Source discrimination of heavy metals in sediment and water of To Lich River in Hanoi City using multivariate statistical approaches

The concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Cd were determined to evaluate the level of contamination of To Lich River in Hanoi City. All metal concentrations in 0–10-cm water samples, except Mn, were lower than the maximum permitted concentration for irrigation water standard. Meanwhile, concentrations of As, Cd, and Zn in 0–30-cm sediments were likely to have adverse effects on agriculture and aquatic life. Sediment pollution assessment was undertaken using enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index (I _geo). The I _geo results indicated that the sediment was not polluted with Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni, and the pollution level increased in the order of Cu < Pb < Zn < As < Cd. Meanwhile, significant enrichment was shown for Cd, As, Zn, and Pb. Cluster and principal component analyses suggest that As and Mn in sediment were derived from both lithogenic and anthropogenic sources, while Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Ni originated from anthropogenic sources such as vehicular fumes for Pb and metallic discharge from industrial sources and fertilizer application for other metals.     

Comparative Metal Distribution in Hair of Pakistani and Libyan Population and Source Identification by Multivariate Analysis

Using nitric acid-perchloric acid wet digestion based FAAS method ten selected metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in the scalp hair of male Pakistani and Libyan donors (n = 62), between 3–54 years age and residing in typical urban areas. The study was taken up to identify sources of metal distribution in two diverse population segments exposed to different environments. Sodium emerged with the highest mean hair concentration of 511.0 μg/g and 496.9 μg/g for Libyan and Pakistani donors respectively, followed by K, at 266.2 μg/g and 242.4 μg/g for the two donor categories. Cadmium showed the lowest mean hair concentration for both Pakistani (0.380 μg/g) and Libyan (0.530 μg/g) donors. Levels of Na, K, Pb, Cr and Cd were higher in hair of Libyan donors compared with Pakistani counterparts which showed higher comparative levels of Zn, Fe, Co, Ni and Mn. Strong metal-to-metal correlations were found between Na–K (r = 0.638) and Cd–Co (r = 0.574) for Pakistani donors, while for Libyan donors, Na–K (r = 0.680) and Fe–Mn (r = 0.624) correlations emerged as strongly significant. Only K was found to have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.611) with age for Pakistani donors while this correlation was significantly negative (r = −0.500) for Libyan donors, probably arising from individual food habits. Other metals showed no viable relationship with age. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) of the data evidenced food, industrial emissions and automobile emissions as possible sources of metal distribution. The results of the present study are compared with those reported for subjects from other regions of the world.     

太原市大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特征及来源解析

为了解太原市采暖期大气颗粒物不同粒径中重金属的污染特征及其来源,于2012年10月—2013年2月对环境空气中颗粒物采样,用原子吸收分光光度法测定样品中Fe、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、Mn、Zn等8种元素的含量。结果表明,太原市采暖期重金属浓度从高到低依次为FePbMnZnCrCuNiCd。重金属Pb、Mn、Zn、Ni、Cd主要富集在PM2.5中;Cr主要富集在PM10中;Cu主要富集在PM5中;Fe主要在粒径大于2.5μm的粗粒子中富集。除Zn外,其他7种元素浓度均表现为灰霾期采暖期采暖前。通过主因子分析表明,太原市大气颗粒物中重金属主要来源于冶金、有机合成工业、燃煤、汽车尾气、土壤尘等。     

Assessment of heavy metal concentration in the Khoshk River water and sediment, Shiraz, Southwest Iran

Heavy metal contents and contamination characteristics of the water and sediment of the Khoshk River, Shiraz, Southwest Iran were investigated. The abundance of heavy metals decreases as Zn > Mn > Cr > Ni >Pb > Cu > Cd in water samples and Mn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Zn > Cu > Cd in sediments, respectively. Based on the enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index values, sediments were loaded with Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd. Pearson correlation matrix as well as cluster and principal components analyses and analysis of variance were implemented on data from sampling sites. Based on the locations of sampling sites in clusters and variable concentrations at these stations, it was concluded that municipal, industrial, and domestic discharges in the Shiraz urban area strongly affected heavy metals concentrations in the Khoshk River water and sediment. Results obtained from principal components analysis of sediment samples showed that the high concentration of Ni was mainly from natural origin, related to the composition of parent rocks, while the elevated values of Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu were due to anthropogenic activities.     

不同地域人发中重金属污染特征与来源解析

以某高校新生发样为研究样本,将生源地分为东北、西北、西南、华北、华南、华中、华东7个地域,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对发样中所含铬、铜、镍、铅、锌进行测定,通过非参数检验及偏相关性检验分析不同地区发样中重金属含量与性别、身体质量指数(BMI)的关系。结果显示,所采集发样中铬、铜、镍、铅、锌的含量变化范围依次为0.22~101.84、0.36~112.24、0.70~128.75、1.39~136.13、1.12~719.50μg/g;发样中重金属浓度的地区排序为东北>华东>华北>西北>华中>西南>华南。聚类分析和主成分分析结果显示,不同地区发样中重金属的来源有所差异:东北、西北、华北地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于燃煤、工业生产过程、机动车排放,方差贡献率分别为39.47%、25.78%、22.89%;华中、华东、西南、华南地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于工业生产过程、机动车排放、冶金化工过程,贡献率分别为47.76%、27.51%、18.24%。相关性检验显示,男性发样内铬、铜、镍、铅含量高于女性。其中,偏胖或偏瘦女性存在较高的铅暴露风险;40.2%的男性发锌含量低于正常值下限,24.4%的女性发锌含量低于正常值下限,且偏瘦女性发内缺锌现象显著;男、女发铜含量高于正常值上限的比例分别为91.8%、85.6%,存在不同程度的铜暴露风险。     

Biological monitoring of atmospheric trace metal deposition in North-Eastern Nigeria

The epiphytic moss Polytrichum juniperinum and the tree bark of Azardirachta indica were used to determine the atmospheric Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe, Ni and Zn levels in the North-East region of Nigeria. A good correlation exists between levels in the moss and the tree barks. The Pb, Zn and Fe levels in both sample types were higher than other metals in most sites. There was no significant difference in the levels of Cd, Cu, Ni and Mn recorded for inhabited and forest sites. The area derives its atmospheric metal contamination from vehicular, urban, industrial and agricultural sources.     

Pollution in the urban soils of Lianyungang,China, evaluated using a pollution index,mobility of heavy metals,and enzymatic activities

Soil samples from 16 urban sites in Lianyungang, China were collected and analyzed. A pollution index was used to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metals and a sequential extraction procedure was used to evaluate the relative distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As in exchangeable, carbonate, Fe/Mn oxide, organic/sulfide, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals and urease (URE) activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and invertase (INV) activity of soils was determined. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As in Lianyungang soils were much higher than those in the coastal city soil background values of Jiangsu and China. Among the five studied regions (utilities, commercial, industrial, tourism, and roadside), the industrial region had the highest metal concentrations demonstrating that land use had a significant impact on the accumulation of heavy metals in Lianyungang soils. Compared to the other metals, Cd showed the highest ecological risk. According to chemical partitioning, Cu was associated with the organic/sulfides and Pb and Zn were mainly in the carbonate and the Fe/Mn oxide phase. The greatest amounts of Cd were found in exchangeable and carbonate fractions, while Cr and As were mainly in the residual fraction. Cd had the highest mobility of all metals, and the order of mobility (highest to lowest) of heavy metals in Lianyungang soils was Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Cr. Soil urease activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and invertase activity varied considerably in different pollution degree sites. Soil enzyme activities had the lowest levels in roadside and industrial regions. Across all the soil data in the five regions, the total Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As level was negatively correlated with urease activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and invertase activity, but the relationship was not significant. In the industrial region, alkaline phosphatase activity had significant negative correlations with total Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cd, and heavy metal fractions. This showed that alkaline phosphatase activity was sensitive to heavy metals in heavily contaminated regions, whereas urease and invertase were less affected. The combination of the various methods may offer a powerful analytical technique in the study of heavy metal pollution in street soil.     

濮阳工业园区土壤重金属背景值及质量评价

为了研究濮阳工业园区土壤重金属背景值,采集了该园区及周边土壤46个样品,测定了土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的含量,并采用污染负荷指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明:工业园区土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni的背景值分别为36.2、118、49.2、40.6、0.125、15.3 mg/kg;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量高于河南省土壤重金属背景值;Pb为极强污染,Cu、Zn、Cd为中等污染,重金属污染程度从重到轻的排序为PbZnCuCd,表明濮阳工业园区土壤重金属具有轻微的潜在生态危害。     

Studies on heavy metals in the ground waters of the city of Aligarh U.P. (India)

A study was conducted to determine the levels of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn along with physico-chemical parameters in ground waters of Aligarh city, U.P. (India). Twenty seven samples of hand pump water and twenty three samples of municipal water supply were collected from different localities of the Aligarh city, five times during the period of two months at intervals of 12 days. The samples were analysed for physico-chemical characteristics (pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides, sulphates, total hardness, total alkalinity, nitrate-nitrogen, fluoride, calcium and magnesium) and heavy metal contents. The concentrations of heavy metals in the hand pump water samples were found in the ranges of Cd (ND-5.00); Cr (ND-30.00); Cu (ND-82.50); Fe (16.80–460.00); Mn (ND-425.00); Ni (ND-25.00); Pb (ND-25.00) and Zn (28.60–775.00) g l^–1. The heavy metal concentrations in the municipal water supply samples were found to be Cd (ND-5.00); Cr (ND-25.00); Cu (ND-37.50); Fe (8.00–37.50); Mn (ND-320.00); Ni (ND-25.00); Pb (ND-25.00) and Zn (2.00–271.87) g l^–1.It appears from the results of these studies the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the ground waters of the Aligarh City were found to be lower than the prescribed limits of World Health Organisation (1984), whereas the values of Fe and Mn were found above the prescribed limits in some localities. The chloride total hardness and nitrate-nitrogen were comparatively higher in the hand pump water than the municipal supply water. The reason of higher values of these parameters may be ascribed to the surface disposal of sewage wastes, wastes from metal processing industries and other house hold refuses.     

Baseline Concentrations of Trace Elements in Surface Soils of the Torrelles and Sant Climent Municipal Districts (Catalonia,Spain)

An investigation was conducted to study the baseline levels of Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn (aqua regia-extractable) based on 51 representative soils of the Torrelles and Sant Climent Municipal Districts (Catalonia, Spain). The baseline concentrations of those elements were (mg kg⁻¹): Ba 73.9–617.9, Cr 9.2–120.2, Cu 4.0–111.6, Ni 6.1–118.6, Pb 5.6–217.5, Sr 19.6–128.8, V 12.1–101.2, and Zn 16.8–326.8, respectively.Forty-nine samples were reported as having less than the 0.67 mg kg⁻¹ detection limit for cadmiun and were therefore not useful for baseline determination; however, these results suggest that the baseline average is probably below 0.67 mg kg⁻¹.Upper baseline values for most of the elements corresponded with those reported in the literature, except for Pb and Zn, which were two to four times greater.Soil properties, including clay fraction, OC, CEC and pH_w were related to metal concentration using correlation and factorial analysis. R-mode factor analysis separates the soil analysis data into three factors. These factors explain 67.3% of the total variance, suggesting that metal concentration was controlled by soil composition.     

Trace metal concentrations in suspended particles, sediments and clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) from Jiaozhou Bay of China

Suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments and clams were collected at three sites in Jiaozhou Bay to assess the magnitude of trace metal pollution in the area. Metal concentrations in SPM (Cu: 40.11-203; Zn: 118-447; Pb: 50.1-132; Cd: 0.55-4.39; Cr: 147.6-288; Mn: 762-1670 microg/g), sediments (Cu: 17.64-34.26; Zn: 80.79-110; Pb: 24.57-49.59; Cd: 0.099-0.324; Cr: 41.6-88.1; Mn: 343-520 microg/g) and bivalves (Cu: 6.41-19.76; Zn: 35.5-85.5; Pb: 0.31-1.01; Cd: 0.51-0.67; Mn: 27.45-67.6 microg/g) are comparable to those reported for other moderately polluted world environments. SPM showed a less clear pattern. Metal concentrations in sediments displayed a clear geographical trend with values increasing with proximity to major urban centers. The clams (on dry weight) showed a complex pattern due to the variability introduced by age-related factors. Cd showed an apparent reverse industrial trend with higher concentrations in clams collected at distant stations. Zn, Pb and Mn showed no clear geographical pattern, whereas Cu increased in the clams collected in the most industrialized area. In addition, the bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were calculated. The result indicated that the studied Ruditapes philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay possessed different bioaccumulation capacities for Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn, and Cd, Zn had a relatively high assimilation of those metals from sediment particles. A significant relationship with clam age was observed for Zn (positive) and Cu (negative) suggesting different physiological requirements for both metals with age. Trace metal concentrations measured in the tissue of the investigated clam were in the range considered safe by the WHO for human use.     

Trace metals: Inputs, sedimentation and accumulation in San Vicente Bay, Chile

The present study deals with sediment dynamics affecting sediment-associated metal distributions in an embayment system experiencing pollution from coastal industries. Sedimentary metal content may originate from diagenetic processes of foundation rock on the bottom, allochthonous minerals from natural sources, and metals from industrial effluents along the coast. The study presents experimental estimations of quantities of metals entering the bay in industrial wastewater, measurements of metal content in particulate material captured in sediment traps, and metals distribution in surface sediments. Quantitative estimations of metals entering the system in industrial effluent showed the relation Pb Zn > Cu > Cr Ni > Cd. That of metals associated with particulate material from traps was Zn > Cr Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd and the abundance of metals in sediments was Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd. Finally, rates of bottom sediment accumulation are estimated in relation to the time of residence of water in the bay. The experimental data on sedimentation and sediment abundance were consistent with field observations on distribution and accumulation at sites of major sedimentation in this bay.     

Effect of metallic pollutants on the physiology of lichen, Pyxine subcinerea Stirton in Garhwal Himalayas

Chl. a, Chl. b, total Chl., Carotenoid, Protein and OD 435/OD 415 ratio were measured to estimate the possible damage caused by the metallic pollutants in the lichen, Pyxine subcinerea Stirton collected from four different sites of Srinagar Garhwal, Uttaranchal, India. Multiple correlation analysis revealed significant correlation (P < 0.001) among the Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Zn and Pb metals analysed. Cd did not correlate with any other metals except Fe (P < 0.05). Cu, Pb and Zn, are the main constituents of the vehicular emissions had significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) with protein content while, the OD 435/OD 415 ratio values decreased statistically (P < 0.001) with increase in amount of Cu, Pb and Zn.     

Status of Heavy Metals in Water and Bed Sediments of River Gomti – A Tributary of the Ganga River, India

The concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc in water and bed sediments of river Gomti have been studied in a fairly long stretch of 500 km from Neemsar to Jaunpur. Grab samples of water (October 2002–March 2003) and bed sediments (December 2002 and March 2003) were collected from 10 different locations following the standard methods. The river water and sediment samples were processed and analyzed for heavy metals viz., Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn, and using ICP-AES. The heavy metals found in the river water were in the range: Cd (0.0001–0.0005 mg/L); Cr (0.0015–0.0688 mg/L); Cu (0.0013–0.0.0043 mg/L); Fe (0.0791–0.3190 mg/L); Mn (0.0038–0.0.0973 mg/L); Ni (0.0066–0.011 mg/L); Pb (0.0158–0.0276 mg/L); and Zn (0.0144–0.0298 mg/L) respectively. In the sediments the same were found in the range: Cd (0.70–7.90 g/g); Cr (6.105–20.595 g/g); Cu (3.735–35.68 g/g); Fe (5051.485–8291.485 g/g); Mn (134.915–320.45 g/g); Ni (13.905–37.370 g/g); Pb (21.25–92.15 g/g); and Zn (15.72–99.35 g/g) of dry weight respectively. Some physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, hardness etc. were estimated as these have direct or indirect influence on the incidence, transport and speciation of the heavy metals. Based on the geoaccumulation indices, the Gomti river sediments from Neemsar to Jaunpur are considered to be unpolluted with respect to Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. It is unpolluted to moderately polluted with Pb. In case of Cd it varies from moderately polluted to highly polluted. As far as Ni is concerned the sediment is very highly polluted at Barabanki and Jaunpur D/s. No correlation was found between enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index.     

Analysis of some heavy metals in the riverine water, sediments and fish from river Ganges at Allahabad

The river Ganges has been one of the major recipients of industrial effluents in India. The present paper deals with the study related to occurrence and bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn) in the riverine water, sediment, and the muscles of two cat fish species, Channa punctatus (C. punctatus) and Aorichthys aor (A. aor) procured from the river Ganges at Allahabad. The data obtained after water analysis reflected the order of occurrence of heavy metals to be Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd, respectively. The analysis of heavy metals in sediment indicated that among the five heavy metals tested; Zn was maximally accumulated followed by Pb, Cr, Cu and Cd. The trend of heavy metals accumulation in fish muscles was found to be similar to that observed in sediment and water such as Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd. Data indicated that Zn accumulated maximally in the sediment as well as muscles of both of the fish species in comparison to other metals.     

Characterization and Identification of the Sources of Chromium, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Manganese and Iron in Pm10 Particulates at the Two Sites of Kolkata, India

Monitoring of ambient PM₁₀ (particulate matter which passes through a size selective impactor inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter) has been done at residential (Kasba) and industrial (Cossipore) sites of an urban region of Kolkata during November 2003 to November 2004. These sites were selected depending on the dominant anthropogenic activities. Metal constituents of atmospheric PM₁₀ deposited on glass fibre filter paper were estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). Chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are the seven toxic trace metals quantified from the measured PM₁₀ concentrations. The 24 h average concentrations of Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn and Fe from ninety PM₁₀ particulate samples of Kolkata were found to be 6.9, 506.1, 79.1, 3.3, 7.4, 2.4 and 103.6 ng/m³, respectively. The 24 h average PM₁₀ concentration exceeded national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) as specified by central pollution control board, India at both residential (Kasba) and industrial (Cossipore) areas with mean concentration of 140.1 and 196.6 μg/m³, respectively. A simultaneous meteorology study was performed to assess the influence of air masses by wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, relative humidity and temperature. The measured toxic trace metals generally showed inverse relationship with wind speed, relative humidity and temperature. Factor analysis, a receptor modeling technique has been used for identification of the possible sources contributing to the PM₁₀. Varimax rotated factor analysis identified four possible sources of measured trace metals comprising solid waste dumping, vehicular traffic with the influence of road dust, road dust and soil dust at residential site (Kasba), while vehicular traffic with the influence of soil dust, road dust, galvanizing and electroplating industry, and tanning industry at industrial site (Cossipore).     

西南涌流域底泥重金属污染特征及潜在生态危害评价

西南涌流域近年来受到比较严重的污染,为了解受重金属污染状况,对该流域底泥重金属污染水平与特征进行了调查与分析,并在此基础上采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对西南涌流域底泥重金属污染程度与生态危害进行了评价。结果表明,西南涌流域底泥已不同程度受到重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr的污染,与珠三角土壤背景值相比,西南涌流域底泥重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr分别超标11.38、3.32、1.81、19.45、3.20倍;底泥中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd之间呈极显著正相关(r=0.615~0.964)。通过地累积指数法评价表明,西南涌流域底泥中的Cd为偏重污染,Cu、Zn为偏中度污染,Pb为轻度污染,Cr为无污染;潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明,西南涌流域底泥重金属的潜在生态危害程度总体属中等,主要是由Cd的含量过高引起。     

赣东北德兴矿区周边女性居民头发中重金属分布特征

应用ICP-MS/AFS测定江西德兴矿区(铜矿和铅锌矿)周边地区祝家村和戴村女性居民头发中重金属含量。探讨了河水、土壤、饮用水、人发中的重金属分布,着重分析了人发中重金属含量与年龄间的关系,指出最易受环境污染危害的人群。研究表明,人发中重金属含量与人所处的地质环境密切相关,人发中重金属含量主要受控于地质环境中某个(些)主导因素。不同年龄段人群重金属元素的分布对矿山开发环境的响应不同。人发中一些有害元素(Pb、Cd)在儿童组(15岁以下)普遍表现为高含量。这说明矿山开发释放的污染元素对儿童的危害最大。不同地区不同元素与年龄间的关系不同。人发重金属含量与年龄关系较为复杂,不存在统一的结论,应具体情况具体分析。     

Chemical monitoring of sewage wastes for their use in crop production

Solid waste from the Tripoli Sewage Treatment Plant is being used for manuring various crops in Al-Hadba production project. To monitor concentrations of several heavy elements, essential and nonessential to plants that are potentially hazardous to animal and human healthy by entering food chain via soil-plant system, samples of solid waste were collected monthly (every four weeks) during the years 1980–1981. These samples were appropriately handled and analized for total -N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, and Pb.The sludge samples were found to contain an average of 2.00–2.22–0.31% when expressed as a mixed fertilizer (N–P₂O₅–K₂O) respectively. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd were greater than their critical levels of 1500, 550, 150, and 15 ppm in 54, 58, 8, and 29% of the samples respectively. The concentrations of Cu and Cr were less than their critical levels of 750 and 500 ppm in all samples respectively.Contribution of Al-Fateh University, Soil Science Dept. and The National Academy for Scientific Research, Environmental Protection Program, Tripoli, Libya.