物代谢产物等。难以降解的有机物主要有4类:烃类、邻苯二甲酸酯类、多环芳烃类、杂环类。微生物代谢产物或生物系统降解中间产物主要有:卤代产物、杂环醇类、硅代产物等。     

挥发性有机物(VOCs)的不同化学去除途径:城市与区域站点的对比

VOCs在大气中主要是与OH自由基、NO₃自由基和O₃等反应氧化去除,部分OVOCs的自身光解也是重要的化学去除途径.本研究基于2018年和2019年秋季在珠三角地区的城市和区域站点的外场观测实验,使用VOCs、常规痕量气体及气象参数的观测数据,对烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和OVOCs等VOCs组分不同化学去除途径的去除速率进行分析.结果表明,烷烃和芳香烃主要通过与OH自由基反应去除,最高占比超过99%.与NO₃自由基和O₃的反应可贡献烯烃去除速率的80%以上,特别是一些天然源的烯烃(如单萜烯)与NO₃自由基的氧化去除是贡献最大的氧化途径.光解是甲醛最重要的去除途径,在两个站点均达到了50%以上,酮类的光解贡献会高于其他OVOCs类物质.OH自由基的氧化去除途径在城市和区域站点的人为源及天然源VOCs去除中占主导地位.区域站点,烯烃尤其是天然源的烯烃物种,与NO₃自由基和O₃反应的贡献要高于城市站点.本研究对促进不同VOCs物种在大气中的去除...     

Products and mechanisms of the reactions of the nitrate radical (NO3) with isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene in air

Products and mechanisms of the reaction of NO₃ with isoprene have been studied under simulated atmospheric conditions with in situ FTIR spectroscopy as analytical technique. The study addressed also the reactions of NO₃ with 1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene as well as with the deuterated species 1,1,4,4-d₄-1,3-butadiene, d₆-1,3-butadiene and 4,4-d₂-2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (d₂-isoprene). The dienes examined apparently follow very similar reaction pathways. The decay of the intermediate peroxynitrates formed after the addition of NO₃ to one of the methylene groups, leads to unsaturated ketone-nitrate, aldehyde-nitrate, alcohol-nitrate and perhaps also dinitrate species. The yield of unsubstituted carbonyl compounds was insignificant in the reactions of NO₃ with 1,3-butadiene and isoprene. In the case of isoprene, NO₃ reacts adding preferentially to the 1-position and 3-methyl-4-nitroxy-2-butenal appears to be the main product. 1,3-Butadiene predominantly reacts with NO₃ via trans-1,4-addition and 1,2-addition while the cis-1,4-addition path is of minor importance. trans-4-Nitroxy-2-butenal and 1-nitroxy-3-buten-2-one were found as main products. Contrary to the daytime OH-initiated degradation of isoprene, the nighttime oxidation of isoprene by NO₃ leads to formation of large quantities of organic nitrate compounds; this may have consequences for the tropospheric NO_y budget as briefly discussed.     

芳香有机物电化学氧化降解的研究

为了考察物质结构对难生物降解芳香化合物电催化氧化的影响,实验研究了典型的酚类和胺类芳香污染物的电化学氧化降解。结果表明:电催化氧化技术可有效处理水中的芳香化合物,苯环上取代基对有机物的电催化降解活性有很大影响,带有供电子取代基团的芳香化合物的电催化降解速率比带有吸电子取代基团的芳香化合物的电催化降解速率快。处理2 h,苯酚、苯胺和甲苯胺接近完全去除,对氯苯酚和对氯苯胺的去除率超过90%,对硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯酚的去除率也达到70%左右。     

Electrolytic aminated carbon materials for the electrocatalytic redox reactions of inorganic and organic compounds

Some kinds of amine groups can be introduced to the glassy carbon surface by the electrode oxidation of the carbon electrode surface in ammonium carbamate solution, and this amine groups modified electrode is named as an aminated glassy carbon electrode. The existences of not only primary amine but also secondary and tertially amines were confirmed by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The applications of the aminated carbon material for the electrocatalytic reductions of oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and organic compounds such as quinones were carried out, and the effects of amination on the formation of electrocatalytic sites for many species were revealed. The electrocatalyzed cyclic voltammograms of metal ions and metal chelate compounds obtained by aminated glassy carbon electrodes are also discussed. Moreover, we intend to describe that the aminated carbon electrode can exhibit the large reduction waves of inorganic oxoacids such as N0₂? or bromide ion. The introduced functional groups containing nitrogen atom can change the distribution of the electron densities of the graphite carbon surface, and this specific electron distribution environment may generate the various electrocatalytic activities.     

Organic peroxy radicals: Kinetics,spectroscopy and tropospheric chemistry

The present state of knowledge of organic, or carbon-based, peroxy radicals (RO₂) is reviewed. Data on the chemical and physical properties of peroxy radicals in the gas-phase is considered, as well as the role of peroxy radicals in tropospheric chemistry and measurements of their concentrations in the atmosphere. Where appropriate, peroxy radicals are grouped together by type (alkyl, acyl, oxygen-substituted, halogen-substituted and aromatic radicals) to facilitate comparison. Data on the hydroperoxy radical (HO₂) is included where it is directly relevant to measurements on organic peroxy radicals, eg. absorption cross-sections used in measurements of RO₂ + HO₂ rate constants. The literature data is critically reviewed and recommendations for absorption cross-sections, rate constants and branching ratios are made where considered appropriate.The laboratory experimental techniques which have been used for the generation and detection of peroxy radicals and the products of their reactions are discussed. The structure, spectroscopy and thermochemistry of the radicals are examined. Although the majority of spectroscopic data concerns the u.v. spectra much used for kinetic studies, near-infrared, infrared and electron spin resonance spectra are also considered. In many cases, peroxy radical u.v. spectra are well-fitted by a Gaussian distribution function, enabling the cross-sections to be easily calculated at any wavelength.For the purpose of this review, the chemical reactions of peroxy radicals are divided into reactions with organic peroxy radicals with HO₂, with NO and NO₂, and finally with other species. Peroxy radical abstraction and addition reactions with closed-shell species are sufficiently slow to be of negligible importance at temperatures pertinent to the atmosphere and are consequently not covered. Data on both the kinetics and mechanisms of peroxy radical reactions are considered.The role of peroxy radicals as intermediates in the atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds and in the production of ozone in the troposphere under both low and high [NO_x] conditions is discussed. The involvement of peroxy radicals in night-time oxidation chemistry and the oxidation of halocarbons is also indicated. The techniques used for the difficult measurement of peroxy radical concentrations in the atmosphere are described, together with the results to date.Finally, some tentative suggestions as to further avenues of research are made, based on the data reviewed here and with particular reference to the solution of outstanding problems in atmospheric chemistry. Although a great deal of progress has been made in recent years, it is clear that additional work is needed in most areas covered by this review. New, sensitive and selective laboratory techniques are required for studies of peroxy radical kinetics and high level ab initio calculations would help design laser-based detection techniques. Further product studies of photooxidation systems are needed, particularly as a function of temperature. Recent work has shown that the rate constants for RO₂ + HO₂ reactions used in modelling studies may be too low; if so, these reactions will be correspondingly more important than previously believed in tropospheric oxidation. Recent kinetic studies of the potentially important reactions of methylperoxy radicals with ClO and NO₃ need to be confirmed and mechanistic work is necessary. Although substantial progress has been made towards the monitoring of peroxy radical concentrations in the atmosphere, more work is needed, both on measurements and the development of new techniques.     

The role of copper and oxalate in the redox cycling of iron in atmospheric waters

During daytime, the redox cycling of dissolved iron compounds in atmospheric waters, and the related in-cloud transformations of photooxidants, are affected by reactions of Fe and Cu with hydroperoxy (HO₂) and superoxide (O₂⁻) radicals and the photoreduction of Fe(III)-oxalato complexes. We have investigated several of the important chemical reactions in this redox cycle, through laboratory simulation of the system, using γ-radiation to produce HO₂/O₂⁻. At concentrations comparable to those measured in atmospheric waters, the redox cycling of Fe was dramatically affected by the presence of oxalate and trace concentrations of Cu. At concentrations more than a hundred times lower than Fe, Cu consumed most of the HO₂/O₂⁻, and cycled between the Cu(II) and Cu(I) forms. Cu⁺ reacted with FeOH²⁺ to produce Fe(II) and Cu(II), with a second order rate constant of approximately 3 × 10⁷ M⁻¹s⁻¹. The presence of oxalate resulted in the formation of Fe(III)-oxalato complexes that were essentially unreactive with HO₂/O₂⁻. Only at high oxalate concentrations was the Fe(II)C₂O₄ complex also formed, and it reacted relatively rapidly with hydrogen peroxide (k = (3.1 ± 0.6) × 10⁴ M⁻¹s⁻¹). Simulations incorporating measurements for other redox mechanisms, including oxidation by ozone, indicate that, during daytime, Fe should be found mostly in the ferrous oxidation state, and that reactions of FeOH²⁺ with Cu(I) and HO₂/O₂⁻, and to a lesser degree, the photolysis of Fe(III)-oxalato complexes, are important mechanisms of Fe reduction in atmospheric waters. The catalytic effect of Cu(II)/Cu(I) and Fe(III)/Fe(II) should also significantly increase the sink function of the atmospheric liquid phase for HO₂ present in a cloud. A simple kinetic model for the reactions of Fe, Cu and HO₂/O₂⁻, accurately predicted the changes in Fe oxidation states that occurred when authentic fogwater samples were exposed to HO₂/O₂⁻.     

气溶胶水相反应生成二次有机气溶胶研究进展

液态水(云滴、雾滴和气溶胶水)在大气中无处不在,为大气水相化学反应提供了重要的场所.气态前体物(主要是VOCs)或它的气相初级氧化产物(包括中/半挥发性有机物,I/SVOCs)在大气凝聚相(水相)中发生反应,形成低挥发性高氧化性有机物(如有机硫和有机氮等),水分蒸发后留在颗粒相,即为水相二次有机气溶胶(aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol,aq SOA).因其对OA具有重要的贡献和显著的环境、气候和人体健康影响,近年来成为大气化学研究的热点.尽管aq SOA的研究已取得了一些进展,但由于aq SOA形成机制复杂,对aq SOA的认知还比较匮乏.本文重点关注气溶胶水中反应生成的二次有机气溶胶(aqueous aerosol SOA,aa SOA)相关的研究进展,包括气态前体物、形成机制、实验室模拟、外场观测及有关aa SOA产率及贡献的相关研究成果.同时,对aa SOA的来源、生成机制等研究的发展方向进行了展望,包括:未知aa SOA前体物及示踪物鉴别、有机光敏剂诱发的自由基化学、有机硫和有机氮的形成机制、实际气溶胶水溶性组分和外场观测研究、模式模型研究等.