施用烟嘧磺隆对不同生育期玉米生长、产量和营养品质的影响

玉米是中国第一大作物,在中国粮食安全和粮食经济中占有重要地位。除草剂烟嘧磺隆在保证玉米稳产和高产上发挥着重要作用,但因农民不正确或超量施用烟嘧磺隆,导致玉米除草剂药害问题与日俱增,引起玉米大量减产甚至绝产。通过在玉米不同生长发育时期施用不同剂量烟嘧磺隆,分析烟嘧磺隆对玉米药害发生程度、生长、产量、营养品质的影响,探讨在玉米生产中应如何正确施用烟嘧磺隆,以期为玉米的安全生产提供参考。本试验选择玉米不同生育期(2-4叶期、4-6叶期和6-8叶期)分别施用不同剂量除草剂烟嘧磺隆(5个剂量),系统研究了烟嘧磺隆对玉米生长、产量和营养品质的影响。研究结果表明,在玉米不同生育期施用烟嘧磺隆对玉米植株生长发育、产量和营养品质都有一定的影响,2-4叶期处理,不同剂量处理对植株株高和产量没有显著影响,但4-6叶期和6-8叶期处理,不同剂量处理对植株株高和叶片长宽都产生了显著的影响,超正常剂量显著降低植株的株高和叶片的长宽。不同施药时期和施药量对玉米产量没有显著影响,但高剂量和晚期处理可造成玉米明显减产,减产率达到15%以上;同时对玉米的品质也有一定影响,高剂量处理降低玉米蛋白质的含量。因此,采用除草剂烟嘧磺隆防除玉米田杂草时,最好在4叶期施用且不要超量(3 000mL·hm~(-2)),才能保证玉米的产量和营养品质。     

田间条件下不同组配钝化剂对玉米(Zea mays)吸收Cd、As和Pb影响研究

选取4种钝化材料(硅藻土、生物炭、沸石粉和石灰)开展田间试验,研究不同配施处理对玉米(Zea mays)籽粒吸收Cd、As和Pb与土壤有效态Cd、As和Pb的影响,以期筛选出钝化修复效果最佳的组配钝化剂。结果表明,(1)施用钝化剂均能有效促进玉米生长,增加植株株高、叶面积、玉米地上部与地下部质量,显著提高玉米产量。(2)不同处理均能明显降低土壤Cd、As和Pb有效态含量。其中,BLD处理对土壤有效态Cd降低效果最明显,YR+BLZ处理次之,与对照相比,土壤有效态Cd分别降低71.00%和67.85%;BDZ处理对土壤有效态As含量降低效果最明显,其次为BLD处理,较对照分别降低65.63%和59.73%;YR+BLD处理对土壤有效态Pb含量降低效果最好,BDZ处理次之,有效态Pb含量较对照分别降低70.64%和69.64%。(3)不同处理对玉米籽粒吸收和积累Cd、As和Pb产生不同程度的影响。与对照相比,不同处理导致玉米籽粒Cd含量降低82.63%~89.17%,As含量降低27.58%~49.47%和Pb含量降低9.64%~46.86%。(4)施用钝化剂均能显著提高土壤p H值,其中BLD、YR+BLD、JD+BLD处理的p H值升高效果最为明显,较对照分别提高1.05、1.04和1.04个单位;施用钝化剂能显著提高土壤有机质含量,YR+BDZ和YR+BLD处理有机质含量较高,较对照分别提高54.68%和46.04%,本试验结果表明,在钝化修复镉砷复合污染的旱地土壤时,低累积玉米品种与组配钝化剂联合使用能够获得较好的修复效果。     

丛枝菌根真菌和纳米磁性氧化铁对玉米生长和Fe吸收的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,模拟不同纳米磁性氧化铁(Fe_3O_4)施加水平(0.1、1.0和10.0 mg·kg~(-1))的土壤,研究接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Glomus caledonium对玉米(Zea mays)植株生长的影响。结果表明,纳米Fe_3O_4在10.0 mg·kg~(-1)施加水平下显著降低(P0.05)玉米植株地上部和地下部生物量、AM真菌侵染率和玉米植株养分(N、P、Ca、Zn)含量,显著增加(P0.05)玉米植株地上部Fe含量。与未接种处理相比,在10.0mg·kg~(-1)的纳米Fe_3O_4施加水平下,接种AM真菌显著提高玉米植株总Fe吸收量和地下部Fe含量(P0.05),但显著降低Fe的转运比率和玉米植株地上部Fe含量(P0.05),改善玉米植株体内养分含量,最终显著促进玉米植株生长(P0.05)。该结果表明接种AM真菌可提高Fe在植物根系的分配比例,降低Fe向植株地上部的转运,从而缓解纳米Fe_3O_4对宿主植物的毒害作用。     

外源磷与AMF菌丝对紫色土-玉米间作系统磷迁移的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus,AMF)在植物与土壤系统中扮演着重要的角色,能促进宿主植物对养分尤其是磷的吸收,间作在提高土壤磷素利用及增产增收等方面具有重要作用。采用隔网分室盆栽模拟试验,根室设玉米单作及玉米-大豆间作处理,并分别进行不同AMF处理(不接种、接种Funneliformis mosseae,分别记为NM、FM),同时对分室进行不同磷处理(不施磷、施无机磷、施有机磷,分别记为P0、IOP50、OP50),研究不同形态外源施磷情况下AMF根外菌丝对间作玉米磷吸收、利用及累积的影响。研究结果表明,(1)FM-IOP50-间作组合处理下的玉米根系最短(16.76 m),生物量最高(1.88 g·pot~(-1)),FM-OP50-间作组合处理下的玉米根系菌根侵染率最高,为66.25%。(2)在相同种植模式及磷处理下,FM处理的玉米根系及地上部生物量均明显高于NM处理;同一磷处理下,无论接种与否,间作玉米地上部和根系生物量均显著高于单作处理。(3)无论何种种植模式及磷处理,接种FM均提高了玉米植株磷含量及磷吸收量,均以FM-IOP50-间作组合处理下磷含量(0.68 mg·kg~(-1))和磷吸收量(15.97 mg·pot~(-1))最高;不管接种及分室施磷与否,间作玉米磷含量和磷吸收量均明显高于单作处理。(4)在同一种植模式及菌根处理下,IOP50处理的玉米根系磷吸收效率均显著高于P0及OP50处理。(5)FM接种、分室施磷和间作均在一定程度上促进了玉米植株生物量的增加及其对磷的累积。所有复合处理中,FM-IOP50-间作组合处理下的玉米磷含量和磷吸收量最高。可见,间作体系接种F.mosseae与外源无机磷施用组合是促进紫色土上玉米生长及磷吸收利用的最佳组合,有望通过降低土壤水溶性磷残留而减少径流磷的流失。     

不同有机无机复混肥对土壤供氮和玉米生长的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究等氮量施用条件下菜粕、猪粪、中药渣和鸡粪分别与化肥混合制成的4种不同有机无机复混肥对土壤供氮特性和玉米生长的影响.结果表明,玉米当季生长期间,4种有机无机复混肥处理的土壤矿质氮含量显著高于化肥处理,其中以施用鸡粪和菜粕复混肥的当季土壤供氮能力较高.施用复混肥后玉米籽粒产量为6725～8960kg*hm-2,均高于施化肥处理,且除猪粪复混肥外,其他3种复混肥处理的玉米籽粒产量均比化肥处理增加20%以上,差异达到显著水平.施用复混肥后,氮肥利用率达24.2%～39.8%,均高于单施化肥.有机无机复混肥料,尤其是鸡粪复混肥能有效调控氮素养分释放,使土壤供氮特征与玉米的需氮规律相一致,从而显著提高产量.     

施用硼钼对花生硼钼吸收积累与分配的影响

取广东省几个花生主产区土壤作盆栽试验,探讨硼、钼施用对花生朋、钼的吸收、运转和积累分配的影响。结果表明,花生施用B、Mo后,各生育期和各部作的B、Mo含量和吸收量均极显著地增加：B、Mo配合施用抑制植株对B的吸收而促进其对Mo的吸收;在高P下配合施用B、Mo对植株B、Mo吸收均有一定的促进作用：植林吸收B、Mo后．B主要向叶转移．Mo主要积累花籽粒中。     

施用钢渣对水稻土硅素肥力的影响

施用钢渣种植水稻的盆栽试验结果表明,与对照相比,施用钢渣使土壤pH升高,土壤水溶态硅和无定形硅的含量下降,活性硅及有效硅含量上升,水稻植株含硅量增加.除水溶态硅外,上述影响均随钢渣用量增加或粒度变细而增强.     

锌污染条件下VA菌根对三叶草生长和元素吸收的影响

采用三室隔网盆栽方法研究了3种不同施锌水平下，接种VA菌根菌（G.mosseae）对红三叶草植株生长和养分吸收的影响．结果表明，施锌水平对菌根侵染率无显著影响，说明供试菌种对锌的污染有较强的适应能力．菌根的浸染显著改善了植物的磷营养状况，使植株含磷量增加了1倍多，因此大大促进了植株的生长．菌根侵染对微量元素表现出不同的作用，与不接种的对照相比，菌根侵染植株体内Cu的含量增加，Fe的含量降低，而对Zn、Mn的影响不大．     

耐氨固氮菌对蔬菜作物生长的促进作用研究

研究并探讨了蔬菜作物在施用耐氨固氮菌后的生长、生理反应及增产的效果和原因。试验结果表明： 施用耐氨固氮菌显著增加了蔬菜苗期生物量、叶面积和叶片的叶绿素含量, 同时还增强了植株的根系活力, 并有明显的增产效果。耐氨固氮菌促进增产的作用不仅与其本身的固氮作用有关, 还可能与其分泌出某些生长刺激物 （ 或激素） 有关。     

Study on the Promotion of Ammonia Resistant Strains of N2-fixing Bacteria to Vegetable Crops.

研究并探讨了蔬菜作物在施用耐氨固氮菌后的生长、生理反应及增产的效果和原因。试验结果表明施用耐氨固氮菌显著增加了蔬菜苗期生物量、叶面积和叶片的叶绿素含量,同时还增强了植株的根系活力,并有明显的增产效果。耐氨固氮菌促进增产的作用不仅与其本身的固氮作用有关,还可能与其分泌出某些生长刺激物（或激素）有关。     

Forest growth in the light of the thermodynamic theory of ecological systems

The observed growth of a particular forest stand can be described by many models and explained by some of them. The forest growth models are also successfully applied for extrapolating the growth curve. However, the known models of forest growth are not “one-point” models. They are not designed to predict the future growth of a forest stand from its current state: the model parameters either are not directly measurable or cannot be measured with relevant accuracy. This article is an attempt to use Jørgensen–Svirezhev theory as a new clue to the choice of variables that determines forest growth. The postulates of this theory combined with the pipe theory of tree growth lead to conclusion that biomass of a stand should be proportional to the four-fifths power of its age. Empirical validation, however, disclosed that calendar age is rather approximate measure of ecosystem ontogeny. Delayed development or intensive thinning of a forest stand at the early stages leads to rejuvenation bias. Thus derived 4/5-law model approximates well-known Chapman–Richards model in the neighborhood of the inflection point, and is applicable to middle-aged forest stands.     

Estimating wildfire growth from noisy and incomplete incident data using a state space model

Wildfire behaviors are complex and are of interest to fire managers and scientists for a variety of reasons. Many of these important behaviors are directly measured from the cumulative burn area time series of individual wildfires; however, estimating cumulative burn area time series is challenging due to the magnitude of measurement errors and missing entries. To resolve this, we introduce two state space models for reconstructing wildfire burn area using repeated observations from multiple data sources that include different levels of measurement error and temporal gaps. The constant growth parameter model uses a few parameters and assumes a burn area time series that follows a logistic growth curve. The non-constant growth parameter model uses a time-varying logistic growth curve to produce detailed estimates of the burn area time series that permit sudden pauses and pulses of growth. We apply both reconstruction models to burn area data from 13 large wildfire incidents to compare the quality of the burn area time series reconstructions and computational requirements. The constant growth parameter model reconstructs burn area time series with minimal computational requirements, but inadequately fits observed data in most cases. The non-constant growth parameter model better describes burn area time series, but can also be highly computationally demanding. Sensitivity analyses suggest that in a typical application, the reconstructed cumulative burn area time series is fairly robust to minor changes in the prior distributions.     

The Potential for Species Conservation in Tropical Secondary Forests

Abstract: In the wake of widespread loss of old‐growth forests throughout the tropics, secondary forests will likely play a growing role in the conservation of forest biodiversity. We considered a complex hierarchy of factors that interact in space and time to determine the conservation potential of tropical secondary forests. Beyond the characteristics of local forest patches, spatial and temporal landscape dynamics influence the establishment, species composition, and persistence of secondary forests. Prospects for conservation of old‐growth species in secondary forests are maximized in regions where the ratio of secondary to old‐growth forest area is relatively low, older secondary forests have persisted, anthropogenic disturbance after abandonment is relatively low, seed‐dispersing fauna are present, and old‐growth forests are close to abandoned sites. The conservation value of a secondary forest is expected to increase over time, as species arriving from remaining old‐growth forest patches accumulate. Many studies are poorly replicated, which limits robust assessments of the number and abundance of old‐growth species present in secondary forests. Older secondary forests are not often studied and few long‐term studies are conducted in secondary forests. Available data indicate that both old‐growth and second‐growth forests are important to the persistence of forest species in tropical, human‐modified landscapes.     

Rate of growth and longevity of a large colony of Pentapora foliacea (Bryozoa) recorded in their oxygen isotope profiles

We studied the growth patterns and the stable oxygen isotopic composition of an individual of Pentapora foliacea (Ellis and Solander 1786) collected on October 6, 1978 from the Bristol Channel, Pembrokeshire, UK, Irish Sea. The stable oxygen isotopes are in equilibrium with the ambient seawater and show a marked seasonal variation reflecting seasonal water temperature changes. The stable oxygen isotopes further suggest that regular growth patterns of less calcified growth bands, which are secreted in winter, are perennial. These winter growth check lines can easily be used to determine longevity of these bryozoa colonies and of annual growth rates. The colony analysed is at least 3-years-old with an annual growth rate of approximately 2 cm per year.     

Growth studies of the tropical intertidal limpet Acmaea antillarum

The tropical intertidal limpet Acmaea antillarum (Sowerby) was used in a series of field and aquarium growth studies, carried out in Venezuela. Both field and aquarium experiments demonstrated the formation of diurnal growth ridges and subdiurnal periodic growth striations on the shell surface. It was shown in aquarium experiments that the normal growth pattern was inhibited in constant darkness and that continous illumination stimulated the formation of extra growth ridges. Alterations of the experimental sequence of illumination influenced the formation of subdiurnal growth markings. This secondary growth pattern appears to be distinct from the basic system of diurnal ridge formation. Limpet shell lengths were related to estimated age based on diurnal growth ridge counts. It is probable that maximum shell size is attained in less than 1 year. Equations for allometric shell growth characteristics were calculated relative to shell length. Calculations for instantaneous relative growth rate were made from natural populations, experimental field populations and aquarium specimens. These were compared to show that the field and aquarium experiments demonstrated similar growth rates. The results of these observations and calculations are compared with other molluscan growth studies.     

Growth release and growth inhibition of Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the Loess Plateau of western Shanxi Province,China北大核心CSCD

There has been increased focus on the impacts of climate change on vegetation growth, and human activities that interfere with the vegetation. Discussing the effects of climate change and thinning activity on forest growth is essential to expand plantation areas. In this study, the dendroecological method was used to analyze the radial growth of Pinus tabulaeformis to reveal the impacts of climate change and human activities on forest stand growth. These samples were derived from three different density areas of P. tabulaeformis forest at the Linfen City of Shanxi Province (the east of Loess Plateau). The correlation analysis between tree ring width index and climatic factors indicated that the growth of P. tabulaeformis was negatively related to precipitation in January and the monthly maximum temperature in December of the previous year, whereas positively correlated with precipitation in July and the monthly maximum temperature in October in that year. The phenomena of growth release and inhibition could be attributed to the impacts of climate change and thinning during 1978-2003. However, growth inhibition was closely related to unsuitable climatic conditions. Plot 1 showed a moderate growth inhibition period when the growth variation was less than -50%, and growth release was caused by thinning. The growth variation was greater than 47% in the period of growth release. Moreover, a slight growth release occurred due to tending in plot 2, and the rate of growth change exceeded 39%. A slight growth suppression induced by uncomfortable climatic condition caused growth variation less than -32% and a moderate growth release by the interaction of cutting and comfortable counterpart made variation rate larger than 75% in plot 3. The release effects of thinning can last for about 5 years. In summary, inappropriate climatic conditions can inhibit the growth of trees, and thinning can promote tree growth by about 5 years. The results can provide a reference for local forest management. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Assessing environmental factors in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growth in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA: From conceptual model, envirogram, to simulation model

This study provides a method for assessing a multiplicity of environmental factors in red spruce growth in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) of Southeastern USA. Direct and indirect factors in the annual growth increment are first organized into a schematic input-output envirogram (ARIRS), and this information is then used to construct a simulation model (ARIM). The envirogram represents a structured conceptualization of most environmental factors involved in growth, as developed from relevant literature. This interdisciplinary synthesis distinguishes direct vs. indirect factors in growth and takes account of the systems ecology concept that indirect factors may be as important as or more important than direct ones in regulating growth. The ARIRS envirogram summarizes hierarchically organized, within- and cross-scale, local-to-global interactions, and its construction makes it obvious that growth is influenced by many cross-scale spatiotemporal interactions. More research on genecology is still needed to clarify the role of phenotypic plasticity and adaptive capacity in nutrient cycling, global change, and human disturbance.     

Height-growth response to climatic changes differs among populations of Douglas-fir: a novel analysis of historic data

Projected climate change will affect existing forests, as substantial changes are predicted to occur during their life spans. Species that have ample intraspecific genetic differentiation, such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), are expected to display population-specific growth responses to climate change. Using a mixed-effects modeling approach, we describe three-year height (HT) growth response to changes in climate of interior Douglas-fir populations. We incorporate climate information at the population level, yielding a model that is specific to both species and population. We use data from provenance tests from previous studies that comprised 236 populations from Idaho, Montana, and eastern Washington, USA. The most sensitive indicator of climate was the mean temperature of the coldest month. Population maximum HT and HT growth response to changes in climate were dependent on seed source climate. All populations had optimum HT growth when transferred to climates with warmer winters; those originating in sites with the warmest winters were taller across sites and had highest HT growth at transfer distances closest to zero; those from colder climates were shortest and had optimum HT growth when transferred the farthest. Although this differential response damped the height growth differences among populations, cold-climate populations still achieved their maximum growth at lower temperatures than warm-climate populations. The results highlight the relevance of understanding climate change impacts at the population level, particularly in a species with ample genetic variation among populations.     

Growth and production of Euphausiacea (Crustacea) in the Rockall Trough

The euphausiid fauna of the Rockall Trough has been sampled in time series at approximately two-monthly intervals between 1973 and 1976 between surface and depths greater than 2000 m. Length/frequency histograms have modes that are coherent for periods of at least 4 to 6 mo, indicating that populations are being sampled. Rates of growth were determined for six species. Epipelagic species have winter checks to the growth rates, but such checks are absent in the growth of Thysanopoda acutifrons, Nematobranchion boöpis and Stylocheiron maximum. Ratios of annual production: biomass were determined and are all within the previously determined range of values for epipelagic and coastal populations. Lack of a winter check to the growth rate in deep-living species enables these potentially to have overall rates of growth comparable to those of temperate, epipelagic, shelf and coastal species.     

Tourism effects on the environment and economic sustainability of sub-Saharan Africa

This paper integrates tourism, economic growth, and environmental issues in a multivariate format. Unlike recent research on this topic, a panel data of selected sample nations of sub-Saharan Africa is adopted by using cointegration and panel regression models. The current research discovers both long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamics between economic growth, tourism, energy use, and carbon emissions in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, tourism and energy use show a highly significant direct impact on economic growth. In addition, tourism, energy use, and economic growth yield a highly significant positive effect on carbon emissions. Dissecting the region into oil producers and non-oil producers further suggests that the economic growth of sub-Saharan Africa has been accomplished by strong growth in tourism and energy use. However, there is highly significant evidence that in oil producing countries, CO₂ emissions are directly affected by energy use and economic growth and not by tourism. For non-oil producing countries, tourism and energy use but not economic growth incur a highly significant positive impact on carbon emissions.